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Universities » Rochester Institute of Technolog.. » 0514 - Psychology » 443 - Cognitive Psychology » Flash Cards

Test 2 - Flashcards

Flashcard Deck Information

Class:	0514 443 - Cognitive Psychology
Subject:	Psychology
University:	Rochester Institute of Technology
Term:	Spring 2010

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memory code

representation used to store an item into memory
physical: visual
phonemic: auditory
semantic: meaning based

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orienting task( judgment task)

instructions to focus on a particular aspect of a stimulus 9 physical, phonemic, semantic)

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Information Processing Model

a theory that states deeper semantic levels of processing enhances memory

the more processing, the better the memory

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STM

limited amount of info
7 +/- 2; 20 sec

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LTM

long term memory
limitless
rehersal of short term memory puts things in long term memory
forgetting rate is slow

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Stages of Verbal Memory

STM LTM
1. format info phonemic, visual? largely semantic
2. capacity small limitless
3. info loss interference/decay loss of retrival

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Level of Processing theory

the greater the semantic analysis, the greather the depth of the processing and more durable the memory

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elaboration

storing associations to help recall target item
ex. vase : broke aunt's vase

semantic elaboration helps reconstruct
elaboration makes memory easier to retrieve

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Distinctiveness

item that is different in appearence or meaning from other objects

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primary distinctiveness

item distinct from other in immediate context

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Secondary Distinctiveness

an item is distinct from one in LTM as oppose to the items in immediate context-- as oppose to whats in front of your face

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orthographic distinctiveness

lowercase words with distinct shape
ex. kakhi : distinct
ex. kennel: not distinct

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emotional distinctivness

items that produce emotional reponse

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flashbulb memory

memory of an important event that caused emotional reaction.
- based on confidence not consisteny
- gets inaccurate over time

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Encoding Specificity Principle

The encoding specificity principle is a theory about human memory in cognitive psychology.

specific encoding operations performed in which
- the percieved determines what is stored
- what is stored determines the retrival cues
memory code should math retrival cue
encoding match retrival cue

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concrete object

easy to form image
ex. flower, dress

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abstract concept

difficult to form an image
" low imagry"

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propositional theory

images are not unintrepreted pictures int he head

image= description of a scene
spatical knowledge can be expressed in semantic based propositions

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theory of visual images

process images same as processing perceptual information
image= spatial representation analougus to the experiencde of seeing the object during the visual

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category

consist of objects/ events we group together because we feel they are related

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artificial categories

category that can be distingushed on a basis of a simple rule

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Real Life/ Natural Categories

cannot be distingushed on basis of single rule : novel patterns
properties:
1. don't share identical attributescategory members may share some attributers
2. not all good
3. hierarchial organized
4. categorized by how we use them, not abstract rules
5. fuzzy borders
6. no features must be present nor are any specfic featrues sufficient

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typicality

how well members of a category represent that category

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exempler model

people remember examples from the category to compare the novel patterns to the example

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features models

classify novel patterns by determining how many features match category features

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prototype model

people create a pattern that they feel is a good represenative of the category

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theory- based model

base cattergories on what our knowledge and prior experience tell us about the object

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nearest neighbor rule

person compares the novel pattern to all patterns to find the one most similar

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prototype rule

mainly average of all patterns in that category

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feature frequeny

look at features of a novel patrern and compare how many times they exactly match features of category patters

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memory code	representation used to store an item into memory physical: visual phonemic: auditory semantic: meaning based
orienting task( judgment task)	instructions to focus on a particular aspect of a stimulus 9 physical, phonemic, semantic)
Information Processing Model	a theory that states deeper semantic levels of processing enhances memory the more processing, the better the memory
STM	limited amount of info 7 +/- 2; 20 sec

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LTM	long term memory limitless rehersal of short term memory puts things in long term memory forgetting rate is slow
Stages of Verbal Memory	STM LTM 1. format info phonemic, visual? largely semantic 2. capacity small limitless 3. info loss interference/decay loss of retrival
Level of Processing theory	the greater the semantic analysis, the greather the depth of the processing and more durable the memory
elaboration	storing associations to help recall target item ex. vase : broke aunt's vase semantic elaboration helps reconstruct elaboration makes memory easier to retrieve

Generated by

Koofers.com

Distinctiveness	item that is different in appearence or meaning from other objects
primary distinctiveness	item distinct from other in immediate context
Secondary Distinctiveness	an item is distinct from one in LTM as oppose to the items in immediate context-- as oppose to whats in front of your face
orthographic distinctiveness	lowercase words with distinct shape ex. kakhi : distinct ex. kennel: not distinct

Generated by

Koofers.com

emotional distinctivness	items that produce emotional reponse
flashbulb memory	memory of an important event that caused emotional reaction. - based on confidence not consisteny - gets inaccurate over time
Encoding Specificity Principle	The encoding specificity principle is a theory about human memory in cognitive psychology. specific encoding operations performed in which - the percieved determines what is stored - what is stored determines the retrival cues memory code should math retrival cue encoding match retrival cue
concrete object	easy to form image ex. flower, dress

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abstract concept	difficult to form an image " low imagry"
propositional theory	images are not unintrepreted pictures int he head image= description of a scene spatical knowledge can be expressed in semantic based propositions
theory of visual images	process images same as processing perceptual information image= spatial representation analougus to the experiencde of seeing the object during the visual
category	consist of objects/ events we group together because we feel they are related

Generated by

Koofers.com

artificial categories	category that can be distingushed on a basis of a simple rule
Real Life/ Natural Categories	cannot be distingushed on basis of single rule : novel patterns properties: 1. don't share identical attributescategory members may share some attributers 2. not all good 3. hierarchial organized 4. categorized by how we use them, not abstract rules 5. fuzzy borders 6. no features must be present nor are any specfic featrues sufficient
typicality	how well members of a category represent that category
exempler model	people remember examples from the category to compare the novel patterns to the example

Generated by

Koofers.com

features models	classify novel patterns by determining how many features match category features
prototype model	people create a pattern that they feel is a good represenative of the category
theory- based model	base cattergories on what our knowledge and prior experience tell us about the object
nearest neighbor rule	person compares the novel pattern to all patterns to find the one most similar

Generated by

Koofers.com

prototype rule	mainly average of all patterns in that category
feature frequeny	look at features of a novel patrern and compare how many times they exactly match features of category patters

Generated by

Koofers.com

List View: Terms & Definitions

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	Front	Back
	memory code	representation used to store an item into memory physical: visual phonemic: auditory semantic: meaning based
	orienting task( judgment task)	instructions to focus on a particular aspect of a stimulus 9 physical, phonemic, semantic)
	Information Processing Model	a theory that states deeper semantic levels of processing enhances memory the more processing, the better the memory
	STM	limited amount of info 7 +/- 2; 20 sec
	LTM	long term memory limitless rehersal of short term memory puts things in long term memory forgetting rate is slow
	Stages of Verbal Memory	STM LTM 1. format info phonemic, visual? largely semantic 2. capacity small limitless 3. info loss interference/decay loss of retrival
	Level of Processing theory	the greater the semantic analysis, the greather the depth of the processing and more durable the memory
	elaboration	storing associations to help recall target item ex. vase : broke aunt's vase semantic elaboration helps reconstruct elaboration makes memory easier to retrieve
	Distinctiveness	item that is different in appearence or meaning from other objects
	primary distinctiveness	item distinct from other in immediate context
	Secondary Distinctiveness	an item is distinct from one in LTM as oppose to the items in immediate context-- as oppose to whats in front of your face
	orthographic distinctiveness	lowercase words with distinct shape ex. kakhi : distinct ex. kennel: not distinct
	emotional distinctivness	items that produce emotional reponse
	flashbulb memory	memory of an important event that caused emotional reaction. - based on confidence not consisteny - gets inaccurate over time
	Encoding Specificity Principle	The encoding specificity principle is a theory about human memory in cognitive psychology. specific encoding operations performed in which - the percieved determines what is stored - what is stored determines the retrival cues memory code should math retrival cue encoding match retrival cue
	concrete object	easy to form image ex. flower, dress
	abstract concept	difficult to form an image " low imagry"
	propositional theory	images are not unintrepreted pictures int he head image= description of a scene spatical knowledge can be expressed in semantic based propositions
	theory of visual images	process images same as processing perceptual information image= spatial representation analougus to the experiencde of seeing the object during the visual
	category	consist of objects/ events we group together because we feel they are related
	artificial categories	category that can be distingushed on a basis of a simple rule
	Real Life/ Natural Categories	cannot be distingushed on basis of single rule : novel patterns properties: 1. don't share identical attributescategory members may share some attributers 2. not all good 3. hierarchial organized 4. categorized by how we use them, not abstract rules 5. fuzzy borders 6. no features must be present nor are any specfic featrues sufficient
	typicality	how well members of a category represent that category
	exempler model	people remember examples from the category to compare the novel patterns to the example
	features models	classify novel patterns by determining how many features match category features
	prototype model	people create a pattern that they feel is a good represenative of the category
	theory- based model	base cattergories on what our knowledge and prior experience tell us about the object
	nearest neighbor rule	person compares the novel pattern to all patterns to find the one most similar
	prototype rule	mainly average of all patterns in that category
	feature frequeny	look at features of a novel patrern and compare how many times they exactly match features of category patters

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