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Universities » University of Massachusetts (UMa.. » ANIMLSCI - Animal Science » 200 - Animal Cell & Molecular Bi.. » Flash Cards

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Class:ANIMLSCI 200 - Animal Cell & Molecular Biolgy
Subject:Animal Science
University:University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Term:Spring 2011
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What two chemical groups are joined together by the ribosome to make the covalent peptide bonds between amino acids during translation of mRNA into protein? amino and carboxyl
Which chemical group is exposed at the start of the protein (the end that first emerges from the ribosome)? amino
Which chemical group is exposed at the end of a protein (released from the ribosome last)? carboxyl
What is the central dogma of biology? Genetic information is transferred from DNA through RNA, to protein
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Where is the genetic information for a cell located? nucleus
Which carbon of the 5-carbon deoxyribose in the backbone of DNA strand is the phosphate attached to? 5'
Which carbon in DNA is the hydroxyl group attached to? 3'
What are the building blocks of DNA? guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine, phosphate groups, deoxyribose
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When two strands of DNA are hydrogen-bonded to one another, what two groups are exposed at each end of the double helix? 5' phosphate group and 3' hydroxyl group
What are the three components of a chromosome? telomere, replication origin, and centromere
Do histones bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner? NO
What two things does DNA polymerase need to initiate DNA replication, given that there are lots of nucleotides present? primer and single stranded template
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What does RNA polymerase not need to initiate transcription primers
Which end would DNA move to if you ran an electrical current through it? positively charged end
purine two-ringed structures (adenine and guanine)
pyrimidines one-ringed structures. Thymine, cytosine, uracil
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Replication origins are rich in which nucleotides and why? adenine and thymine because A-T interactions are easier to disrupt than G-C interactions and DNA must be single-stranded to serve as a template for a new DNA strand
What is the directionality of DNA polymerase when it synthesizes DNA? from 5' to 3'
What does it mean that you can unzip double stranded DNA by boiling, and rezip by cooling, but you need an enzyme to break the phosphate backbone? the interactions between the nucleotide bases are weak hydrogen bonds and the interactions between the sugar and phosphate groups are strong covalent bonds
Which are discontinuously synthesized and continuously synthesized during DNA replication? Lagging - discontinuously, Leading - continuously
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Where do the first RNA primers bind in the opening replication bubble, and what direction are their 3' ends? primers bind at top and bottom, 3' ends facing left and right
In what direction does DNA polymerase exercise proofreading? 3' to 5'
How do retroviruses violate the central dogma of biology? Genetic info is carried by RNA, which is reverse transcribed into DNA, which is transcribed into genomic RNA and mRNA. mRNA is translated into protein
What are some differences between eukaryotic (nucleated) and prokaryotic genes and mRNA? eukaryotic genes have exons and introns; prokaryotic do not. Eukaryotic mRNA is transcribed and processed in the nucleus and exported to cytoplasm for translation. Prokaryotic mRNA is transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm
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Different types of RNA/functions? sRNA is small RNA, necessary for RNA splicing. rRNA is a ribosomal component, necessary for protein translation. tRNA is transfer RNA, needed for adding amino acids to growing polypeptides. mRNA is messenger RNA, the template for translation into protein
The specificity of translation is determined by which of the following factors? The ability of the A site of the ribosome to frame the mRNA codons as determined by the position of the most 5' AUG. The ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to link the right amino acid to a tRNA, as defined by its anticodon
The peptide bond between two amino acids joins which two groups? Amino (NH2) and Carboxyl (COOH)
Open Reading Frames? comprised of the nucleotides between the initiation AUG and the in-frame stop codons UAA, UAG or UGA, which is translated into a polypeptide
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Differences between cells arise from what? differences in which genes are transcribed and translated into proteins
At what stage in cellular info processing are most differences in cells regulated? transcription
What is true about cellular dedifferentiation and how it applies to the cloning of animals? the chromatin structure and transcriptional profile of the nucleus transferred into the egg changes from that of a differentiated cell to that of an embryonic cell
How do gene regulatory proteins contact DNA? the side chains of amino acids in the transcription factor make hydrogen bonds to specific nucleotide sequences
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If RNA polymerase scanning the genome encounters the sequence 5'-TATATT-3', which strand will it choose as a template for transcription? the other strand
Why has life evolved so that DNA is stable but mRNA is not? the cell must be able to change its proteins, and thus its mRNA quickly in order to respond to changing environment. DNA, not mRNA carries genetic info and therefore must be stable
Is the sequence of an mRNA transcript identical to the template DNA or the non-strand? reverse complement of the template strand, with the substitution of U for T. identical to non-template strand
Which part of the ribose group linked to an adenine base breaks the RNA transcript during RNA splicing? 3' -OH
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three step cycle of polypetide assembly? the anti-codon of the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the mRNA codon exposed in the frame of the A site of the ribosome, bringing in an amino acid linked to the tRNA's 3' end. A peptide bond is formed between the amino acids at the A and P sites. The ribsomal subunits shift, exposing a new codon at the A site and moving the two previous tRNAs from the A site to the P site, and from the P site to the E site, from which tRNA is ejected
Restriction endonuclease of DNA? an enzyme recognizes a certain sequence of nucleotides and cuts through the backbone of both strands of double-stranded DNA
What is the difference between promoters and enhancers? promoters will only function when they are 5' of, and close to , the transcriptional start site and in only one orientation. Enhancers can function from thousands of bp away, either 5' or 3' and in either orientation
Replication DNA copied to DNA, double stranded helix. DNA polymerase: needs primer annealed to single-stranded template to start. Each deoxyribonucleotide has a 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl side. Adds 5' phosphate of new nucleotide to 3' hydroxyl of growing DNA strand. new DNA strand hydrogen-bonded to template strand
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Transcription DNA copied to RNA. RNA is single stranded, uracil instead of thymine. Each ribonucleotide has a 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl side. RNA polymerase: onyl needs single stranded template, not primer
Translation mRNA codons translated to proteins (made out of amino acids). Ribosomes scan from 5' to 3' of mRNA, start translating at the methionine initiation site. Stop when they reach the in-frame stop codon.
centromere part of the chromosome that attaches to the mitotic spindle
telomeres at the end of the chromosome
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Acetylation of histones associated with an increase in transcription of the gene near those histones
How is RNA different from DNA? (1) single stranded (2) uses uracil instead of thymine (3) base pairs to itself, enables some RNA molecules to act as enzymes called ribozymes (4) uses ribonucleotides instead of deoxyribonucleotides (ribose has a -OH at the 2' end instead of a -H)
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase links the appropriate amino acid to a tRNA by reading the tRNA's anti-codon
cDNA libraries made thru the reverse transcription of mRNA isolated from a particular kind of cell or tissue
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Genomic libraries contain introns, exons and regulatory sequences
apoptosis programmed cell death, caused by death proteins such as bax and bak, which cause the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria, activation of the caspase cascade. Can be blocked by bcl-2, which blocks the death proteins activity.
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 What two chemical groups are joined together by the ribosome to make the covalent peptide bonds between amino acids during translation of mRNA into protein?amino and carboxyl
 Which chemical group is exposed at the start of the protein (the end that first emerges from the ribosome)?amino
 Which chemical group is exposed at the end of a protein (released from the ribosome last)?carboxyl
 What is the central dogma of biology?Genetic information is transferred from DNA through RNA, to protein
 Where is the genetic information for a cell located?nucleus
 Which carbon of the 5-carbon deoxyribose in the backbone of DNA strand is the phosphate attached to?5'
 Which carbon in DNA is the hydroxyl group attached to?3'
 What are the building blocks of DNA?guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine, phosphate groups, deoxyribose
 When two strands of DNA are hydrogen-bonded to one another, what two groups are exposed at each end of the double helix?5' phosphate group and 3' hydroxyl group
 What are the three components of a chromosome?telomere, replication origin, and centromere
 Do histones bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner?NO
 What two things does DNA polymerase need to initiate DNA replication, given that there are lots of nucleotides present?primer and single stranded template
 What does RNA polymerase not need to initiate transcriptionprimers
 Which end would DNA move to if you ran an electrical current through it?positively charged end
 purinetwo-ringed structures (adenine and guanine)
 pyrimidinesone-ringed structures. Thymine, cytosine, uracil
 Replication origins are rich in which nucleotides and why?adenine and thymine because A-T interactions are easier to disrupt than G-C interactions and DNA must be single-stranded to serve as a template for a new DNA strand
 What is the directionality of DNA polymerase when it synthesizes DNA?from 5' to 3'
 What does it mean that you can unzip double stranded DNA by boiling, and rezip by cooling, but you need an enzyme to break the phosphate backbone?the interactions between the nucleotide bases are weak hydrogen bonds and the interactions between the sugar and phosphate groups are strong covalent bonds
 Which are discontinuously synthesized and continuously synthesized during DNA replication?Lagging - discontinuously, Leading - continuously
 Where do the first RNA primers bind in the opening replication bubble, and what direction are their 3' ends?primers bind at top and bottom, 3' ends facing left and right
 In what direction does DNA polymerase exercise proofreading?3' to 5'
 How do retroviruses violate the central dogma of biology?Genetic info is carried by RNA, which is reverse transcribed into DNA, which is transcribed into genomic RNA and mRNA. mRNA is translated into protein
 What are some differences between eukaryotic (nucleated) and prokaryotic genes and mRNA?eukaryotic genes have exons and introns; prokaryotic do not. Eukaryotic mRNA is transcribed and processed in the nucleus and exported to cytoplasm for translation. Prokaryotic mRNA is transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm
 Different types of RNA/functions?sRNA is small RNA, necessary for RNA splicing. rRNA is a ribosomal component, necessary for protein translation. tRNA is transfer RNA, needed for adding amino acids to growing polypeptides. mRNA is messenger RNA, the template for translation into protein
 The specificity of translation is determined by which of the following factors?The ability of the A site of the ribosome to frame the mRNA codons as determined by the position of the most 5' AUG. The ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to link the right amino acid to a tRNA, as defined by its anticodon
 The peptide bond between two amino acids joins which two groups?Amino (NH2) and Carboxyl (COOH)
 Open Reading Frames?comprised of the nucleotides between the initiation AUG and the in-frame stop codons UAA, UAG or UGA, which is translated into a polypeptide
 Differences between cells arise from what?differences in which genes are transcribed and translated into proteins
 At what stage in cellular info processing are most differences in cells regulated?transcription
 What is true about cellular dedifferentiation and how it applies to the cloning of animals?the chromatin structure and transcriptional profile of the nucleus transferred into the egg changes from that of a differentiated cell to that of an embryonic cell
 How do gene regulatory proteins contact DNA?the side chains of amino acids in the transcription factor make hydrogen bonds to specific nucleotide sequences
 If RNA polymerase scanning the genome encounters the sequence 5'-TATATT-3', which strand will it choose as a template for transcription?the other strand
 Why has life evolved so that DNA is stable but mRNA is not?the cell must be able to change its proteins, and thus its mRNA quickly in order to respond to changing environment. DNA, not mRNA carries genetic info and therefore must be stable
 Is the sequence of an mRNA transcript identical to the template DNA or the non-strand?reverse complement of the template strand, with the substitution of U for T. identical to non-template strand
 Which part of the ribose group linked to an adenine base breaks the RNA transcript during RNA splicing?3' -OH
 three step cycle of polypetide assembly?the anti-codon of the appropriate aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the mRNA codon exposed in the frame of the A site of the ribosome, bringing in an amino acid linked to the tRNA's 3' end. A peptide bond is formed between the amino acids at the A and P sites. The ribsomal subunits shift, exposing a new codon at the A site and moving the two previous tRNAs from the A site to the P site, and from the P site to the E site, from which tRNA is ejected
 Restriction endonuclease of DNA?an enzyme recognizes a certain sequence of nucleotides and cuts through the backbone of both strands of double-stranded DNA
 What is the difference between promoters and enhancers?promoters will only function when they are 5' of, and close to , the transcriptional start site and in only one orientation. Enhancers can function from thousands of bp away, either 5' or 3' and in either orientation
 ReplicationDNA copied to DNA, double stranded helix. DNA polymerase: needs primer annealed to single-stranded template to start. Each deoxyribonucleotide has a 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl side. Adds 5' phosphate of new nucleotide to 3' hydroxyl of growing DNA strand. new DNA strand hydrogen-bonded to template strand
 TranscriptionDNA copied to RNA. RNA is single stranded, uracil instead of thymine. Each ribonucleotide has a 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl side. RNA polymerase: onyl needs single stranded template, not primer
 TranslationmRNA codons translated to proteins (made out of amino acids). Ribosomes scan from 5' to 3' of mRNA, start translating at the methionine initiation site. Stop when they reach the in-frame stop codon.
 centromerepart of the chromosome that attaches to the mitotic spindle
 telomeresat the end of the chromosome
 Acetylation of histonesassociated with an increase in transcription of the gene near those histones
 How is RNA different from DNA?(1) single stranded (2) uses uracil instead of thymine (3) base pairs to itself, enables some RNA molecules to act as enzymes called ribozymes (4) uses ribonucleotides instead of deoxyribonucleotides (ribose has a -OH at the 2' end instead of a -H)
 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetaselinks the appropriate amino acid to a tRNA by reading the tRNA's anti-codon
 cDNA librariesmade thru the reverse transcription of mRNA isolated from a particular kind of cell or tissue
 Genomic librariescontain introns, exons and regulatory sequences
 apoptosisprogrammed cell death, caused by death proteins such as bax and bak, which cause the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria, activation of the caspase cascade. Can be blocked by bcl-2, which blocks the death proteins activity.
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