Ch 16 (exam 2) - Flashcards

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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Peripheral Nervous System

cranial and spinal nerves that send info to and from the CNS
-two division: Somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system

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Exteroceptors

-external environment
-senses changes at the body surface and muscles (cold/warm)
ex: touch receptor, pressure receptor, pain receptor

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Proprioceptors

-sense changes in muscles, tendons and body position
ex: golgi tendon organ, stretch receptor

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Visceroceptors

-sense changes in viscera
ex: blood pressure, pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, pain
ex: baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, pain receptor

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Functions of Visceral receptors (3)

1) absorb energy from a stimulus
2) transduce the energy of the stimulus into electrical energy
3) depolarization of the receptor potential

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Sensory adaptation

adaptation to a constant stimulus by a receptor
-results in drastic slowing of action potentials over time

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Phasic receptors

-adapt (decrease action potentials)
-stimulus needs to be maintained
-slow or rapid adaptation
ex: temperature and pressure receptors

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Tonic receptors

-do not adapt (or adapt very little)
-action potential frequency is unchanged with a constant stimulus
ex: pain receptors or visceroceptors

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Somatic nervous system

detects (sensory) and responds (motor) to changes (stimuli) in external environment
-voluntary
-effectors of motor output (skeletal muscles)
-ONE efferent neuron from the CNS to the effector
-myelinated, cholinergic

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Cholinergic

acetylcholine released as neurotransmitter
-binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

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Sensory Neuropathy

dysfunction of sensory nerves
- symptoms include: pins, needles, burning, numbness

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Motor Neuropathy

dysfunction of motor nerves
-symptoms would include muscle weakness and muscle atrophy

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Autonomic Nervous System

detects (sensory) and responds (motor) to changes (stimuli) in internal invironment
-receptors and nerves that maintain internal balance (homeostasis)
-heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion
-involuntary
-effectors of motor output - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, cells of visceral organs
-TWO efferent neurons between the CNS and effector

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Preganglionic neurons

-arise from the CNS
-myelinated (saltatory conduction)

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Postganglionic Neurons

-synapse with the preganglionic neurons
-transmit motor information to effectors
-unmyelinated

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Sympathetic Nervous System

-'Fight or flight'
-thoracic and lumbar spinal regions (T1-L2)
-preganglionic neurons: short and originate in the lateral horns
-postganglionic neurons: long and innervate organs

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Paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain

-ganglia located bilaterally along the length of the vertebral column
-location of most postganglionic neuronal cell bodies

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collateral ganglia

-ganglia located in the abdomen
-location of some postganglionic neuronal cell bodies

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Preganglionic neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system

-cholinergic: release ACh
-binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neuron
-very fast acting

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Postganglionic neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system

-adrenergic
-release norepinephrine (NE)
-binds to two types of receptors: Alpha and Beta

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Alpha Receptors

a1: excitatory and inhibitory ex: digestive tract - causes relaxation, decreases GI motility -most blood vessels in the body - causes constriction (vasoconstriction)
a2: mainly inhibitory ex: postganglionic neurons -inhibits release of ACh or NE

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Beta receptors

B1: mainly excitatory -mainly cardiac muscle and conduction system: increases heart rate, increases heart contractility

B2: mainly inhibitory - bronchioles: causes relaxation; blood vessels: causes vasodilation

B3: mainly excitatory - adipose tissue: causes lipolysis

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Phentolamine (Vasomax)

-alpha a1 blocker; used to treat high blood pressure

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Phenylephrine

a1 activator; used to alleviate nasal congestion, can raise blood pressure

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Tamsulosin (Flomax)

a1 blocker, used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia

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Metoprolol (Lopressor)

B1 blocker, used to treat high blood pressure, arrhythmias, angina, migraines

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Albuterol (ventolin) and Isoproterenol

B2 activator, used to treat asthma

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parasympathetic nervous system

helps return the body to resting conditions; active during normal relaxed states; activities result in conserving and restoring energy

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Atropine

muscarinic receptor blocker; used as a mydriatic (dilates pupils); increases heart rate

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Oxybutynin (Ditropan)

muscarinic receptor blocker, relieves urinary frequency and incontinence, relieves profuse sweating (hyperhidrosis)

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Pilocarpine

muscarinic receptor activator; used to treat glaucoma - causes draining of aqueous humor

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Enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.
Influenced by the autonomic nervous system, can operate autonomously

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Peripheral Nervous System	cranial and spinal nerves that send info to and from the CNS -two division: Somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system
Exteroceptors	-external environment -senses changes at the body surface and muscles (cold/warm) ex: touch receptor, pressure receptor, pain receptor
Proprioceptors	-sense changes in muscles, tendons and body position ex: golgi tendon organ, stretch receptor
Visceroceptors	-sense changes in viscera ex: blood pressure, pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, pain ex: baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, pain receptor

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Functions of Visceral receptors (3)	1) absorb energy from a stimulus 2) transduce the energy of the stimulus into electrical energy 3) depolarization of the receptor potential
Sensory adaptation	adaptation to a constant stimulus by a receptor -results in drastic slowing of action potentials over time
Phasic receptors	-adapt (decrease action potentials) -stimulus needs to be maintained -slow or rapid adaptation ex: temperature and pressure receptors
Tonic receptors	-do not adapt (or adapt very little) -action potential frequency is unchanged with a constant stimulus ex: pain receptors or visceroceptors

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Somatic nervous system	detects (sensory) and responds (motor) to changes (stimuli) in external environment -voluntary -effectors of motor output (skeletal muscles) -ONE efferent neuron from the CNS to the effector -myelinated, cholinergic
Cholinergic	acetylcholine released as neurotransmitter -binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Sensory Neuropathy	dysfunction of sensory nerves - symptoms include: pins, needles, burning, numbness
Motor Neuropathy	dysfunction of motor nerves -symptoms would include muscle weakness and muscle atrophy

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Autonomic Nervous System	detects (sensory) and responds (motor) to changes (stimuli) in internal invironment -receptors and nerves that maintain internal balance (homeostasis) -heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion -involuntary -effectors of motor output - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, cells of visceral organs -TWO efferent neurons between the CNS and effector
Preganglionic neurons	-arise from the CNS -myelinated (saltatory conduction)
Postganglionic Neurons	-synapse with the preganglionic neurons -transmit motor information to effectors -unmyelinated
Sympathetic Nervous System	-'Fight or flight' -thoracic and lumbar spinal regions (T1-L2) -preganglionic neurons: short and originate in the lateral horns -postganglionic neurons: long and innervate organs

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Paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain	-ganglia located bilaterally along the length of the vertebral column -location of most postganglionic neuronal cell bodies
collateral ganglia	-ganglia located in the abdomen -location of some postganglionic neuronal cell bodies
Preganglionic neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system	-cholinergic: release ACh -binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neuron -very fast acting
Postganglionic neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system	-adrenergic -release norepinephrine (NE) -binds to two types of receptors: Alpha and Beta

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Alpha Receptors	a1: excitatory and inhibitory ex: digestive tract - causes relaxation, decreases GI motility -most blood vessels in the body - causes constriction (vasoconstriction) a2: mainly inhibitory ex: postganglionic neurons -inhibits release of ACh or NE
Beta receptors	B1: mainly excitatory -mainly cardiac muscle and conduction system: increases heart rate, increases heart contractility B2: mainly inhibitory - bronchioles: causes relaxation; blood vessels: causes vasodilation B3: mainly excitatory - adipose tissue: causes lipolysis
Phentolamine (Vasomax)	-alpha a1 blocker; used to treat high blood pressure
Phenylephrine	a1 activator; used to alleviate nasal congestion, can raise blood pressure

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Tamsulosin (Flomax)	a1 blocker, used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia
Metoprolol (Lopressor)	B1 blocker, used to treat high blood pressure, arrhythmias, angina, migraines
Albuterol (ventolin) and Isoproterenol	B2 activator, used to treat asthma
parasympathetic nervous system	helps return the body to resting conditions; active during normal relaxed states; activities result in conserving and restoring energy

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Atropine	muscarinic receptor blocker; used as a mydriatic (dilates pupils); increases heart rate
Oxybutynin (Ditropan)	muscarinic receptor blocker, relieves urinary frequency and incontinence, relieves profuse sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Pilocarpine	muscarinic receptor activator; used to treat glaucoma - causes draining of aqueous humor
Enteric nervous system	The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. Influenced by the autonomic nervous system, can operate autonomously

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