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Midterm 2 - Flashcards

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Class:ANT 141 - Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory
Subject:Anthropology
University:Syracuse University
Term:Fall 2011
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Archaeology Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture that they have left behind,
Natufians The Natufian culture was a Mesolithic culture that existed from 12,500 to 9,500 BC in the Levant, a region in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Mitochondrial DNA
Multiregional Model A theory that contends that humans evolve through a combination of adaptation within various regions of the world and gene flow between those regions.
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Replacement Model Aka the out of africa model, all humans originated in africa then spread out and replaced other Homos from there.
Archaic Humans Archaic Homo sapiens is a loosely defined term used to describe a number of varieties of Homo, as opposed to anatomically modern humans, in the period beginning 500,000 years ago.
Neanderthals The Neanderthal is an extinct member of the Homo genus known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia.
Monte Verde An archaeological site in Chile  that has evidence of "pre-clovis" humans coming to the americas. 14, 800 yr
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Meadowcroft an archaeological site in pennsylvania that has evidence of "pre-clovis" inhabitation  in america 16000 yrs
Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age, most advanced and varied use of stone tools for the era. 
Middle Paleolithic The Middle Paleolithic is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age some what varied use of tools more basic than upper more complex than lower
Lower Paleolithic The Lower Paleolithic is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age, most simplistic and leas varied. 
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Mesolithic The Mesolithic is an archaeological term used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic.
Neolithic The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
Domestication Domestication or taming is the process whereby a population of animals or plants, through a process of selection, becomes accustomed to human provision and control. (approx Mesolithic- early Neolithic)
Agriculture Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.
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Horticulture Horticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings.
Floatation the use of water to separate seeds, bone, nut shells charcoal and other such things from soil or feature fill deposits. 
Diffusion  The process whereby cultural traits, idea, or objects are spread or transmitted from one culture or society to another
Atl-atl An atlatl or spear-thrower is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity when throwing a spear. 
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Holocene The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene (around 10,000 14C years ago) and continues to the present.
Beringia The Bering land bridge was a land bridge which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages.
Megafauna In terrestrial zoology, megafauna are "giant", "very large" or "large" animals.
Unifacial Flaking  a specific type of stone tool that has been flaked on one surface only. There are two general classes of uniface tools: modified flakes—and formalized tools.
Modified = opportunistic & nonspecific 
formalized = systematic & specific
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Artificial Selection Artificial selection describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits, often desirable for humans not necessarily the organisms survival.
Microliths A microlith is a small stone tool usually made of flint or chert and typically a centimetre or so in length and half a centimetre wide.
Topper an archaeological site in S.Carolina that contains clovis artifacts and possibly "pre-clovis" (3,000 years before) artifacts. 
Folsom  a name given to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America. 
characterised by use of Folsom points as projectile tips and activities known from kill sites where slaughter and butchering of Bison took place and Folsom tools were left behind.
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V. Gordon Childe Vere Gordon Childe created the oasis theory of agriculture an domestication. 
Clovis  a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture that first appears 11,500  at the end of the last glacial period, characterized by the manufacture of "Clovis points" and distinctive bone and ivory tools. argued to be the first culture in the americas. 
Pre-Clovis a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture that appears in the americas prior to 11,500. evidenced by tools predate the technology of clovis seen @ Monte Verde, Cactus Hill, and Meadowcroft. swell as linguistic anthro and DNA testing 
Olsen Chubbuck is a Paleo-Indian Bison kill site is located in colorado shows hunting through planing even with out the use of effective weapons, swell as evidence of butchering therefore  this was not opportunistic hunting 
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Cultivation  the production, processing, marketing, and use of foods, fibers and byproducts from plant crops and animals benefit human kind. argued to be the key development that led to human civilization. 
Bone Needles Needles for sewing made out of bone, Upper Palaeolithic / Neolithic shows the use materials other than stone, the probable use of clothes, and a greater problem solving ability.   
Mousterian  a style of predominantly flint tools associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, It may be an example of acculturation of modern humans by Neanderthals
Altruism  a concern for the welfare of others.
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La Ferrassie a site in france where a fossilized skull of a neanderthal was found
Petroglyphs  images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading.
Kennewick Man  the name for the skeletal remains of a Paleo-Indian  man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington most complete ancient skeletons found
 believed to be 5650-9510 years old  
The Oasis Theory
argues that the reason for domestication is that a dry spell  forced all living things to live near an oasis thus enforced clustering of humans, plants, & animals led to the domestication of all three. 
V. G. Child
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Readiness Hypothesis

Robert Braidwood suggested that humans became increasingly familiar with plants and animals in their area and began to domesticate them. 
Ethnographic Analogy a way to discover a use for a tool or way of  life by comparing it to a "similar" present day culture. 
Co-Evolution  coevolution is "the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object." for example domestication is seen as a result of interactions between humans & other organisms.
lascaux cave Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings.
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Cannibalism Cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh of other human beings.
clan of the cave bear The Clan of the Cave Bear is a historical novel by Jean M. speculates on the possibilities of interactions between Neanderthal and modern Cro-Magnon humans
Clacton Spear  a wooden spear, dating back at least 400,000 years. This is the oldest known man-made wooden artifact found on the British Isles
Island Hopping Island hopping is a term that refers to the means of crossing an ocean by a series of shorter journeys between islands. Archaeologists believe this is how humans first got to Australia 
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 ArchaeologyArchaeology, or archeology, is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture that they have left behind,
 NatufiansThe Natufian culture was a Mesolithic culture that existed from 12,500 to 9,500 BC in the Levant, a region in the Eastern Mediterranean.
 Mitochondrial DNA
 Multiregional ModelA theory that contends that humans evolve through a combination of adaptation within various regions of the world and gene flow between those regions.
 Replacement ModelAka the out of africa model, all humans originated in africa then spread out and replaced other Homos from there.
 Archaic HumansArchaic Homo sapiens is a loosely defined term used to describe a number of varieties of Homo, as opposed to anatomically modern humans, in the period beginning 500,000 years ago.
 NeanderthalsThe Neanderthal is an extinct member of the Homo genus known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia.
 Monte VerdeAn archaeological site in Chile  that has evidence of "pre-clovis" humans coming to the americas. 14, 800 yr
 Meadowcroftan archaeological site in pennsylvania that has evidence of "pre-clovis" inhabitation  in america 16000 yrs
 Upper PaleolithicThe Upper Paleolithic is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age, most advanced and varied use of stone tools for the era. 
 Middle PaleolithicThe Middle Paleolithic is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age some what varied use of tools more basic than upper more complex than lower
 Lower PaleolithicThe Lower Paleolithic is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age, most simplistic and leas varied. 
 MesolithicThe Mesolithic is an archaeological term used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic.
 NeolithicThe Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
 DomesticationDomestication or taming is the process whereby a population of animals or plants, through a process of selection, becomes accustomed to human provision and control. (approx Mesolithic- early Neolithic)
 AgricultureAgriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.
 HorticultureHorticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings.
 Floatationthe use of water to separate seeds, bone, nut shells charcoal and other such things from soil or feature fill deposits. 
 Diffusion The process whereby cultural traits, idea, or objects are spread or transmitted from one culture or society to another
 Atl-atlAn atlatl or spear-thrower is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity when throwing a spear. 
 HoloceneThe Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene (around 10,000 14C years ago) and continues to the present.
 BeringiaThe Bering land bridge was a land bridge which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages.
 MegafaunaIn terrestrial zoology, megafauna are "giant", "very large" or "large" animals.
 Unifacial Flaking a specific type of stone tool that has been flaked on one surface only. There are two general classes of uniface tools: modified flakes—and formalized tools.
Modified = opportunistic & nonspecific 
formalized = systematic & specific
 Artificial SelectionArtificial selection describes intentional breeding for certain traits, or combination of traits, often desirable for humans not necessarily the organisms survival.
 MicrolithsA microlith is a small stone tool usually made of flint or chert and typically a centimetre or so in length and half a centimetre wide.
 Topperan archaeological site in S.Carolina that contains clovis artifacts and possibly "pre-clovis" (3,000 years before) artifacts. 
 Folsom a name given to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America. 
characterised by use of Folsom points as projectile tips and activities known from kill sites where slaughter and butchering of Bison took place and Folsom tools were left behind.
 V. Gordon ChildeVere Gordon Childe created the oasis theory of agriculture an domestication. 
 Clovis a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture that first appears 11,500  at the end of the last glacial period, characterized by the manufacture of "Clovis points" and distinctive bone and ivory tools. argued to be the first culture in the americas. 
 Pre-Clovisa prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture that appears in the americas prior to 11,500. evidenced by tools predate the technology of clovis seen @ Monte Verde, Cactus Hill, and Meadowcroft. swell as linguistic anthro and DNA testing 
 Olsen Chubbuckis a Paleo-Indian Bison kill site is located in colorado shows hunting through planing even with out the use of effective weapons, swell as evidence of butchering therefore  this was not opportunistic hunting 
 Cultivation the production, processing, marketing, and use of foods, fibers and byproducts from plant crops and animals benefit human kind. argued to be the key development that led to human civilization. 
 Bone NeedlesNeedles for sewing made out of bone, Upper Palaeolithic / Neolithic shows the use materials other than stone, the probable use of clothes, and a greater problem solving ability.   
 Mousterian a style of predominantly flint tools associated primarily with Homo neanderthalensis and dating to the Middle Paleolithic, It may be an example of acculturation of modern humans by Neanderthals
 Altruism a concern for the welfare of others.
 La Ferrassiea site in france where a fossilized skull of a neanderthal was found
 Petroglyphs images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, and abrading.
 Kennewick Man the name for the skeletal remains of a Paleo-Indian  man found on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington most complete ancient skeletons found
 believed to be 5650-9510 years old  
 The Oasis Theory
argues that the reason for domestication is that a dry spell  forced all living things to live near an oasis thus enforced clustering of humans, plants, & animals led to the domestication of all three. 
V. G. Child
 Readiness Hypothesis

Robert Braidwood suggested that humans became increasingly familiar with plants and animals in their area and began to domesticate them. 

 Ethnographic Analogya way to discover a use for a tool or way of  life by comparing it to a "similar" present day culture. 
 Co-Evolution coevolution is "the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object." for example domestication is seen as a result of interactions between humans & other organisms.

 lascaux caveLascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings.
 CannibalismCannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh of other human beings.
 clan of the cave bearThe Clan of the Cave Bear is a historical novel by Jean M. speculates on the possibilities of interactions between Neanderthal and modern Cro-Magnon humans

 Clacton Spear a wooden spear, dating back at least 400,000 years. This is the oldest known man-made wooden artifact found on the British Isles
 Island HoppingIsland hopping is a term that refers to the means of crossing an ocean by a series of shorter journeys between islands. Archaeologists believe this is how humans first got to Australia 
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