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Exam 1 - Flashcards

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Class:ANTH 1000 - Introduction to Anthropology
Subject:Anthropology
University:East Carolina University
Term:Fall 2010
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holistic perspective focus on the interconnections of all aspects of human experience
ritual a set of acts following a sequence established by tradition
ethnocentrism assumption that one's culture is the best/correct way
paleoanthropology study of ancient human, including human evolution
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Definition
physical or biological focuses on aspects of our behavior that stem from our shared biology and physiology-universals of human behaviors
evolution study of biology of human variation as well as the development of species over time -The idea that different species developed, one from another, over long periods of time.
scientific method 1) observation 2) hypotheses 3) prediction 4) theory
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archaeology study of the material remains
prehistoric archaeology the study of the past using written records.
cultural anthropology one of four or five fields of anthropology, the holistic study of humanity. -includes linguistics, study of present day, living peoples using the methods of participant-observation and long-term fieldwork (ethnograph)
culture complex whole including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
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ethnography description of the way of life in a single cultural group (based on observation, later interviews)
comparative perspective data from individual cultures are compared and analyzed to arrive at a broader cross-cultural understanding of human behavior (ethnology)
applied anthropology focuses on applying anthropological knowledge to real world problems
emic insider point of view
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etic outsider point of view
It can never be proven true, but it can be proven false What can we say definitely about a scientific theory?
to answer some of the unanswerable questions of human existence What is one of the main functions of creation accounts from all cultures?
provides different time frame for history of earth What was the major benefit of uniformitarianism developed by the early geologists?
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That humans, apes, and monkeys shared the same common ancestry What did the grouping by Linneaus of monkeys, apes, and humans into the order primates signify to other scientists?
Enables us to determine if a gene is being selected for or against in a population What is the purpose of the Hardy Weinberg Law?
recombination Sexual reproduction involves the merging of 2 cells, one from each parent with each cell having half the complement of chromosomes needed to produce an embryo. This process allows the spread of new genetic material through a population and is known as:
True In the article, What Are Friends For? Smuts found that many of the baboon males and females she observed formed long-term friendships.
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False She never observed any male baboons helping care for the infants of their female friends
insect eating mammals active at night Current theory, the first primates probably evolved from:
prosimians What is the suborder of the order Primates that includes the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers?
punctuated equilibria Long periods of gradual evolutionary adaptation are interrupted by periods of rapid evolutionary change
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macroevolution evolution above the species level
species -smallest working unit in the system of classification -populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile viable offspring
arboreal living in the trees
visual predation theory these traits represent an adaptation to the econiche of survival by visual predation within a forest environment
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65 million years ago Beginning of paleocene period
Classification of mammals Kingdom-Animalia Phylum-Chordata Class-Mammalia Ambhibia Aves Order-Primata, Cetacea, Carnivora
Characteristics of mammals Warm-blooded; muscular diaphram and four-chambered heart Heterodontism (specialized teeth) Young borne alive Reproductive economy Effectance motivation (curiosity)
200 million years ago Rise of the mammals
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Marsupials and Placentals Two subclasses of mammalia
Tarsiers and Tree Shrew Order Insectivores (2)
Anatomical Characteristics of Primates Opposable thumb/toe; pentadactly Nails instead of claws Eyes rotated forward; stereoscopic vision Rotating forearm, clavicle and scapula Enlarged cerebral hemispheres One pair mammary glands Heterodontism
What equipped primates for visual predation? Stereoscopic vision Sensitive touch pads instead of claws Heterodontism (a mammalian trait) (teeth specialized for different functions)
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Prosimians and Anthropoids Two Suborders of Primates
Suborder Anthropoids New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Greater and Lesser Apes, and Humans Shorter, reduced snout Brachiation, knuckle-walking, bipedalism Relatively larger brains Stereoscopic, color vision Fewer offspring born at a time
New World Monkeys (platyrrhines) Color vision Prehensile tails Three premolars instead of two Brachiation
2 incisors, 1 canine,2 premolars,3 molars What is the anthropoid dental formula?
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Old World Monkeys--catarrhines Two premolars instead of three Ground-based diet Loss of prehensile tail Larger body size Terrestrial adaptation
The Apes Lesser and Greater Semi-erect posture Brachiation in lesser apes Knuckle-walking in great apes Larger body size No external tail Arms are longer than legs Larger brain size Longer period infant dependency
Gibbons and Siamangs Lesser apes
Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzee The Great Apes
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Humans (Hominids) Bipedal locomotion Broad pelvis; broad-flat foot; longer legs Hands capable of power/precision grips Large brain size Loss of snout; development of nose, chin and forehead Very long period of infant dependency Cultural adaptation
Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Individual organisms differ among themselves. Individual differences are partially determined by hereditarily transmissible factors. (theoretical assumption) Whenever these differences involve fitness, the traits of the more fit will be increasingly represented in successive generations.
Taxonomy classification system based upon the structural similarities between organisms (morphology) or the evolutionary lines of descent (phylogeny)
Convergent Evolution the process whereby two genetically unrelated species developed one or a set of similar traits because of adaptations made to a similar econiche
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Behavior of Primates -live in communities -dominance hierarchies -primate have long periods of infant dependency -have communication systems -use objects as tools
Prosimians (before monkeys) -more anatomically similar to early mammals, small in size -reliant on smell, longer snouts, moist, split nose -mark territory by scent -cling and leap movement -longer tails -smaller brains
Aristotle -believer in intelligent design=teleologist -"Great Chain of Being"
Bishop John Ussher -"Fixity of Species" -date and time of creation (4004 B.C.)
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Linnaeus taxonomy of life forms
Cuvier "Theory of Catastrophism" -built on diluvial theory, from bible
Charles Lyell principle of uniformitarianism
Darwin modifiability of species
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Lamarck "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"
Thomas Malthus "Essay on the Principles of Populations"
Alfred Russel Wallace Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, HMS Beagle, finches
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Gregor Mendel "Laws of Heredity"
Four Lines of Evidence emerge during the Renaissance and after: 1.Emergence of commercial capitalism and beginning of age of exploration 2.Development of comparative anatomy and taxonomies of life forms 3.Discovery of animal fossils and succession of types 4.Discovery of human fossil remains
culture -based on symbols -learned -shared -mostly integrated -generally adaptive -constantly changing
society group of people who occupy a specific locality, who are dependent on one another for survival, and who share a common cultural tradition. All societies by definition have culture; there can be no culture without society
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subcultures distinct groups with their own distinct standards of behavior who live within a single society.
pluralistic society with marked subcultural variation is said to be :
ethnicity that part of identify derived from membership, usually through birth, in a racial, religious, national or linguistic group or subgroup
ethnocentrism belief that one's own culture and way of life is superior to all others
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cultural relativity attempt to suspend biases and judge a culture in its own terms
participant observation anthropological method of investigation requiring long-term fieldwork and first-hand participation and observation of another culture
culture shock a traumatic psychological adjustment to life in an alien cultural system
Gregor Mendel's Laws of Heredity -Heredity is transmitted by a large number of independent, inheritable units. These occur in pairs in individuals. The pairs are separated during the production of gametes (eggs and sperm) so that a gamete has only one kind of each. (principle of segregation) -When each parent contributes the same kind of factor, a constant characteristic is produced in the progeny. If each furnishes a different kind, a hybrid results and when the hybrid forms its own reproductive cells, the two different units “liberate themselves again.” -The heredity units are unaffected by their long association in an individual. Principle of Independent Assortment
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genetic fitness an organism's ability to adapt to the environment and subsequent success in leaving fertile ofspring
natural selection leads to evolutionary change by favoring the reproduction of those genes best adapted to a certain environment
Mendel works out principles of heredity through cross breeding garden pea plants
Four Primary Processes of Evolution 1) Mutation 2) Recombination 3) Natural Selection 4) Adaptation
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adaptation the possession of anatomical, physiological, and or behavioral characteristics that foster the survival of the organisms in the specific environmental conditions in which they live that result in greater reproductive success
race population of a species that differs in the frequency of some gene expression
genus a set of species which scientists agree should be grouped together because of shared likenesses in structure and physical features which are assumed to then indicate a shared adaptive pattern
plasticity ability to alter their behavior or phenotype appearance
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Additional Mechanisms of Genetic Change 1)Gene Flow 2)Genetic Drift
Gene flow In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.
Genetic drift the random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations; for example, a rare mutation in a small group isolated by accident would have a greater than normal chance of being reproduced in that population (founder effect)
Wright Effect assortative mating practices
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Directional selection natural selection acting to promote change in a population
Balancing (stabilizing) Selection natural selection acting to promote stability not change in a population
environment physical and social habitat of a population
econiche the way that a population survives within a particular environment
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phyletic gradualism long periods of little or no evolutionary change during which species become perfected for particular niches, mutations of structural genes
structural genes devoted to everyday routines making a single protein with a limited function. mutation of such genes have a limited effect.
regulator genes direct the activity of whole series of structural genes sending out messages that turn genetic activity on or off. Could have secondary effects on a whole series of different places in the body
globalization Globalization (or globalisation) describes a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade.
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enculturation Enculturation is the process by which a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviours that are appropriate or necessary in that culture.
polygenetic inheritance two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic (example: skin color)
gene unit of the DNA molecule that directs the development of observable traits
allele alternate form a single gene; each gene has two alleles
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mitosis a kind of cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and hence copies of genes, as the parent cell
meiosis a kind of cell division that produces the sex cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism
clines gradual changes in the frequency of an allele or trait over space
homozygous refers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene
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heterozygous chromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene
paleocene first primates
eocene monkey ape ancestors
oligocene split of monkeys from ape ancestors
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miocene adaptive radiation of the apes and first bipeds emerge
prehensile having the ability to grasp
brachiation using the amrs to move from branch to brance, with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms
diurnal active during the day and at rest at night
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opposable able to bring the thumb or big toe in contact with the tips of the other digits on the same hand or foot in order to grasp objects
stereoscopic vision complete three dimensional vision from binocular vision and nerve connections that run from each eye to both sides of the brain allowing nerve cells to integrate the images derived from each eye
primates A primate (, ) is a member of the biological order Primates ( prm-tz; Latin: "prime, first rank"), the group that contains prosimians (including lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers) and simians (monkeys and apes).
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 holistic perspectivefocus on the interconnections of all aspects of human experience
 rituala set of acts following a sequence established by tradition
 ethnocentrismassumption that one's culture is the best/correct way
 paleoanthropologystudy of ancient human, including human evolution
  Definition
 physical or biologicalfocuses on aspects of our behavior that stem from our shared biology and physiology-universals of human behaviors
 evolutionstudy of biology of human variation as well as the development of species over time
-The idea that different species developed, one from another, over long periods of time.
 scientific method1) observation 2) hypotheses 3) prediction 4) theory
 archaeologystudy of the material remains
 prehistoric archaeologythe study of the past using written records.
 cultural anthropologyone of four or five fields of anthropology, the holistic study of humanity.
-includes linguistics, study of present day, living peoples using the methods of participant-observation and long-term fieldwork (ethnograph)
 culturecomplex whole including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
 ethnographydescription of the way of life in a single cultural group (based on observation, later interviews)
 comparative perspectivedata from individual cultures are compared and analyzed to arrive at a broader cross-cultural understanding of human behavior (ethnology)
 applied anthropologyfocuses on applying anthropological knowledge to real world problems
 emicinsider point of view
 eticoutsider point of view
 It can never be proven true, but it can be proven falseWhat can we say definitely about a scientific theory?
 to answer some of the unanswerable questions of human existenceWhat is one of the main functions of creation accounts from all cultures?
 provides different time frame for history of earthWhat was the major benefit of uniformitarianism developed by the early geologists?
 That humans, apes, and monkeys shared the same common ancestryWhat did the grouping by Linneaus of monkeys, apes, and humans into the order primates signify to other scientists?
 Enables us to determine if a gene is being selected for or against in a populationWhat is the purpose of the Hardy Weinberg Law?
 recombinationSexual reproduction involves the merging of 2 cells, one from each parent with each cell having half the complement of chromosomes needed to produce an embryo. This process allows the spread of new genetic material through a population and is known as:
 TrueIn the article, What Are Friends For? Smuts found that many of the baboon males and females she observed formed long-term friendships.
 FalseShe never observed any male baboons helping care for the infants of their female friends
 insect eating mammals active at night Current theory, the first primates probably evolved from:
 prosimiansWhat is the suborder of the order Primates that includes the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers?
 punctuated equilibriaLong periods of gradual evolutionary adaptation are interrupted by periods of rapid evolutionary change
 macroevolutionevolution above the species level
 species-smallest working unit in the system of classification
-populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile viable offspring
 arborealliving in the trees
 visual predation theorythese traits represent an adaptation to the econiche of survival by visual predation within a forest environment
 65 million years agoBeginning of paleocene period
 Classification of mammals Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia Ambhibia Aves
Order-Primata, Cetacea, Carnivora
 Characteristics of mammalsWarm-blooded; muscular diaphram and four-chambered heart
Heterodontism (specialized teeth)
Young borne alive
Reproductive economy
Effectance motivation (curiosity)
 200 million years agoRise of the mammals
 Marsupials and PlacentalsTwo subclasses of mammalia
 Tarsiers and Tree ShrewOrder Insectivores (2)
 Anatomical Characteristics of PrimatesOpposable thumb/toe; pentadactly
Nails instead of claws
Eyes rotated forward; stereoscopic vision
Rotating forearm, clavicle and scapula
Enlarged cerebral hemispheres
One pair mammary glands
Heterodontism
 What equipped primates for visual predation? Stereoscopic vision
Sensitive touch pads instead of claws
Heterodontism (a mammalian trait)
(teeth specialized for different functions)
 Prosimians and AnthropoidsTwo Suborders of Primates
 Suborder AnthropoidsNew World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, Greater and Lesser Apes, and Humans
Shorter, reduced snout
Brachiation, knuckle-walking, bipedalism
Relatively larger brains
Stereoscopic, color vision
Fewer offspring born at a time
 New World Monkeys (platyrrhines)Color vision
Prehensile tails
Three premolars instead of two
Brachiation
 2 incisors, 1 canine,2 premolars,3 molars What is the anthropoid dental formula?
 Old World Monkeys--catarrhines Two premolars instead of three
Ground-based diet
Loss of prehensile tail
Larger body size
Terrestrial adaptation
 The Apes Lesser and GreaterSemi-erect posture
Brachiation in lesser apes
Knuckle-walking in great apes
Larger body size
No external tail
Arms are longer than legs
Larger brain size
Longer period infant dependency
 Gibbons and SiamangsLesser apes
 Orangutans, Gorillas, ChimpanzeeThe Great Apes
 Humans (Hominids)Bipedal locomotion
Broad pelvis; broad-flat foot; longer legs
Hands capable of power/precision grips
Large brain size
Loss of snout; development of nose, chin and forehead
Very long period of infant dependency
Cultural adaptation
 Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural SelectionIndividual organisms differ among themselves.
Individual differences are partially determined by hereditarily transmissible factors. (theoretical assumption)
Whenever these differences involve fitness, the traits of the more fit will be increasingly represented in successive generations.
 Taxonomyclassification system based upon the structural similarities between organisms (morphology) or the evolutionary lines of descent (phylogeny)
 Convergent Evolutionthe process whereby two genetically unrelated species developed one or a set of similar traits because of adaptations made to a similar econiche
 Behavior of Primates-live in communities
-dominance hierarchies
-primate have long periods of infant dependency
-have communication systems
-use objects as tools
 Prosimians (before monkeys)-more anatomically similar to early mammals, small in size
-reliant on smell, longer snouts, moist, split nose
-mark territory by scent
-cling and leap movement
-longer tails
-smaller brains


 Aristotle-believer in intelligent design=teleologist
-"Great Chain of Being"
 Bishop John Ussher-"Fixity of Species"
-date and time of creation (4004 B.C.)
 Linnaeustaxonomy of life forms
 Cuvier"Theory of Catastrophism"
-built on diluvial theory, from bible
 Charles Lyellprinciple of uniformitarianism
 Darwinmodifiability of species
 Lamarck"Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"
 Thomas Malthus"Essay on the Principles of Populations"
 Alfred Russel WallaceTheory of Evolution by Natural Selection
 Charles DarwinTheory of Evolution by Natural Selection, HMS Beagle, finches
 Gregor Mendel"Laws of Heredity"
 Four Lines of Evidence emerge during the Renaissance and after:1.Emergence of commercial capitalism and beginning of age of exploration
2.Development of comparative anatomy and taxonomies of life forms
3.Discovery of animal fossils and succession of types
4.Discovery of human fossil remains
 culture-based on symbols
-learned
-shared
-mostly integrated
-generally adaptive
-constantly changing
 societygroup of people who occupy a specific locality, who are dependent on one another for survival, and who share a common cultural tradition. All societies by definition have culture; there can be no culture without society
 subculturesdistinct groups with their own distinct standards of behavior who live within a single society.
 pluralisticsociety with marked subcultural variation is said to be :
 ethnicitythat part of identify derived from membership, usually through birth, in a racial, religious, national or linguistic group or subgroup
 ethnocentrismbelief that one's own culture and way of life is superior to all others
 cultural relativityattempt to suspend biases and judge a culture in its own terms
 participant observationanthropological method of investigation requiring long-term fieldwork and first-hand participation and observation of another culture
 culture shocka traumatic psychological adjustment to life in an alien cultural system
 Gregor Mendel's Laws of Heredity-Heredity is transmitted by a large number of independent, inheritable units. These occur in pairs in individuals. The pairs are separated during the production of gametes (eggs and sperm) so that a gamete has only one kind of each. (principle of segregation)
-When each parent contributes the same kind of factor, a constant characteristic is produced in the progeny. If each furnishes a different kind, a hybrid results and when the hybrid forms its own reproductive cells, the two different units “liberate themselves again.”
-The heredity units are unaffected by their long association in an individual. Principle of Independent Assortment
 genetic fitnessan organism's ability to adapt to the environment and subsequent success in leaving fertile ofspring
 natural selectionleads to evolutionary change by favoring the reproduction of those genes best adapted to a certain environment
 Mendelworks out principles of heredity through cross breeding garden pea plants
 Four Primary Processes of Evolution1) Mutation
2) Recombination
3) Natural Selection
4) Adaptation
 adaptationthe possession of anatomical, physiological, and or behavioral characteristics that foster the survival of the organisms in the specific environmental conditions in which they live that result in greater reproductive success
 racepopulation of a species that differs in the frequency of some gene expression
 genusa set of species which scientists agree should be grouped together because of shared likenesses in structure and physical features which are assumed to then indicate a shared adaptive pattern
 plasticityability to alter their behavior or phenotype appearance
 Additional Mechanisms of Genetic Change1)Gene Flow
2)Genetic Drift
 Gene flowIn population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.
 Genetic driftthe random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations; for example, a rare mutation in a small group isolated by accident would have a greater than normal chance of being reproduced in that population (founder effect)
 Wright Effectassortative mating practices
 Directional selectionnatural selection acting to promote change in a population
 Balancing (stabilizing) Selectionnatural selection acting to promote stability not change in a population
 environmentphysical and social habitat of a population
 econichethe way that a population survives within a particular environment
 phyletic gradualismlong periods of little or no evolutionary change during which species become perfected for particular niches, mutations of structural genes
 structural genesdevoted to everyday routines making a single protein with a limited function. mutation of such genes have a limited effect.
 regulator genesdirect the activity of whole series of structural genes sending out messages that turn genetic activity on or off. Could have secondary effects on a whole series of different places in the body
 globalizationGlobalization (or globalisation) describes a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade.
 enculturationEnculturation is the process by which a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviours that are appropriate or necessary in that culture.
 polygenetic inheritancetwo or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic (example: skin color)
 geneunit of the DNA molecule that directs the development of observable traits
 allelealternate form a single gene; each gene has two alleles
 mitosisa kind of cell division that produces new cells having exactly the same number of chromosome pairs, and hence copies of genes, as the parent cell
 meiosisa kind of cell division that produces the sex cells, each of which has half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism
 clinesgradual changes in the frequency of an allele or trait over space
 homozygousrefers to a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene
 heterozygouschromosome pair that bears different alleles for a single gene
 paleocenefirst primates
 eocenemonkey ape ancestors
 oligocenesplit of monkeys from ape ancestors
 mioceneadaptive radiation of the apes and first bipeds emerge
 prehensilehaving the ability to grasp
 brachiationusing the amrs to move from branch to brance, with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms
 diurnalactive during the day and at rest at night
  opposableable to bring the thumb or big toe in contact with the tips of the other digits on the same hand or foot in order to grasp objects
 stereoscopic visioncomplete three dimensional vision from binocular vision and nerve connections that run from each eye to both sides of the brain allowing nerve cells to integrate the images derived from each eye
 primatesA primate (, ) is a member of the biological order Primates ( prm-tz; Latin: "prime, first rank"), the group that contains prosimians (including lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers) and simians (monkeys and apes).
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