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Universities » Drexel University (DU) » ARCH - Architecture » 141 - Architecture and Society I.. » Flash Cards

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Class:ARCH 141 - Architecture and Society I
Subject:Architecture
University:Drexel University
Term:Fall 2010
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adobe Unbaked mud brick dried in the sun, often containing chopped straw and pounded earth as a reinforcement. It was used for building from very early times.
aqueduct An artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure supported on arches.
arch The spanning of an opening by means other than that of a lintel. The most primitive form was made by corbelling. True arches are curved and so constructed with wedge-shaped blocks over the opening that the downward thrust of the weight of their own material and of that above is converted into outward thrusts resisted by the flanking material. There are many different types.
cantilever A horizontal projection supported by a downward force behind a fulcrum. It is without external bracing and thus appears to be self supporting.
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cella The main body of a classical temple, as distinct from the portico, etc.
clerestory The upper stage of the main walls of a church above the aisle roofs, pierced by windows; the same term is applicable in domestic building. In Romanesque architecture it often has a narrow wall-passage on the inside
colonnade A row of columns carrying an entablature or arches.
column An upright structural member, square, round or rectangular and usually slightly tapering. It can be isolated, engaged or attached to a wall. Normally intended as a support but sometimes erected independently as a monument.
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corbelled vault (or corbelled arch) An arch-like construction method that uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge.
Corinthian Order Has a plinth, base, shaft, leaves on the capital, architrave, frieze, fascia, dentils, and cornice
Arcade A range of arches carried on piers or columns, either free standing or blind (i.e. attached to a wall).
Capital The head or crowning feature of a column, pier or pilaster.
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caryatid A sculptured female figure used as a column to support an entablature or other similar member, as on the Erechtheum, Athens.
Centering Wooden framework used in arch and vault construction; it is removed (or 'stuck') when the mortar has set
Coffers Decoration of a ceiling, a vault, or an arch soffit, consisting of sunken square or polygonal ornamental panels
Composite order A mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.
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Cornice In classical architecture, the top, projecting section of an entablature; also any projecting ornamental molding along the top of a building, wall, arch, etc., finishing or crowning it. That along the sloping sides of a pediment is called a raking cornice.
dentils A small square block used in series in Ionic, Corinthian, Composite, and more rarely Doric cornices.
Doric order The simplest of the orders of columns using a shaft , capital, architrave, frieze, and cornice.
Drum A vertical wall supporting a dome, cloister vault or cupola; it may be circular, square or polygonal in plan and is usually interposed between the dome, cloister vault or cupola and a system of supporting pendentives, squinches, arches or other supports A cylindrical block of stone forming a column
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Egg and dart An ovolo moulding decorated with a pattern based on alternate eggs and arrowheads
Engaged column A structural column attached to, or partly sunk into, a wall, usually non-loadbearing
Entablature The upper part of an order, consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice
Fluted shaft Shallow, concave grooves running vertically on the shaft of a column, pilaster, or other surface; they may meet in an arris or be separated by a fillet.
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Forum In Roman architecture, a central open space usually surrounded by public buildings and colonnades: it corresponds to the Greek agora
Frieze The middle division of an entablature, between the architrave and cornice; usually decorated but may be plain
Gable The triangular upper portion of a wall at the end of a pitched roof corresponding to a pediment in classical architecture.
Greek cross A centralized plan based on a cross with four equal arms. The two axes are at right angles and have identical, balancing elements on each of the axes around the central elements
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Ionic order An order of column that includes a plinth, base, capital, volute, abacus, architrave, frieze, and cornice
Keystone The central wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch or a rib vault, put in last, sometimes carved
Lintel A horizontal beam or stone bridging an opening.
Megaron A square or oblong room with a central hearth and usually four columns to support the roof, the lateral walls projecting forwards beyond the entrance wall to form the sides of a porch which is usually columned.
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Molding A continuous projection or groove, used decoratively to throw shadow or to throw water away from a wall.
Obelisk A tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite, monolithic, of square or rectangular section, ending pyramidally and originally with a gilded apex, and usually bearing carved inscriptions in hieroglyphics.
Pediment A low-pitched gable above a portico, formed by running the top member of the entablature along the sides of the gable. It may be straight-sided or curved segmentally.
Peristyle A range of columns surrounding a building, open court or garden
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Pier A solid masonry support, as distinct from a column.
Pilaster A shallow pier or rectangular column projecting only slightly from a wall and, in classical architecture, conforming with one of the orders
Portico A roofed space, open or partly enclosed, forming the entrance and centerpiece of the facade of a temple, house or church, often with detached or attached columns and a pediment.
Post and lintel An ancient and, structurally, the simplest type of construction: vertical members support horizontal members as in ancient Egyptian and Greek temples.
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Pyramid A term, probably of ancient Egyptian origin, used in ancient Greece for an Egyptian royal tomb and subsequently for a geometric solid of the same form
Terracotta Literally 'baked earth': clay moulded and kiln-fired to make a hard compact material used for brick, roof tiling, cladding and ornament.
Trabeation Constructed on the post and lintel principle, as Greek buildings were, in contrast to arcuated
Triglyph Blocks separating the metopes in a Doric frieze. Each one has two vertical grooves or glyphs in the centre and half grooves at the edges.
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Tuscan order A order of column similar to the Doric order, but has a base and no flutes
Vault An arched ceiling or roof of stone, brick or concrete, sometimes imitated in wood or pilaster
Groin vault Produced by the intersection at right angles of two tunnel vaults of identical shape
Barrel vault Also known as a tunnel vault Is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves) along a given distance.
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Volute A spiral scroll on an Ionic capital; smaller versions appear on Composite and Corinthian capitals.
Ziggurat A rectangular temple-tower in the form of a truncated pyramid built in diminishing stages, each stage being reached by ramps, erected by the Sumerians and their successors.
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 adobeUnbaked mud brick dried in the sun, often containing chopped straw and pounded earth as a reinforcement. It was used for building from very early times.
 aqueductAn artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure supported on arches.
 archThe spanning of an opening by means other than that of a lintel. The most primitive form was made by corbelling. True arches are curved and so constructed with wedge-shaped blocks over the opening that the downward thrust of the weight of their own material and of that above is converted into outward thrusts resisted by the flanking material. There are many different types.
 cantileverA horizontal projection supported by a downward force behind a fulcrum. It is without external bracing and thus appears to be self supporting.
 cellaThe main body of a classical temple, as distinct from the portico, etc.
 clerestoryThe upper stage of the main walls of a church above the aisle roofs, pierced by windows; the same term is applicable in domestic building. In Romanesque architecture it often has a narrow wall-passage on the inside
 colonnadeA row of columns carrying an entablature or arches.
 columnAn upright structural member, square, round or rectangular and usually slightly tapering. It can be isolated, engaged or attached to a wall. Normally intended as a support but sometimes erected independently as a monument.
 corbelled vault (or corbelled arch)An arch-like construction method that uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge.
 Corinthian OrderHas a plinth, base, shaft, leaves on the capital, architrave, frieze, fascia, dentils, and cornice
 ArcadeA range of arches carried on piers or columns, either free standing or blind (i.e. attached to a wall).
 CapitalThe head or crowning feature of a column, pier or pilaster.
 caryatidA sculptured female figure used as a column to support an entablature or other similar member, as on the Erechtheum, Athens.
 CenteringWooden framework used in arch and vault construction; it is removed (or 'stuck') when the mortar has set
 CoffersDecoration of a ceiling, a vault, or an arch soffit, consisting of sunken square or polygonal ornamental panels
 Composite orderA mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order.
 CorniceIn classical architecture, the top, projecting section of an entablature; also any projecting ornamental molding along the top of a building, wall, arch, etc., finishing or crowning it. That along the sloping sides of a pediment is called a raking cornice.
 dentilsA small square block used in series in Ionic, Corinthian, Composite, and more rarely Doric cornices.
 Doric orderThe simplest of the orders of columns using a shaft , capital, architrave, frieze, and cornice.
 DrumA vertical wall supporting a dome, cloister vault or cupola; it may be circular, square or polygonal in plan and is usually interposed between the dome, cloister vault or cupola and a system of supporting pendentives, squinches, arches or other supports

A cylindrical block of stone forming a column
 Egg and dartAn ovolo moulding decorated with a pattern based on alternate eggs and arrowheads
 Engaged columnA structural column attached to, or partly sunk into, a wall, usually non-loadbearing
 EntablatureThe upper part of an order, consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice
 Fluted shaftShallow, concave grooves running vertically on the shaft of a column, pilaster, or other surface; they may meet in an arris or be separated by a fillet.
 ForumIn Roman architecture, a central open space usually surrounded by public buildings and colonnades: it corresponds to the Greek agora
 FriezeThe middle division of an entablature, between the architrave and cornice; usually decorated but may be plain
 GableThe triangular upper portion of a wall at the end of a pitched roof corresponding to a pediment in classical architecture.
 Greek crossA centralized plan based on a cross with four equal arms. The two axes are at right angles and have identical, balancing elements on each of the axes around the central elements
 Ionic orderAn order of column that includes a plinth, base, capital, volute, abacus, architrave, frieze, and cornice
 KeystoneThe central wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch or a rib vault, put in last, sometimes carved
 LintelA horizontal beam or stone bridging an opening.
 MegaronA square or oblong room with a central hearth and usually four columns to support the roof, the lateral walls projecting forwards beyond the entrance wall to form the sides of a porch which is usually columned.
 MoldingA continuous projection or groove, used decoratively to throw shadow or to throw water away from a wall.
 ObeliskA tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite, monolithic, of square or rectangular section, ending pyramidally and originally with a gilded apex, and usually bearing carved inscriptions in hieroglyphics.
 PedimentA low-pitched gable above a portico, formed by running the top member of the entablature along the sides of the gable. It may be straight-sided or curved segmentally.
 PeristyleA range of columns surrounding a building, open court or garden
 PierA solid masonry support, as distinct from a column.
 PilasterA shallow pier or rectangular column projecting only slightly from a wall and, in classical architecture, conforming with one of the orders
 PorticoA roofed space, open or partly enclosed, forming the entrance and centerpiece of the facade of a temple, house or church, often with detached or attached columns and a pediment.
 Post and lintelAn ancient and, structurally, the simplest type of construction: vertical members support horizontal members as in ancient Egyptian and Greek temples.
 PyramidA term, probably of ancient Egyptian origin, used in ancient Greece for an Egyptian royal tomb and subsequently for a geometric solid of the same form
 TerracottaLiterally 'baked earth': clay moulded and kiln-fired to make a hard compact material used for brick, roof tiling, cladding and ornament.
 TrabeationConstructed on the post and lintel principle, as Greek buildings were, in contrast to arcuated
 TriglyphBlocks separating the metopes in a Doric frieze. Each one has two vertical grooves or glyphs in the centre and half grooves at the edges.
 Tuscan orderA order of column similar to the Doric order, but has a base and no flutes
 VaultAn arched ceiling or roof of stone, brick or concrete, sometimes imitated in wood or pilaster
 Groin vaultProduced by the intersection at right angles of two tunnel vaults of identical shape
 Barrel vaultAlso known as a tunnel vault

Is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves) along a given distance.
 VoluteA spiral scroll on an Ionic capital; smaller versions appear on Composite and Corinthian capitals.
 ZigguratA rectangular temple-tower in the form of a truncated pyramid built in diminishing stages, each stage being reached by ramps, erected by the Sumerians and their successors.
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