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Test 3 Art History - Flashcards

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Class:ARH 2050 - History of Western Art I
Subject:Art History
University:University of Central Florida
Term:Fall 2009
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Aisle The portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers.
Ambulatory A covered walkway; especially the passageway around the apse and the choir of a basilica plan or central plan church.
Anagogical axis Anagogical means spiritual or mystical; an axis is a straight line. The anagogical axis of a work of art is the invisible line on which all of the most spiritual or mystical elements are arranged or lined up.
Apse A recess, usually singular and semi-circular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a Christian church.
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Arch A curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.
Atrium The court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica.
Basilica In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan. In Christian architecture, a church plan based on the Roman basilica with a longitudinal axis and an entrance at one end and an apse at the other.
Baldacchino A canopy, often freestanding, on columns, frequently built over an altar. Also called a ciborium.
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Cathedra Literally, the seat of the bishop, from which the word cathedral is derived. So a cathedral is a Bishop’s church.
Central Plan A round domed building plan in which the parts of the structure are arranged, with equal or almost equal, distances from the center.
Cloister A monastery courtyard usually with covered walkways or ambulatories along the sides. FOR MONKS!
Codex Separate pages of vellum or parchment bound together at one side and having a cover; the predecessor of the modern book.
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Crossing The space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept.
Cruciform Literally means “cross-shaped.”
Cubiculum A small room that opens onto the atrium of a Roman house. Also, a small chamber in an Early Christian catacomb that served as a mortuary chapel.
Diptych A two-paneled painting or altarpiece; also, an ancient Roman, Early Christian, or Byzantine hinged writing tablet, often of ivory and carved on the external sides.
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Folio A page of a manuscript or book.
Gospels The four books of the New Testament that relate the life and teachings of Jesus. The Gospels were written by the Evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
Holy Trinity In Christianity, the third “person” of the Trinity (with the Father and the Son), often symbolized by a dove.
Illumination From the Latin ‘illuminare’ meaning to adorn. Decoration with drawings (usually in gold, silver, and bright colors), especially of manuscript pages.
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Loculi small rectangular shelf like openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead.
Lunette A semi-circular area (with the flat side down) in a wall over a door, a niche, or a window.
Magi The wise men from the East who present gifts to the infant Jesus.
Martyrium A small building intended to mark the site of a burial of a Christian martyr.
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Mausoleum A monumental tomb. A large stately tomb or building, often above ground, housing a single tomb or several tombs.
Narthex The vestibule of a church ; a transverse hall in front of the nave.
Nave From the Latin meaning ‘ship.’ The center or main aisle of a church extending from the entrance to the crossing or choir.
New Testament The second part of the Christian Bible dealing with the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
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Nimbus A halo (aureole) appearing around the head of a holy figure to signify divinity.
Old Testament The first part of the Christian Bible, corresponding to the Hebrew Bible, that recounts the creation of the world and the history of ancient Israel.
Orant In Early Christian art, a figure represented with hands raised in prayer.
Personification An abstract idea or quality represented in bodily form.
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Pieta A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of Christ.
Portico A porch with a roof supported by columns; an entrance porch.
Prefiguration In Early Christian art, the depiction of Old Testament persons and events as prophetic forerunners of Christ and New Testament events.
Putto (Putti) Italian term for a nude, often winged, cherubic young boy.
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Relic An object of religious veneration, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of a saint or holy person.
Reliquary a container for keeping, holding, or displaying a relic.
Theotokos From the Greek for “bearer of God.” A title bestowed on the Blessed Virgin Mary by the council at Ephesus in 431.
Torah From the Hebrew for teaching or learning. A Jewish sacred scroll containing the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures; often called “The Law.”
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Byzantium An ancient Greek city on which Constantine founded his new capital, Constantinople. A term also used for the Eastern Christian Roman Empire.
Constantinople Modern day Istanbul, Turkey. Constantine’s new seat of the empire founded in 324. The ancient site of Byzantium, called the “New Rome.” Remember- founded in 324 AD
Corpus Juris Civilis Literally “Code of Civil Law.” The codification of Roman law under Emperor Justinian.
Hagia Sophia Literally “Holy Wisdom.” The supreme example of Byzantine architecture built under Justinian between 532-537.
Generated by Koofers.com
Icon From the Greek for ‘image.’ An icon is a small portable painting depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and or Saints. It is an aid to devotion. Not to be worshipped, as that would be a pagan practice.
Iconoclasm In general, the destruction of images used in religious worship. A period in Byzantine history during the 8th century that was in opposition to icons. The iconoclasts were the “breakers of images” and the iconophiles were those who loved icons.
Justinian Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 527-565. His wife was the Empress Theodora.
Mandorla Literally means “almond.” An almond-shaped aureole of light, often encompassing Christ or other holy figures.
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Mount Sinai The site in Egypt where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. An early monastery, now dedicated to St. Catherine, was built there.
Paten a large bowl used for holding the Eucharist bread.
Pendentives A triangular section of masonry making the structural transition from a square to a circle. Four pendentives support a dome.
The Transfiguration An event before the passion of Christ, on Mt. Tabor, in which Jesus is revealed as God’s son.
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The Ascension On the 40th day, after the Resurrection, on the Mount of Olives, with his Mother and Apostles as witnesses, Christ gloriously ascends to heaven in a cloud.
Abbey A monastic community ruled by an abbott (chief monk) or an abbess (chief nun).
Author Portrait A type of page or illumination common in Gospels books that depicts a portrait of the Evangelist (often shown seated and writing / with or without symbol); the page most often precedes their respective Gospel.
Beowulf The legendary hero of an anonymous 8th cen. Old English epic poem.
Generated by Koofers.com
Bible From the Greek word “biblia” meaning "books." The scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament.
Carpet Page In early medieval manuscripts, decorative pages with full page illuminations that are decorative and often resemble textiles.
Cloisonne French for partition. A process of enameling that involves the creation of cells or compartments formed by strips of metal fused to the surface. Those compartments are then filled with molten powdered glass or gems (enamel).
Chi-rho-iota The first three letters of Christ’s name in Greek. (in Latin XPI) The symbol, often called a chi-rho, is a monogram of Christ.
Generated by Koofers.com
Charlemagne French for Charles the Great; Frankish King crowned Holy Roman Emperor in St. Peters in Rome on Christmas Day 800.
Confraternities In late medieval Europe, organizations founded by laypeople who dedicated themselves to strict religious observances.
Colophon An inscription usually on the last page of a book giving information about a books history.
Evangelist From the Greek for “one who announces good news.” Traditionally, one of the 4 authors of the first books of the New Testament; Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
Generated by Koofers.com
Hiberno-Saxon An art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages; also called Insular. Hibernia was the ancient name of Ireland.
Insular A term often used to describe the art and culture of the Irish-English islands.
Parchment Lambskin prepared as a surface for painting or writing, one of the materials which comprised the leaves of a codex.
Regalia symbols of royalty such as the crown and sceptre.
Generated by Koofers.com
Renovatio Imperii Romani part of Charlemagne’s official seal; it literally means renewal of the Roman empire.
Scriptorium Literally a writing house. The writing studio or workshop often associated with a monastery.
Tonshure A hairstyle worn by priests and monks in some religious orders that required the shaving of the head in some way. The Roman Catholic tonsure is cut in imitation of the crown of thorns.
St. Benedict A monk, Benedict of Nursia, who founded the Benedictine order in 529. His written “rule” became the standard for Western monastic institutions.
Generated by Koofers.com
Vellum Calfskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting.
Zoomorphic "animal-like" the term refers to art-work or decorated objects with an animal motif or animal-like appearance.
Battle of Hastings A battle between the invading Norman ruler William the Conqueror against the English King Edward the Confessor, in 1066 at Hastings, England. The Normans won.
Compound Piers A pier with a cluster, or group, of attached shafts, especially characteristic of Gothic architecture.
Generated by Koofers.com
Crossing Square The area in a church formed by the intersection (crossing) of a nave and a transept of equal width, often used as a standard measurement of interior proportion.
Crusades Literally means “taking of the cross.” The Crusades were a series, beginning in 1095, of mass, armed, pilgrimages. The purpose of these Crusades was to retake the Christian Holy Sites in Jerusalem from Muslim control.
Embroidery A means of decorating textiles. Embroidery patters are sewn with threads.
Feudalism The Medieval political, social, and economic system held together by the relationship of a liege lord and a vassal
Generated by Koofers.com
Jamb The sides posts of a doorway.
Pilgrim a person making a journey.
Radiating Chapel a radiating chapel is small chapel designed for the display of relics. The chapel open directly onto the ambulatory and/or the transept.
Romanesque literally ‘Romanlike.’ A term used to describe the history art and culture of medieval western Europe c. 1050 – 1200.
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Santiago de Compostela Literally, “St. James in the Field of the Star." A very popular pilgrimage site in Spain during the Middle Ages where the tomb of St. James is located.
Springing or Spring Point The lowest stone of an arch.
Tapestry A means of decorating textiles. Tapestry designs are woven on a loomas part of the fabric.
Tympanum The space over a doorway enclosed by the lintel and an arch.
Generated by Koofers.com
Trumeau In church architecture, the pillar or central post in the middle of the doorway that supports lintel.
Vassal a person who was obliged to show loyalty and homage to a feudal lord (liege lord) in return for being allowed to occupy land belonging to the lord and receiving his protection.
Voissoir A wedge shaped block used in the construction of a true arch. The central voussoir, called the keystone, sets the arch.
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 AisleThe portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers.
 AmbulatoryA covered walkway; especially the passageway around the apse and the choir of a basilica plan or central plan church.
 Anagogical axisAnagogical means spiritual or mystical; an axis is a straight line. The anagogical axis of a work of art is the invisible line on which all of the most spiritual or mystical elements are arranged or lined up.
 ApseA recess, usually singular and semi-circular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a Christian church.
 ArchA curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.
 AtriumThe court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica.
 BasilicaIn Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan.

In Christian architecture, a church plan based on the Roman basilica with a longitudinal axis and an entrance at one end and an apse at the other.
 BaldacchinoA canopy, often freestanding, on columns, frequently built over an altar.
Also called a ciborium.
 CathedraLiterally, the seat of the bishop, from which the word cathedral is derived. So a cathedral is a Bishop’s church.
 Central PlanA round domed building plan in which the parts of the structure are arranged, with equal or almost equal, distances from the center.
 CloisterA monastery courtyard usually with covered walkways or ambulatories along the sides.

FOR MONKS!
 CodexSeparate pages of vellum or parchment bound together at one side and having a cover; the predecessor of the modern book.
 CrossingThe space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept.
 CruciformLiterally means “cross-shaped.”
 CubiculumA small room that opens onto the atrium of a Roman house.
Also, a small chamber in an Early Christian catacomb that served as a mortuary chapel.
 DiptychA two-paneled painting or altarpiece; also, an ancient Roman, Early Christian, or Byzantine hinged writing tablet, often of ivory and carved on the external sides.
 FolioA page of a manuscript or book.
 GospelsThe four books of the New Testament that relate the life and teachings of Jesus. The Gospels were written by the Evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
 Holy TrinityIn Christianity, the third “person” of the Trinity (with the Father and the Son), often symbolized by a dove.
 IlluminationFrom the Latin ‘illuminare’ meaning to adorn. Decoration with drawings (usually in gold, silver, and bright colors), especially of manuscript pages.
 Loculismall rectangular shelf like openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead.
 LunetteA semi-circular area (with the flat side down) in a wall over a door, a niche, or a window.
 MagiThe wise men from the East who present gifts to the infant Jesus.
 MartyriumA small building intended to mark the site of a burial of a Christian martyr.
 MausoleumA monumental tomb. A large stately tomb or building, often above ground, housing a single tomb or several tombs.
 NarthexThe vestibule of a church ; a transverse hall in front of the nave.
 NaveFrom the Latin meaning ‘ship.’ The center or main aisle of a church extending from the entrance to the crossing or choir.
 New TestamentThe second part of the Christian Bible dealing with the life and
teachings of Jesus Christ.
 NimbusA halo (aureole) appearing around the head of a holy figure to signify divinity.
 Old TestamentThe first part of the Christian Bible, corresponding to the Hebrew Bible, that recounts the creation of the world and the history of ancient Israel.
 OrantIn Early Christian art, a figure represented with hands raised in prayer.
 PersonificationAn abstract idea or quality represented in bodily form.
 PietaA painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of Christ.
 PorticoA porch with a roof supported by columns; an entrance porch.
 PrefigurationIn Early Christian art, the depiction of Old Testament persons and events as prophetic forerunners of Christ and New Testament events.
 Putto (Putti)Italian term for a nude, often winged, cherubic young boy.
 RelicAn object of religious veneration, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of a saint or holy person.
 Reliquarya container for keeping, holding, or displaying a relic.
 TheotokosFrom the Greek for “bearer of God.” A title bestowed on the Blessed Virgin Mary by the council at Ephesus in 431.
 TorahFrom the Hebrew for teaching or learning. A Jewish sacred scroll containing the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures; often called “The Law.”
 ByzantiumAn ancient Greek city on which Constantine founded his new capital, Constantinople. A term also used for the Eastern Christian Roman Empire.
 ConstantinopleModern day Istanbul, Turkey. Constantine’s new seat of the empire founded in 324. The ancient site of Byzantium, called the “New Rome.”

Remember- founded in 324 AD
 Corpus Juris CivilisLiterally “Code of Civil Law.” The codification of Roman law
under Emperor Justinian.
 Hagia SophiaLiterally “Holy Wisdom.” The supreme example of Byzantine
architecture built under Justinian between 532-537.
 IconFrom the Greek for ‘image.’ An icon is a small portable painting depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and or Saints. It is an aid to devotion.

Not to be worshipped, as that would be a pagan practice.
 IconoclasmIn general, the destruction of images used in religious worship. A period in Byzantine history during the 8th century that was in opposition to icons. The iconoclasts
were the “breakers of images” and the iconophiles were those who loved icons.
 JustinianByzantine Emperor who ruled from 527-565. His wife was the Empress Theodora.
 MandorlaLiterally means “almond.” An almond-shaped aureole of light, often encompassing Christ or other holy figures.
 Mount SinaiThe site in Egypt where Moses received the Ten Commandments from God. An early monastery, now dedicated to St. Catherine, was built there.
 Patena large bowl used for holding the Eucharist bread.
 PendentivesA triangular section of masonry making the structural transition from a square to a circle. Four pendentives support a dome.
 The TransfigurationAn event before the passion of Christ, on Mt. Tabor, in which
Jesus is revealed as God’s son.
 The AscensionOn the 40th day, after the Resurrection, on the Mount of Olives, with his Mother and Apostles as witnesses, Christ gloriously ascends to heaven in a cloud.
 AbbeyA monastic community ruled by an abbott (chief monk) or an abbess (chief nun).
 Author PortraitA type of page or illumination common in Gospels books that depicts a portrait of the Evangelist (often shown seated and writing / with or without symbol); the page most often precedes their respective Gospel.
 BeowulfThe legendary hero of an anonymous 8th cen. Old English epic poem.
 BibleFrom the Greek word “biblia” meaning "books." The scriptures sacred to Christians, consisting of the books of the Hebrew bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament.
 Carpet PageIn early medieval manuscripts, decorative pages with full page
illuminations that are decorative and often resemble textiles.
 CloisonneFrench for partition. A process of enameling that involves the creation of cells or compartments formed by strips of metal fused to the surface. Those compartments are then filled with molten powdered glass or gems (enamel).
 Chi-rho-iotaThe first three letters of Christ’s name in Greek. (in Latin XPI) The symbol, often called a chi-rho, is a monogram of Christ.
 CharlemagneFrench for Charles the Great; Frankish King crowned Holy Roman Emperor in St. Peters in Rome on Christmas Day 800.
 ConfraternitiesIn late medieval Europe, organizations founded by laypeople who dedicated themselves to strict religious observances.
 ColophonAn inscription usually on the last page of a book giving information about a books history.
 EvangelistFrom the Greek for “one who announces good news.” Traditionally, one of the 4 authors of the first books of the New Testament; Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.
 Hiberno-SaxonAn art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages; also called Insular. Hibernia was the ancient name of Ireland.
 InsularA term often used to describe the art and culture of the Irish-English islands.
 ParchmentLambskin prepared as a surface for painting or writing, one of the materials which comprised the leaves of a codex.
 Regaliasymbols of royalty such as the crown and sceptre.
 Renovatio Imperii Romanipart of Charlemagne’s official seal; it literally means
renewal of the Roman empire.
 ScriptoriumLiterally a writing house. The writing studio or workshop often associated with a monastery.
 TonshureA hairstyle worn by priests and monks in some religious orders that required the shaving of the head in some way. The Roman Catholic tonsure is cut in imitation of
the crown of thorns.
 St. BenedictA monk, Benedict of Nursia, who founded the Benedictine order in 529.

His written “rule” became the standard for Western monastic institutions.
 VellumCalfskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting.
 Zoomorphic"animal-like" the term refers to art-work or decorated objects with an animal motif or animal-like appearance.
 Battle of HastingsA battle between the invading Norman ruler William the Conqueror against the English King Edward the Confessor, in 1066 at Hastings, England. The
Normans won.
 Compound PiersA pier with a cluster, or group, of attached shafts, especially
characteristic of Gothic architecture.
 Crossing SquareThe area in a church formed by the intersection (crossing) of a nave and a transept of equal width, often used as a standard measurement of interior
proportion.
 CrusadesLiterally means “taking of the cross.” The Crusades were a series, beginning in 1095, of mass, armed, pilgrimages. The purpose of these Crusades was to retake the Christian Holy Sites in Jerusalem from Muslim control.
 EmbroideryA means of decorating textiles. Embroidery patters are sewn with threads.
 FeudalismThe Medieval political, social, and economic system held together by the relationship of a liege lord and a vassal
 JambThe sides posts of a doorway.
 Pilgrima person making a journey.
 Radiating Chapela radiating chapel is small chapel designed for the display of relics.

The chapel open directly onto the ambulatory and/or the transept.
 Romanesqueliterally ‘Romanlike.’ A term used to describe the history art and culture of medieval western Europe c. 1050 – 1200.
 Santiago de CompostelaLiterally, “St. James in the Field of the Star." A very popular
pilgrimage site in Spain during the Middle Ages where the tomb of St. James is located.
 Springing or Spring PointThe lowest stone of an arch.
 TapestryA means of decorating textiles. Tapestry designs are woven on a loomas part of the fabric.
 TympanumThe space over a doorway enclosed by the lintel and an arch.
 TrumeauIn church architecture, the pillar or central post in the middle of the doorway that supports lintel.
 Vassala person who was obliged to show loyalty and homage to a feudal lord (liege lord) in return for being allowed to occupy land belonging to the lord and receiving his
protection.
 VoissoirA wedge shaped block used in the construction of a true arch. The central voussoir, called the keystone, sets the arch.
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