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| Class: | ASCI 001 - Introductory Animal Sciences |
| Subject: | Animal Science |
| University: | University of Vermont |
| Term: | Fall 2009 |
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Animal Science Disciplines
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Nutrition Genetics Reproduction Health Behavior |
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Nutrition
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study of the basic nutrients and how they are utilized by an animal the study of the body's need and mechanisms of acquiring, digesting, transporting, and metabolizing nutrients |
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Genetics
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study of the DNA code and its contribution to animal performance |
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Reproduction
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Study of the process used to produce new offspring |
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Health
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study of disease and its effect on animal growth, maintenance and reproduction |
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Behavior
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study of the response of animals to the environment or other conditions |
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domestic animals
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an animal that has been selectively bred in captivity for use by humans who control the animal's breeding and food suply dog was domesticated first |
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5 major large animals domesticated
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cow sheep goat pig horse |
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9 minor large animals domesticated
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arabian camel bacrian camel llama/alpaca donkey reindeer water buffalo yak bali cattle guar |
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human civilization
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hunter-gather societies plant and animal domestication agricultural societies |
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6 characteristics of animal species for domestication
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1. easily supplied diet- herbivores, carnivores too expensive to feed 2. relatively short time to attain breeding age- allows for genetic selection 3. breed in captivity 4. pleasant disposition- not overly aggressive 5. low tendency to panic- not overly flighty 6. modifiable social structure- herd behavior, dominance hierarchy |
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domestic animal selection
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color patterns structure or function unique adaptations |
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Productive Functions of domestic animals
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food clothes tillage power companionship recreation service research |
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animal welfare
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animals under our care obligate us to provide humane treatment feed, water, shelter, health care, alleviation of pain and suffering |
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animal rights
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animals have a right not to be used by humans |
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farm
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an enterprise that produces agriculturally related products animals, crops or both |
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agriculture
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field cultivation the combination of science and art used to cultivate and grow crops and livestock and process the products |
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animal agriculture
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the portion of agriculture that emphasizes the application of technology to the care and rearing of animals to complement human development |
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livestock
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animals whose products are used to serve human beings food, clothing, work |
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beef cattle
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convert non-edible food into products for humans harvest grass and low quality forages utilize waste material |
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steer
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castrated male cow |
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heifer
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female calf until she becomes pregnant and then has a calf |
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stocker
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weaned calf |
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bull calf
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a male calf |
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lactating cow
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cow that is making milk |
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dry cow
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a cow no longer making milk |
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freshen
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term used when a cow has a calf; calving; parturition |
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hen
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mature female chicken or turkey |
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layer
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hen that is producing eggs |
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broiler
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chicken used for meat |
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pullets
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young female chicken |
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poults
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baby turkery |
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tom
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male turkey |
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molting
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the shedding of feathers |
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boar
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intact male pig |
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barrow
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castrated male hog |
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gilt
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female pig that has not had a litter |
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sow
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female pig after having a litter |
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farrow
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to give birth |
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wool
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fiber that gows rather than hair |
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ewe
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female breeding sheep |
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ram
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male sheep |
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wether
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castrated male sheep |
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fleece
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wool obtained after a sheep is sheared |
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mohair
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hair from angora goats |
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kids
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baby goats |
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buck
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male goat |
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doe
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female goat |
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equine industries
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racing showing recreation transportation |
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hand
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height of horse to the withers 1 hand = 4 inches |
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pony
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under 14.2 hands |
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horse
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over 14.2 hands |
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stallion
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male horse |
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gelding
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castrated male horse |
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mare
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female horse |
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foal
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baby horse |
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filly
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female foal |
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colt
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male foal |
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companion animals
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service to people companionship to people contributes to physical, mental, and emotional health of humans |
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bitch
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female dog |
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dog
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male dog |
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spayed of neutered
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castrated |
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heat
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period of sexual receptivity |
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mongrel, mutt
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mixed breeding |
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dog breeds
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sporting dogs hounds working dogs terriers toys nonsporting dogs herding dogs |
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queen
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female cat |
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tom
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male cat |
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kittens
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baby cats |
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doe (rabbit)
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female breeding rabbit |
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buck (rabbit)
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male rabbit |
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fryers
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rabbits slaughtered at 5 lbs |
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kits
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baby rabbits |
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cecotrophy
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act of consumind the feces |
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animal science
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studying the biology of animals that are under the control of mankind goal to improve animal health, welfare, and productivity |
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nutrient
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a substance in the diet that supports the normal functions of the body protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water |
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protein
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synthesized by the animal from essential amino acids hydrolyzed to amino acids by peptidases absorbed and transported in blood to the liver |
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carbohydrates
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important source of energy glucose- immediate energy source glycogen- energy storage cellulose- release energy as volatile fatty acids |
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monosaccharides
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glucose- blood sugar galactose- part of lactose fructose- part of sucrose |
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disaccharides
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sucrose- table sugar lactose- milk sugar |
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polysaccharides
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storage form of energy starches |
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lipids
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utilized for energy stored as triglycerides important source of fat soluble vitamins used to synthesize milk fat made up of fatty acids |
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vitamins
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organic components of feedstuffs that are required in minute quantities for a specific function |
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vitamin e and c
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anti-oxidants |
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vitamin a
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sight |
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vitamin d
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structure |
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vitamin k
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blood clotting |
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minerals
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inorganic elements |
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digestion
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physical, chemical, and enzymatic processes that prepare a feedstuff for absorption |
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digestive systems
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monogastric avian ruminant pseudo-ruminant |
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monogastric
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one stomach carnivores - rapid, enzymatic digestion omnivores - enzymatic, moderate |
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ruminant
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have rumen before true stomach herbivores - enzymatic and fermentative - slow |
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pseudo-ruminant
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no rumen horses, rabbits |
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polygastric
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many stomach slower digestion than monogastric systems like ruminant |
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true ruminants
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4 chambered stomach spit up and then re-eat spit on feed again re-chew to decrease particle size swallow again to be fermented further |
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steps in digestion
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mouth prehension- bring food into mouth mastication- chewing salivation- salivary gland secretion deglutition- swallowing esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine |
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rumination
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regurgitation reinsalivation remastication redeglutition |
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rumen
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rumen, reticulum, omasum and abonmasum |
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small intestine
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major site of enzymatic digestion major site of absorption |
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large intestine
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fermentation absorption or water, minerals, b-vitamins, and VFA |
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avian digestive system
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mouth- no teath esophagus crop proventriculus gizzard SI (absorption, digestion) LI (paired ceca) Cloaca |
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esophageal groove
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folds of reticulum which can close to form a tube allowing liquid to bypass the fore-stomaches |
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products of rumen fermentation
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volatile fatty acids amino acids lipids vitamins k and b microbes |
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nutritional quality of feedstuffs
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to provide the animal with a balanced diet containing the nutrients required to meet its physiological needs chemical analysis digestibility palatability |
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proximate analysis
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a general approximation of the feed's content of major nutrient groups |
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bomb calorimeter
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determines the energy content of a feed samlpe |
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apparent digestibility
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nutrient consumed - nutrient excreted in feces = nutrient digested, absorbed |
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nutrient digestibility (%)
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nutrient intake - nutrient in feces x 100 / nutrient intake |
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energy value of feeds
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feed consumed energy losses gross energy fecal energy digestible energy urine and gas energy metabolizable energy heat increment net energy |
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Categories of Feedstuffs
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dry forages and roughages pasture, range plants and green forages silages energy feeds protein supplements mineral supplements vitamin supplements non-nutritive additives |
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genetics
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study of the DNA code and its contribution to animal performance ability to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next |
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animal breeding
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selection of animals to be used in breeding for the next generation |
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genotype
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animals genetic makeup |
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phenotype
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manifestation of the genes |
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genes
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segments of DNA that can be inherited which code for specific proteins made within the body |
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central dogma
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one gene codes for one protein |
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genome
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entire set of instructions all the genes in your body |
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nitrogenous bases
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A - T/U C- G |
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how does a gene tell the body what to do
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replication DNA gene transcription mRNA mRNA translation protein coded for by that gene |
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locus
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specific location on a chromosome |
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alleles
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alternate forms at the same locus |
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homozygous
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same allele at a given locus |
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heterozygous
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different alleles at a given locus |
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passage of genes to the next generation
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inheritance- transfer of genes from parent to offspring offspring- arise from fusion of male and female gametes gametes- derived through the process of meiosis |
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principles of inheritance
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principle of segregation-alleles alleles separate so that only one is found in any particular gamete principle of independent assortment- alleles for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is independent of the inheritance of another but genes that are close together on a chromosome may be inherited together |
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codominance
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both alleles expressed in hetergrozygotes |
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epistasis
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interactions between genes |
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microsatellite marker
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not in a specific gene but in the DNA between genes TG repeat |
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polymorphism
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differences in DNA sequences between individuals a different number of repeats |
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inheritance
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polygenic inheritance- traits influenced by many genes sex-linked inheritance- refers to gene located on the X or Y chromosome and therefore are inherited along with the sex chromosome |
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factors affecting gene frequency
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1. mutation-generation of new alleles 2. genetic drift- changes in a gene in a population over time to due to chance 3. migration- bringing in new breeding stock 4. natural selection- some animals are more likely to be parents than others in a given environment 5. artificial selection- based on managed choices |
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genetic traits
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qualitative- an be classified into groups rather than measured on a continuous scale genetic control by alleles of genes ex. coat color, blood group quantitative traits- traits that are numerically measured controlled by alleles of many different genes ex. growth rate, milk production |
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heritability
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proportion of the difference in individuals that is due to additive gene effects (not environment) |
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genotypic breeding systems
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inbreeding- breeding closely related individuals linebreeding- breeding related individuals who are removed by greater than one generation outbreeding- mating less closely related individuals compared to the average population crossbreeding- mating animals of different breeds |
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ovulation
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release of oocyte from ovary |
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spermiation
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release of spermatozoa into male duct system |
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copulation
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transfer of sperm from male to female |
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fertilization
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union of the male and female gametes |
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pregnancy
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development of the zygote/embryo into the fetus |
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parturition
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delivery of the fetus |
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lactation
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nourishment of the neonate |
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ovaries
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female gonad structure which contains all the follicles from which oocytes are released |
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infundibulum
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catches the egg when it is released from the ovary |
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oviduct (fallopian tube)
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tube that the egg is transported down to get to the uterus site of fertilization |
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uterus
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the place where the fetus develops provides nutrients prior to development of the placenta contracts during parturition to expel the fetus |
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cervix
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barrier to external environment acts as a passageway and filter for sperm |
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vagina
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copulatory organ passageway between the cervix and the vulva |
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vulva
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external genetalia includes two labia which protect vagina from bacterial contamination |
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ovarian cycle
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primary follicle (primordial)- immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells secondary follicle (growing)- zona pelucia visible, more granulosa cells teritary follicle (mature)- antrum is visible |
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corpus luteum
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develops after ovulation granulosa and theca cells become luteal cells produce progesterone |
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estrus cycle intervals
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polyestrous- cycle continuously throughout the year seasonally polyestrous- seasonal variations in estrous cycles diestrous- two cycles per year monoestrous- one cycle per year |
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endocrine regulation
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initiation by the hypothalamus in the brain releases GnRH |
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GnRH
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stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce the LH surge which causes ovulation P4 and E2 cause negative feedback high level of estrogen has positive feedback |
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estrous cycle stages
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time from the beginning of one heat period to the next proestrus estrus metestrus diestrus anestrus |
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leydig cells
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produce testosterone |
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semen
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= seminal plasma + spermatozoa seminal plasma- fluid produced by epididymis and accessory sex glands |
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accessory reproductive glands
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seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands |
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acrosome reaction
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occurs when sperm binds to zona pellucida release of acrosomal enzymes to help the sperm penetrate through the zona pellucida |
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fertilization
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a single sperm penetrates the zona and fuses with the cell membrane of the ovum leads to the zona block |
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placenta
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amnion - surrounds the fetus forms the amniotic sac allantois - accumulates waste allantoic sac covered by the chorion chorion- attaches to lining of uterus |
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placental attachments
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diffuse- horse, pig cotyledonary- ruminant zonary- dog, cat discoid- primates, rodents, rabbits |
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eustocia
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normal parturition |
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dystocia
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prolonged or difficult parturition |
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parturition
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stage 1- expulsion of progesterone block, initiation of uterine contractions and cervical dilation stage 2- expulsion of fetus stage 3- expulsion of placenta |
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fetal cortisol
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causes removal of the maternal progesterone block stimulates cervical secretions |
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estrus synchronization
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hormonal injection protocol to control female cycle injection of PGF2a during diestrus causes regression of CL and allows rapid growth of follicles estrus and ovulation = 3 days later if not in diestrus give two injections 14 days apart |
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milk
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secreted by cell contained in the mammary gland contains- water (90%) protein carbohydrate fat vitamins minerals |
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alveoli
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the primary structures of the mammary responsible for producing milk |
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myoepithelial cells
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respond to oxytocin contract to eject milk into ducts called milk letdown or milk ejection |
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epithelial cells
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absorb nutrients from blood synthesize milk components |
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mammogenesis
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development of the mammary gland |
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lactogenesis
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ablility to produce milk |
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galactopoiesis
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production and maintenance of milk production |
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colostrum
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first milk concentrated nutrient supply high in antibodies |
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passive transfer
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provides early immunity to disease |
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BST
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bovine growth hormone results in an increase of milk production cow increases feed intake to meet demand |
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why sex
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passing genes to the next generation generates genetic diversity that aids in survival of the species |
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peacocks ornate tails?
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sexual selection male competition female choice sign of good genes goal of both sexes to pass on their genes |
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ethology
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the study of animal behavior |
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approaches to study animal behavior
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1. comparative psychology- learning, sensation, perception 2. sociobiology- evolution of behavior 3. behavioral ecology- use of behaviors to handle animals safely 4. ethology- study of behavior in natural environment |
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ethogram
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description of an animals repertoire of behaviors |
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behaviors
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communication- sight sound smell social structure sexual behavior maternal behavior learning |
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flehman response
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allows animals to detect scents or pheromones in fluids |
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vomeronasl organ
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used to detect estrus |
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types of learning
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habituation- learning not to respond classical conditioning- signal learning operant conditioning- instrumental learning imprinting- finding mom |
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diseases
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infectious metabolic cancerous hereditary injurious |
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etiology
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study of factors that cause a disease |
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clinical
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disease symptoms are present |
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sub-clinical
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no clear outward symptoms |
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acute
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often intense but short lived |
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chronic
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may last the life of the animal moderate symptoms with occasional flare ups |
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infection
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caused by living organisms/ pathogens fungi nematode protozoa bacteria |
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virulence
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degree of ability to cause disease |
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zoonotic diseases
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can be transmitted from animals to humans |
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metabolic disease
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hereditary, nutritional, environmental causes |
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neoplasia
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cancer uncontrolled increase in cell number |
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calcium deficiency
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osteomalacia- bone is unable to support body weight milk fever - loss of calcium in the milk and blood |
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iron deficiency
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anemia |
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iodine deficiency
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hypothyroid (goiter) |
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nutritional deficiencies
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vit A- vision bone growth vit B- growth, anemia vit C- scurvy vit D- bone growth vit E- immune function |
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innate immunity
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non-specific defenses skin- protective barrier antimicrobial proteins- enzymes that kill bacteria phagocytic cells- macrophages ingest and kill organisms inflammatory responses- elevate temperature |
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acquired immunity
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antibodies- bind with pathogens and neutralize them cell mediated immunity- recognize and destroy body cells that are infected |
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diapedesis
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leave the circulation to attack pathogens don't return to the circulation ex. leukocytes |
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chemokines
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proteins released by cells that have been contacted by pathogens |
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cytotoxic T cells
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recognize and destroy body cells that are infected or cancerous or foreign |
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multicellular parasites
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roundworms, tapeworms, flukes common in domestic animals soil, feces, blood secondary hosts vectors |
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vectors
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nematodes- dog tapeworm, heartworm bacteria- lyme disease protozoa- sleeping sickness snails- liver fluke |
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antibiotic therapy
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the cell wall the cell membrane protein synthesis nucleic acid synthesis folic acid metabolism |
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peptidoglycan
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bacterial cell wall surround the bacterial cell membrane new wall synthesis required at every division |
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antibiotic resistance
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enzyme inactivation alteration of antibiotic site efflux pumps decreased permeability |
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bacterial pathogenesis
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generation of disease toxins indirect damage by stimulating host defense |
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toxins
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exotoxins- secreted proteins that damage host cells some are very potent and can cause most of the clinical features of the disease cholera toxin- severe diarhea tetnus toxin- muscle contraction endotoxin- part of the bacterial cell (LPS) recognized by the host, leading to an immune reaction |
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indirect damage by host immune response
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fever sepsis (shock)- less fluid for heart to pump - reduced blood pressure lead to organ failure kidney failure heart failure |
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viruses
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DNA or RNA obligate intracellular parasites- no free living form intracellular pathogens not controlled by antibiotics ex. distemper, rabies, west nile virus, foot and mouth disease |
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biotechnology
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development of products through a biological process |
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genetically modified organism
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transfer of DNA from one organism to another |
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recombinant DNA
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insert or delete genes of interest bacterially produced, recombinant proteins ex. insulin |
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rennent
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from calf stomach -causes milk to coagulate into curds and whey -slows the passage of milk protein through the GI tract enzyme is rennin |
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transgenic bacteria
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identify gene of interest in mammal genome clone DNA into bacterial plasmid insert into bacteria grow and harvest product |
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gene level modification
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germline- permanent for that animal and transmitted to offspring |
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cloning
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oocyte extract into somatic cell |
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why cloning?
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improve the process of gene modification |
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zona block
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prevents polyspermy |
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granulosa cell
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produces estrogen |
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zona pellucida
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surrounds the oocyte |
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cyptorchid animals
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have normal sex drive, but be sterile |
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