test 2 chp 41 - Flashcards

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nutrition

food being takken in , taken apart , and taken up.

The process by which an organism takes in food and makes use of it.

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Herbivores

Pant and algae diet

cattle, parrotfish, termites

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carnivores

Eat other animals, all meat

sharks,hawks,spiders

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Omnivores

Omni=all

Consume animals, plant and algae

Bears, Humans

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Scavengers

Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a carnivorous feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes corpses or carrion that were not killed to be eaten by the predator or others of its species.

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Saprobes

heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter).

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Detritivores

heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter).

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Parasites

benefits at the expense of the host organism

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Predators

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Autotroph

an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Use energy from the sun, or oxidation of inorganic molecules

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Heterotroph

An organism taht obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances dervied from them

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Essential Nutrients

Materials that animals cells require but cannot synthesize

Organic Carbon and Organic Nitrogen

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3 Nutritional Needs

1. Chemical Energy for cellular processes
2.Organic building blocks for macromolecules
3.Essential nutrients

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4 classes of essential Nutrients

1. fatty acids
2.amino acids
3.vitamins
4.minerals

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Undernourishment

Resuls from a diet that supplies less chemical energy than the body requires

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Malnourishment

The long term absence of one or more essential nutrientts

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Food Processing Stages (4)

1. Ingestion: act of eating
2.digestion: food broken down mechanically by teeth or chemically by enzymatic hydrolysis
3.absorption: cells absorb small molecules
4.elimination: the unabsorbed materials pass out of the digestive system

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Extracellular Digestion

Breakdown of food occurs in cells that are in direct contact wiht the outside environment

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Gastrovascualar cavity

A digestive compartment with a single opening.

Functions in digestion and distribution of nutrients

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Intracellular Digestion

hydrolysis of food inside of vacuoles

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Hyrda Food processing, (3 steps)

1. tentacles grab food and put it into mouth and into gastrovascular cavity

2. cells of the gastrodermis secrete enzymes and otehr cells engulf food

3. undigested material is released back through the mouth

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Complete Digestive Tract

Digestive tube extending between two openings- a mouth and an anus

aka Alimentary Canal

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Earthworm digestive tract

Mouth- suck food in
Pharynx

Esophagus
Crop- food stored and moistened

Gizzard-mechanical digestion
Intestine- chemical digestion and aborption

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Grasshopper Digestive tract

Mouth

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Bird Digestive Tract

Mouth
Esophagus
Crop-food stored and moistened

Stomach
Gizzard-mechanical digestion

Intestine-chemical digestion and absorption

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Accessory Glands of Digestion (4)

1. 3 salivary glands
2. Pancreas
3. Liver
4. Gallbladder

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Peristalsis

alternating contraction and relaxation in smooth muscle lining the alimentary canal that pusher food along

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Sphincter

Located between specialized compartments, functions as a drawstring, ring like valves that regulate the passage of material between compartments

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Alimentary Canal Passage Steps

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Oral Cavity

Ingestion, mechanical digestion

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Salivary Glands

Deliver saliva through ducts

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Anylase

enzyme that hydrolyzes starch

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Bolus

Ball shape of food that the tongue makes

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Pharynx

Throat region , opens esophagus

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Esophagus

Connects the stomach, contains striated and smooth muscle

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Stomach

Beneath the Diaphragm in the upper abdominal cavity
Primarily for food storage and further digestion

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Gastric Juice

Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach

Made up of HCL and Pepsin

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Chyme

Mixtuure of food and gastric juice

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Gastric Gland Cells (3)

1. Mucus: prevents stomach lining from being digested. mix of glycoprotiens, cells, salts and h2o

2.Chief celss: Secretes pesinogen (inactive pepsin)

3.Parietal cells: secretes HCL

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Small Intestine

Most ezymatic hydrolyses occurs here

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Duodenum

first 25 cm of the small intestine, chere chyme mixes with digestive juice from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder

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Pacreas

Produces an alkaline solution rich in trypsin and chymotrypsin

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Liver

Produces Ble that digests fats and lipids

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Galbladder

Stores and concentrates Bile

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Regions of Small Intestine (3)

Duodeunum
Jejunum
ILeum

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Villi

Fingerlke projections in folds of the small intestine

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Microvilli

Microscopic appendages of the villicells, exposed to lumen

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Large Intestine

Alimentary Canal ends here, includes colon, Cecum and rectum

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Colon

leads to the rectum and anus, recovers water and reabsorbs it by osmosis

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Cecum

pouch that ferments digested material

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Appendix

extension of the cecum

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Feces

waste of the digestive system

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rectum

stores feces until they are eliminated

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Dentition

an animals assortment of teeth

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Carnivores Teeth

Pointed incisors, jagged premolars

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Herbivores Teeth

teeth with broad frat ridges

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Omnivores Teeth

Incisors canines, premolars and molars

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nutrition	food being takken in , taken apart , and taken up. The process by which an organism takes in food and makes use of it.
Herbivores	Pant and algae diet cattle, parrotfish, termites
carnivores	Eat other animals, all meat sharks,hawks,spiders
Omnivores	Omni=all Consume animals, plant and algae Bears, Humans

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Scavengers	Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a carnivorous feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes corpses or carrion that were not killed to be eaten by the predator or others of its species.
Saprobes	heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter).
Detritivores	heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter).
Parasites	benefits at the expense of the host organism

Generated by Koofers.com

Predators
Autotroph	an organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Use energy from the sun, or oxidation of inorganic molecules
Heterotroph	An organism taht obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances dervied from them
Essential Nutrients	Materials that animals cells require but cannot synthesize Organic Carbon and Organic Nitrogen

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3 Nutritional Needs	1. Chemical Energy for cellular processes 2.Organic building blocks for macromolecules 3.Essential nutrients
4 classes of essential Nutrients	1. fatty acids 2.amino acids 3.vitamins 4.minerals
Undernourishment	Resuls from a diet that supplies less chemical energy than the body requires
Malnourishment	The long term absence of one or more essential nutrientts

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Food Processing Stages (4)	1. Ingestion: act of eating 2.digestion: food broken down mechanically by teeth or chemically by enzymatic hydrolysis 3.absorption: cells absorb small molecules 4.elimination: the unabsorbed materials pass out of the digestive system
Extracellular Digestion	Breakdown of food occurs in cells that are in direct contact wiht the outside environment
Gastrovascualar cavity	A digestive compartment with a single opening. Functions in digestion and distribution of nutrients
Intracellular Digestion	hydrolysis of food inside of vacuoles

Generated by Koofers.com

Hyrda Food processing, (3 steps)	1. tentacles grab food and put it into mouth and into gastrovascular cavity 2. cells of the gastrodermis secrete enzymes and otehr cells engulf food 3. undigested material is released back through the mouth
Complete Digestive Tract	Digestive tube extending between two openings- a mouth and an anus aka Alimentary Canal
Earthworm digestive tract	Mouth- suck food in Pharynx Esophagus Crop- food stored and moistened Gizzard-mechanical digestion Intestine- chemical digestion and aborption
Grasshopper Digestive tract	Mouth

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Bird Digestive Tract	Mouth Esophagus Crop-food stored and moistened Stomach Gizzard-mechanical digestion Intestine-chemical digestion and absorption
Accessory Glands of Digestion (4)	1. 3 salivary glands 2. Pancreas 3. Liver 4. Gallbladder
Peristalsis	alternating contraction and relaxation in smooth muscle lining the alimentary canal that pusher food along
Sphincter	Located between specialized compartments, functions as a drawstring, ring like valves that regulate the passage of material between compartments

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Alimentary Canal Passage Steps
Oral Cavity	Ingestion, mechanical digestion
Salivary Glands	Deliver saliva through ducts
Anylase	enzyme that hydrolyzes starch

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Bolus	Ball shape of food that the tongue makes
Pharynx	Throat region , opens esophagus
Esophagus	Connects the stomach, contains striated and smooth muscle
Stomach	Beneath the Diaphragm in the upper abdominal cavity Primarily for food storage and further digestion

Generated by Koofers.com

Gastric Juice	Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach Made up of HCL and Pepsin
Chyme	Mixtuure of food and gastric juice
Gastric Gland Cells (3)	1. Mucus: prevents stomach lining from being digested. mix of glycoprotiens, cells, salts and h2o 2.Chief celss: Secretes pesinogen (inactive pepsin) 3.Parietal cells: secretes HCL
Small Intestine	Most ezymatic hydrolyses occurs here

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Duodenum	first 25 cm of the small intestine, chere chyme mixes with digestive juice from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder
Pacreas	Produces an alkaline solution rich in trypsin and chymotrypsin
Liver	Produces Ble that digests fats and lipids
Galbladder	Stores and concentrates Bile

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Regions of Small Intestine (3)	Duodeunum Jejunum ILeum
Villi	Fingerlke projections in folds of the small intestine
Microvilli	Microscopic appendages of the villicells, exposed to lumen
Large Intestine	Alimentary Canal ends here, includes colon, Cecum and rectum

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Colon	leads to the rectum and anus, recovers water and reabsorbs it by osmosis
Cecum	pouch that ferments digested material
Appendix	extension of the cecum
Feces	waste of the digestive system

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rectum	stores feces until they are eliminated
Dentition	an animals assortment of teeth
Carnivores Teeth	Pointed incisors, jagged premolars
Herbivores Teeth	teeth with broad frat ridges

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Omnivores Teeth

Incisors canines, premolars and molars

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