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Universities » Middle Tennessee State Universit.. » BIOL - Biology (MTSU and RODP) » 2010 - Human Anatomy and Physiol.. » Flash Cards

Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1 - Flashcards

Flashcard Deck Information

Class:	BIOL 2010 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Subject:	Biology (MTSU and RODP)
University:	Middle Tennessee State University
Term:	Fall Term 2011

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CORRECT

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Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.

Click Card to flip

Physiology

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

Click Card to flip

Who was the Roman Physician?

Galen

Click Card to flip

Who was the Father of Medicine?

Hippocrates

Click Card to flip

Who was the Father of Modern Anatomy?

Vesalius

Click Card to flip

Where do most medical terms come from?

Greek and Latin Roots

Click Card to flip

Who noted that the body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself?

Hippocrates

Click Card to flip

Who coined the term homeostasis indicating stable internal environment?

Walter Cannon

Click Card to flip

What does the loss of homeostatic control cause?

illness or death

Click Card to flip

What structures are needed for a Negative Feedback Loop?

Receptor

Integrator

Effector

Click Card to flip

What do receptors do?

sense change

Click Card to flip

What is an Integrator?

Control center

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What is an Effector?

A structure that carries out commands of the control center

Click Card to flip

What are Functional Groups and what do they do?

They are groups of atoms attached to carbon backbone.

They determine the properties of organic molecules.

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What are the 5 Functional Groups?

Hydroxyl (-OH)

Methyl (-CH2)

Carboxyl (-COOH)

Amino (-NH2)

Phosphate (-H2PO4)

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What are Monomers?

Subunits of macromolecules

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What are Polymers?

series of monomers bonded together

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What is Polymerization?

Putting polymers together

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What is the word root and suffix of Carbohydrates?

Word Root- sacchar

Suffix- ose

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What are the three major monosacharides?

glucose

galactose

fructose

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What are the three major disaccharides?

sucrose

lactose

maltose

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What are three common polysaccharides?

starch

cellulose

glycogen

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Starch, produced by plants is digested by ________

amylase

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What is an energy storage sugar produced by animals?

glycogen

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Where do we make glycogen?

Liver

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Where do we store glycogen?

Liver, Muscles

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Can we store too much glycogen?

Yes

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What are Oligosaccharides?

Three or more monosaccharides

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What are the three conjugated carbohydrates?

glycolipids

glycoproteins

proteoglycans

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Where are glycolipids found?

external surface of cell membrane

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Where are glycoproteins found?

external surface of cell membrane

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What are the six primary types of Lipids?

fatty acids

glycerides-best known is triglyceride

phospholipids and glycolipids

eicosanoids

steroids

lipid-soluble vitamins

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What are Fatty Acids?

long chain of carbon atoms

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Triglycerides are stored in our_________

fat cells

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What is the function of Triglycerides?

Energy storage

-also insulation and shock absorption for organs

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What is the function of Eicosanoids?

Chemical signals between cells

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What are the two big Eicosanoids?

Leukotrienes

Prostaglandins

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What is only produced by animals?

Cholesterol

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Bile acids, cortisol, and testosterone are other steroids derived from __________

Cholesterol

Click Card to flip

What makes a protein?

Long chains (Polymer) of amino acids

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The amino acids in a protein dertermine its ______________

structure and function

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Proteins contain many amino acids and are often ____________

amphiphilic

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What amino acid R groups are hydrophobic?

Nonpolar and Polar

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Peptides are polymers of ____ or more amino acids.

two

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dipeptides are made up of how many peptides?

Two

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Tripeptides are made up of how many peptides?

Three

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Polypeptides are typically made up of how many peptides?

15 or more

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What are the four steps to protein structure?

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quanternary structure

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The important property of proteins is the ability to

change their conformation

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Denaturation is the drastic conformational change that destroys ______________

protein function

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Conformation- important property of proteins is the ability to _____________

Change their conformation

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The white of an egg cooked is an example of Conformation or Denaturation?

Denaturation

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What do Enzymes function as?

catalysts

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What is the substance an enzyme acts upon?

Subtrate

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Enzyme names end with ______

-ase

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Many enzymes cannot function without _________

Cofactors

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What are the three principle components of Nucleotides?

nitrogen base-adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
sugar (monosaccharide)
one or more phosphate groups

Click Card to flip

ATP contains

Adenine

ribose

3 phosphate groups

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What is the universal energy carrying molecule?

ATP

Click Card to flip

What does DNA stand for?

deoxyribonucleic acid

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What does RNA stand for?

ribonucleic acid

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What carries out instructions given by DNA?

RNA

Click Card to flip

What synthesizes the proteins coded for by DNA?

RNA

Click Card to flip

Who defined cells?

Hooke

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Who stated that plants are made of cells?

Schleiden

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Who stated that all animals are made of cells?

Schwan

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Who stated that cells come from preexisting cells?

Virchow

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What controls the passage of materials in and out of cells?

Plasma Membrane

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Lipids constitute ___% of the planma membrane

90%

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Phospholipid bilayer is ____% of the lipids

75%

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Cholesterol is ____% of the lipids

20%

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Glycolipids are _____% of the lipids, glycocalyx

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Proteins are ___% of molecules in the plasma membrane and ____% by weight.

2% of molecules

50% by weight

Click Card to flip

What type of proteins pass completely through the membrane?

Integral (transmembrane)

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Peripherial proteins adhere to _______ surface of membrane

intracellular

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Peripheral proteins anchor integral proteins to _________

cytoskeleton

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Chanel proteins are passages that allow _____ & _____ solutes to move through the membrane

water and hydropholic

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_______ are transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes.

Carriers

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What are the three gates into the body?

Ligand gate

Voltage regulated gate

mechancal gate

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Ligand gate

Chemically opened gate

Click Card to flip

Voltage regulated gate

electric stimulation

Click Card to flip

Mechanical gate

Physical stress

Click Card to flip

What does a cell-identity marker do?

has a carbohydrate stuck on the outside letting other cells know it belongs.

Click Card to flip

Cell-adhesion molecules

Cells that adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins

Click Card to flip

Glycocalyx is found on the surface of

animal cells

Click Card to flip

What do glycocalyx do?

enables the immune system to recognize normal cells from transplated tissue, diseased cells and invading organisms
cushions and protects cell membrane
assists in cell adhesion, fertilization

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Glycocalyx is unique in everyone but _______

identical twins

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What is the function of microvilli?

to increase surface fr absorption

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What is the function of cilia?

to move mucus and fluids

Click Card to flip

cystic fibrosis

Cholride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer. Sticky mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract. Inadequate absorption of nutrients and oxygen. Lung infection

Click Card to flip

Does passive transport require ATP(energy)?

Click Card to flip

Does active transport require ATP(energy)?

yes

Click Card to flip

What is filtration?

The movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

Click Card to flip

What is hydrostatic pressure?

the force exerted on the membrane by water

Click Card to flip

What is simple diffusion?

The movement of particles as a result of their constant, random motion.

The net movement of particels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Click Card to flip

What are some factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane?

temperature

molecular weight

steepness of conc.gradient

membrane surface area

membrane permeability

Click Card to flip

What is Osmosis?

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Click Card to flip

What types of carrier-mediated transport are there?

facilitated diffusion (passive)

active transport (active)

Click Card to flip

Uniporter only carries ____solute at a time.

one

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Symporter carries two or more solutes simultaneously in the _______ direction.

same

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Antiporter carries two or more solutes in the _______ direction (countertransport)

opposite

Click Card to flip

What is vesicular transport?

The transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in vesicels of plasma membrane, uses ATP

Click Card to flip

What does exocytosis do?

moves things out of the cell

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What does endocytosis do?

moves things in cell

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What does phagocytosis do?

eats bacteria, dust, and cellular debris

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What does pinocytosis do?

takes in droplets of (ECF) extra cellular fluid

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Anatomy	Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.
Physiology	Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
Who was the Roman Physician?	Galen
Who was the Father of Medicine?	Hippocrates

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Koofers.com

Who was the Father of Modern Anatomy?	Vesalius
Where do most medical terms come from?	Greek and Latin Roots
Who noted that the body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself?	Hippocrates
Who coined the term homeostasis indicating stable internal environment?	Walter Cannon

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Koofers.com

What does the loss of homeostatic control cause?	illness or death
What structures are needed for a Negative Feedback Loop?	Receptor Integrator Effector
What do receptors do?	sense change
What is an Integrator?	Control center

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Koofers.com

What is an Effector?	A structure that carries out commands of the control center
What are Functional Groups and what do they do?	They are groups of atoms attached to carbon backbone. They determine the properties of organic molecules.
What are the 5 Functional Groups?	Hydroxyl (-OH) Methyl (-CH2) Carboxyl (-COOH) Amino (-NH2) Phosphate (-H2PO4)
What are Monomers?	Subunits of macromolecules

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Koofers.com

What are Polymers?	series of monomers bonded together
What is Polymerization?	Putting polymers together
What is the word root and suffix of Carbohydrates?	Word Root- sacchar Suffix- ose
What are the three major monosacharides?	glucose galactose fructose

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Koofers.com

What are the three major disaccharides?	sucrose lactose maltose
What are three common polysaccharides?	starch cellulose glycogen
Starch, produced by plants is digested by ________	amylase
What is an energy storage sugar produced by animals?	glycogen

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Koofers.com

Where do we make glycogen?	Liver
Where do we store glycogen?	Liver, Muscles
Can we store too much glycogen?	Yes
What are Oligosaccharides?	Three or more monosaccharides

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Koofers.com

What are the three conjugated carbohydrates?	glycolipids glycoproteins proteoglycans
Where are glycolipids found?	external surface of cell membrane
Where are glycoproteins found?	external surface of cell membrane
What are the six primary types of Lipids?	fatty acids glycerides-best known is triglyceride phospholipids and glycolipids eicosanoids steroids lipid-soluble vitamins

Generated by

Koofers.com

What are Fatty Acids?	long chain of carbon atoms
Triglycerides are stored in our_________	fat cells
What is the function of Triglycerides?	Energy storage -also insulation and shock absorption for organs
What is the function of Eicosanoids?	Chemical signals between cells

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Koofers.com

What are the two big Eicosanoids?	Leukotrienes Prostaglandins
What is only produced by animals?	Cholesterol
Bile acids, cortisol, and testosterone are other steroids derived from __________	Cholesterol
What makes a protein?	Long chains (Polymer) of amino acids

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Koofers.com

The amino acids in a protein dertermine its ______________	structure and function
Proteins contain many amino acids and are often ____________	amphiphilic
What amino acid R groups are hydrophobic?	Nonpolar and Polar
Peptides are polymers of ____ or more amino acids.	two

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Koofers.com

dipeptides are made up of how many peptides?	Two
Tripeptides are made up of how many peptides?	Three
Polypeptides are typically made up of how many peptides?	15 or more
What are the four steps to protein structure?	Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quanternary structure

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Koofers.com

The important property of proteins is the ability to	change their conformation
Denaturation is the drastic conformational change that destroys ______________	protein function
Conformation- important property of proteins is the ability to _____________	Change their conformation
The white of an egg cooked is an example of Conformation or Denaturation?	Denaturation

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What do Enzymes function as?	catalysts
What is the substance an enzyme acts upon?	Subtrate
Enzyme names end with ______	-ase
Many enzymes cannot function without _________	Cofactors

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Koofers.com

What are the three principle components of Nucleotides?	nitrogen base-adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil sugar (monosaccharide) one or more phosphate groups
ATP contains	Adenine ribose 3 phosphate groups
What is the universal energy carrying molecule?	ATP
What does DNA stand for?	deoxyribonucleic acid

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Koofers.com

What does RNA stand for?	ribonucleic acid
What carries out instructions given by DNA?	RNA
What synthesizes the proteins coded for by DNA?	RNA
Who defined cells?	Hooke

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Who stated that plants are made of cells?	Schleiden
Who stated that all animals are made of cells?	Schwan
Who stated that cells come from preexisting cells?	Virchow
What controls the passage of materials in and out of cells?	Plasma Membrane

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Koofers.com

Lipids constitute ___% of the planma membrane	90%
Phospholipid bilayer is ____% of the lipids	75%
Cholesterol is ____% of the lipids	20%
Glycolipids are _____% of the lipids, glycocalyx	5%

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Koofers.com

Proteins are ___% of molecules in the plasma membrane and ____% by weight.	2% of molecules 50% by weight
What type of proteins pass completely through the membrane?	Integral (transmembrane)
Peripherial proteins adhere to _______ surface of membrane	intracellular
Peripheral proteins anchor integral proteins to _________	cytoskeleton

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Koofers.com

Chanel proteins are passages that allow _____ & _____ solutes to move through the membrane	water and hydropholic
_______ are transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes.	Carriers
What are the three gates into the body?	Ligand gate Voltage regulated gate mechancal gate
Ligand gate	Chemically opened gate

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Koofers.com

Voltage regulated gate	electric stimulation
Mechanical gate	Physical stress
What does a cell-identity marker do?	has a carbohydrate stuck on the outside letting other cells know it belongs.
Cell-adhesion molecules	Cells that adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins

Generated by

Koofers.com

Glycocalyx is found on the surface of	animal cells
What do glycocalyx do?	enables the immune system to recognize normal cells from transplated tissue, diseased cells and invading organisms cushions and protects cell membrane assists in cell adhesion, fertilization
Glycocalyx is unique in everyone but _______	identical twins
What is the function of microvilli?	to increase surface fr absorption

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Koofers.com

What is the function of cilia?	to move mucus and fluids
cystic fibrosis	Cholride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer. Sticky mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract. Inadequate absorption of nutrients and oxygen. Lung infection
Does passive transport require ATP(energy)?	no
Does active transport require ATP(energy)?	yes

Generated by

Koofers.com

What is filtration?	The movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
What is hydrostatic pressure?	the force exerted on the membrane by water
What is simple diffusion?	The movement of particles as a result of their constant, random motion. The net movement of particels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What are some factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane?	temperature molecular weight steepness of conc.gradient membrane surface area membrane permeability

Generated by

Koofers.com

What is Osmosis?	The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
What types of carrier-mediated transport are there?	facilitated diffusion (passive) active transport (active)
Uniporter only carries ____solute at a time.	one
Symporter carries two or more solutes simultaneously in the _______ direction.	same

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Koofers.com

Antiporter carries two or more solutes in the _______ direction (countertransport)	opposite
What is vesicular transport?	The transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in vesicels of plasma membrane, uses ATP
What does exocytosis do?	moves things out of the cell
What does endocytosis do?	moves things in cell

Generated by

Koofers.com

What does phagocytosis do?	eats bacteria, dust, and cellular debris
What does pinocytosis do?	takes in droplets of (ECF) extra cellular fluid

Generated by

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List View: Terms & Definitions

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	Front	Back
	Anatomy	Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.
	Physiology	Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
	Who was the Roman Physician?	Galen
	Who was the Father of Medicine?	Hippocrates
	Who was the Father of Modern Anatomy?	Vesalius
	Where do most medical terms come from?	Greek and Latin Roots
	Who noted that the body normally returns to a state of equilibrium by itself?	Hippocrates
	Who coined the term homeostasis indicating stable internal environment?	Walter Cannon
	What does the loss of homeostatic control cause?	illness or death
	What structures are needed for a Negative Feedback Loop?	Receptor Integrator Effector
	What do receptors do?	sense change
	What is an Integrator?	Control center
	What is an Effector?	A structure that carries out commands of the control center
	What are Functional Groups and what do they do?	They are groups of atoms attached to carbon backbone. They determine the properties of organic molecules.
	What are the 5 Functional Groups?	Hydroxyl (-OH) Methyl (-CH2) Carboxyl (-COOH) Amino (-NH2) Phosphate (-H2PO4)
	What are Monomers?	Subunits of macromolecules
	What are Polymers?	series of monomers bonded together
	What is Polymerization?	Putting polymers together
	What is the word root and suffix of Carbohydrates?	Word Root- sacchar Suffix- ose
	What are the three major monosacharides?	glucose galactose fructose
	What are the three major disaccharides?	sucrose lactose maltose
	What are three common polysaccharides?	starch cellulose glycogen
	Starch, produced by plants is digested by ________	amylase
	What is an energy storage sugar produced by animals?	glycogen
	Where do we make glycogen?	Liver
	Where do we store glycogen?	Liver, Muscles
	Can we store too much glycogen?	Yes
	What are Oligosaccharides?	Three or more monosaccharides
	What are the three conjugated carbohydrates?	glycolipids glycoproteins proteoglycans
	Where are glycolipids found?	external surface of cell membrane
	Where are glycoproteins found?	external surface of cell membrane
	What are the six primary types of Lipids?	fatty acids glycerides-best known is triglyceride phospholipids and glycolipids eicosanoids steroids lipid-soluble vitamins
	What are Fatty Acids?	long chain of carbon atoms
	Triglycerides are stored in our_________	fat cells
	What is the function of Triglycerides?	Energy storage -also insulation and shock absorption for organs
	What is the function of Eicosanoids?	Chemical signals between cells
	What are the two big Eicosanoids?	Leukotrienes Prostaglandins
	What is only produced by animals?	Cholesterol
	Bile acids, cortisol, and testosterone are other steroids derived from __________	Cholesterol
	What makes a protein?	Long chains (Polymer) of amino acids
	The amino acids in a protein dertermine its ______________	structure and function
	Proteins contain many amino acids and are often ____________	amphiphilic
	What amino acid R groups are hydrophobic?	Nonpolar and Polar
	Peptides are polymers of ____ or more amino acids.	two
	dipeptides are made up of how many peptides?	Two
	Tripeptides are made up of how many peptides?	Three
	Polypeptides are typically made up of how many peptides?	15 or more
	What are the four steps to protein structure?	Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quanternary structure
	The important property of proteins is the ability to	change their conformation
	Denaturation is the drastic conformational change that destroys ______________	protein function
	Conformation- important property of proteins is the ability to _____________	Change their conformation
	The white of an egg cooked is an example of Conformation or Denaturation?	Denaturation
	What do Enzymes function as?	catalysts
	What is the substance an enzyme acts upon?	Subtrate
	Enzyme names end with ______	-ase
	Many enzymes cannot function without _________	Cofactors
	What are the three principle components of Nucleotides?	nitrogen base-adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil sugar (monosaccharide) one or more phosphate groups
	ATP contains	Adenine ribose 3 phosphate groups
	What is the universal energy carrying molecule?	ATP
	What does DNA stand for?	deoxyribonucleic acid
	What does RNA stand for?	ribonucleic acid
	What carries out instructions given by DNA?	RNA
	What synthesizes the proteins coded for by DNA?	RNA
	Who defined cells?	Hooke
	Who stated that plants are made of cells?	Schleiden
	Who stated that all animals are made of cells?	Schwan
	Who stated that cells come from preexisting cells?	Virchow
	What controls the passage of materials in and out of cells?	Plasma Membrane
	Lipids constitute ___% of the planma membrane	90%
	Phospholipid bilayer is ____% of the lipids	75%
	Cholesterol is ____% of the lipids	20%
	Glycolipids are _____% of the lipids, glycocalyx	5%
	Proteins are ___% of molecules in the plasma membrane and ____% by weight.	2% of molecules 50% by weight
	What type of proteins pass completely through the membrane?	Integral (transmembrane)
	Peripherial proteins adhere to _______ surface of membrane	intracellular
	Peripheral proteins anchor integral proteins to _________	cytoskeleton
	Chanel proteins are passages that allow _____ & _____ solutes to move through the membrane	water and hydropholic
	_______ are transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes.	Carriers
	What are the three gates into the body?	Ligand gate Voltage regulated gate mechancal gate
	Ligand gate	Chemically opened gate
	Voltage regulated gate	electric stimulation
	Mechanical gate	Physical stress
	What does a cell-identity marker do?	has a carbohydrate stuck on the outside letting other cells know it belongs.
	Cell-adhesion molecules	Cells that adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins
	Glycocalyx is found on the surface of	animal cells
	What do glycocalyx do?	enables the immune system to recognize normal cells from transplated tissue, diseased cells and invading organisms cushions and protects cell membrane assists in cell adhesion, fertilization
	Glycocalyx is unique in everyone but _______	identical twins
	What is the function of microvilli?	to increase surface fr absorption
	What is the function of cilia?	to move mucus and fluids
	cystic fibrosis	Cholride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer. Sticky mucus plugs pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract. Inadequate absorption of nutrients and oxygen. Lung infection
	Does passive transport require ATP(energy)?	no
	Does active transport require ATP(energy)?	yes
	What is filtration?	The movement of particles through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure
	What is hydrostatic pressure?	the force exerted on the membrane by water
	What is simple diffusion?	The movement of particles as a result of their constant, random motion. The net movement of particels from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
	What are some factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane?	temperature molecular weight steepness of conc.gradient membrane surface area membrane permeability
	What is Osmosis?	The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
	What types of carrier-mediated transport are there?	facilitated diffusion (passive) active transport (active)
	Uniporter only carries ____solute at a time.	one
	Symporter carries two or more solutes simultaneously in the _______ direction.	same
	Antiporter carries two or more solutes in the _______ direction (countertransport)	opposite
	What is vesicular transport?	The transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in vesicels of plasma membrane, uses ATP
	What does exocytosis do?	moves things out of the cell
	What does endocytosis do?	moves things in cell
	What does phagocytosis do?	eats bacteria, dust, and cellular debris
	What does pinocytosis do?	takes in droplets of (ECF) extra cellular fluid

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