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Universities » New Mexico State University (NMS.. » BIOL - BIOLOGY » 101G - HUMAN BIOLOGY » Flash Cards

Biology finals 2010 - Flashcards

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Class:BIOL 101G - HUMAN BIOLOGY
Subject:BIOLOGY
University:New Mexico State University-Main Campus
Term:Fall 2010
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Once a zygote divides, the result is a(n) Embryo
A human skin cell has ______ chromosomes. 46
In order to formulate a hypothesis, which of the following would be most helpful? Going to the library to do some research
Where do all living cells come from? pre-existing cells
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In a cell from your nervous system, how many alleles of any given gene are present? 2
In a controlled experiment, which group is manipulated? the experimental group
You do a great experiment that supports your hypothesis. What can you conclude? Your hypothesis may be correct, but you’ll need to do some more experiments
In a controlled experiment, the control group is almost identical to the experimental group, but is not manipulated or treated
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In a sperm cell, how many alleles of the “blood type” gene are present? 1
Given that both have the same genetic information, why is a skin cell different than a muscle cell? different genes are expressed and different proteins are present
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the result is a(n) zygote
PKU is a recessive genetic disease. A carrier marries a person affected with PKU. What is the chance that their first child will have PKU? 50% (1/2)
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What is the phenotype of a carrier of cystic fibrosis? No symptoms
How is PCR used? . to make many copies of a DNA sequence
If a suspect is included on the basis of DNA evidence, can we be absolutely certain that they left that evidence at the crime scene? yes, beyond any reasonable doubt
What is the genotype of a carrier of cystic fibrosis? heterozygous (Ff)
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What factor(s) contribute to a quantitative trait with a range of phenotypes? many genes and the environment
Bt cotton contains transgenes from soil bacterium
One strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence GTTAAA. What is the sequence of the other strand? CAATTT
In humans, the gametes produced by females are called eggs
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Which of the following is most likely to be treatable by gene therapy? cystic fibrosis
What vector did Jesse Gelsinger have a reaction to in his OTCD trial? adenovirus
What is the actual “treatment” in gene therapy? an allele of a gene
People with X-SCID have problems with the function of their immune system
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In order for death row inmate to exonerated, the DNA analysis would have to ______ them. exclude
Protein therapy is not as long-lasting as gene therapy. Why? Protein breaks down somewhat rapidly in the body
In gene therapy, what is the function of a vector? to transfer a gene into a cell
High levels of beta carotene are found in golden rice
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If someone wanted to develop some "serious" muscle using gene therapy, which of the following might they attempt? inhibiting IGF-1
golden rice contains transgenes from... daffodils
A Round Up-Ready plant is resistant to herbicide
Defenses of the body 1. Skin and mucus membrane --Barrier; Non-specific; Equally effective against anything 2. Phagocytic cells --Eat things; Non-specific 3. Immune system cells (lymphocytes) --Check for NON-SELF molecules; Dead, damages, foreign (virally infected), cancer; That have made it past other defenses; SPECIFIC
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Immune system Recognizes and attacks a specific pathogens --Immune resp against e. coli won’t help against salmonella
If pathogens breaches barriers o Ex through a break of the skin o Inflammatory response o Exposed to PHAGOCYTIC cells  Non-specfic “cell eaters”eats and digest other cells  Neutrophils in blood
Inflammatory response Circulation to area increases- brings in phagocytes defense molecules --Red; Warm; Puffy (leakage from capillaries); Pain If its not successful Specific immune response ---Diff lymphocytes activated  Only ones that recognize
Lymphocytes B lymphocytes (B-cell) --Makes ANTIBODIES --Proteins --Bind to and inactive targets (toxins, pathogens)
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Why are antibodies important? b/c thay can bind to pathogens and inactive them
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes Recognize and bind to altered cells Cancer, infected with a virus Release damaging chemical onto target cell
Helper T-lymphocytes Help activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells No helper T cells, no immune response Very susceptible to infections What type of cell eats other cells? --Phagocytic cell
Memory 1st time you raise a specific immune response --Takes time; First you get sick; Then recover immune response; Memory cell; Help if you get the same thing you had the 1st time; 2nd time you get exposed to same pathogen --Memory cells kick in immediately; Very rapid response; Don’t get sick
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But we get many colds…. Each cold virus is different So memory virus is different --Won’t work for second virus Each infection is a “first” for that particular virus
Vaccination (immunization) exposed to weakened (or dead) pathogens develop a primary immune response --memory cells then when you get exposed to actual pathogens --rapid and strong secondary response --dont get sick
Vaccines 1. Attenuated form of pathogen --weakened; can infect; but not cause disease; but causes a primary immune response 2. Inactive Pathogen --dead (cant replicate) 3. Inactivated toxins --can't cause illness; ex. diphtheria vaccine (D of DPT); very effctive; only 1 case of diphtheria in 2003
Polio ingested --ex. swimming pool water --fecal-oral in a household the attacks neurons that control muscles --flaccid paralysis ---ex. limb, respiratory muscles
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US and Polio No wild cases since 1979 --due to vaccine Vaccines --Inactivated Polio Vaccine (dead)- created by Salk ---April 11th 2005; 50th anniversary of IPV --oral polio vaccine (live attenuated)
Polio 2 1952 --57000 cases in US --last wild cases in US: 1979 World Wide --350000 cases in 1988 -->1200 in 2004
Oral Polio Vaccine live attenuated can spread: to non-immunized ppl can mutate--> cause disease --1980-1990 in US: ~145 cases
Risk and Benefits MMR -if you get measels: --pneumonia:1 in 20; encephalitis: 1 in 2000; death: 1 in 3000 -if you get mumps: --encephalitis: 1 in 300 -it you get rubella while pregnant --congenital rubella: 1 in 4
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MMR Vaccine Encephalitis or severe allergic reaction: 1 in 1,000,000 vaccine risk is higher than the actual disease
Recent MMR News mumps outbreak in Iowa -605 cases since Dec 2005 --(vs 265/yr in US as typical)
Mumps -Rash, cough, eye irritation, fever -worst case: ear infection, pneumonia-->death
US Mumps Outbreak most cases: 18-24 yr olds --most have been vaccinated vaccination --one dose (12-15 months)= 80% --two dose (4-6 yrs)= 90% --so even w/vaccine: not perfect protection
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Media: Autism and MMR Autism: -neurological disorder -social interactions, comm. repetitive 1997 -no correlation b/w vaccined neurological events 1998: sweden
Herd immunity protection of everyone if enough ppl are vaccinated some ppl cant be vaccinated " " dont develop immunity from vaccine so if enough ppl get vaccinated, protects everybody
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 Once a zygote divides, the result is a(n)Embryo
 A human skin cell has ______ chromosomes.46
 In order to formulate a hypothesis, which of the following would be most helpful?Going to the library to do some research
 Where do all living cells come from?pre-existing cells
 In a cell from your nervous system, how many alleles of any given gene are present?2
 In a controlled experiment, which group is manipulated?the experimental group
 You do a great experiment that supports your hypothesis. What can you conclude?Your hypothesis may be correct, but you’ll need to do some more experiments

 In a controlled experiment, the control groupis almost identical to the experimental group, but is not manipulated or treated
 In a sperm cell, how many alleles of the “blood type” gene are present?1
 Given that both have the same genetic information, why is a skin cell different than a muscle cell?different genes are expressed and different proteins are present
 When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the result is a(n)zygote
 PKU is a recessive genetic disease. A carrier marries a person affected with PKU. What is the chance that their first child will have PKU?50% (1/2)
 What is the phenotype of a carrier of cystic fibrosis?No symptoms
 How is PCR used?. to make many copies of a DNA sequence
 If a suspect is included on the basis of DNA evidence, can we be absolutely certain that they left that evidence at the crime scene?yes, beyond any reasonable doubt
 What is the genotype of a carrier of cystic fibrosis?heterozygous (Ff)
 What factor(s) contribute to a quantitative trait with a range of phenotypes?many genes and the environment
 Bt cotton contains transgenes fromsoil bacterium
 One strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence GTTAAA. What is the sequence of the other strand?CAATTT
 In humans, the gametes produced by females are calledeggs
 Which of the following is most likely to be treatable by gene therapy?cystic fibrosis
 What vector did Jesse Gelsinger have a reaction to in his OTCD trial?adenovirus
 What is the actual “treatment” in gene therapy?an allele of a gene
 People with X-SCID have problems with the function of theirimmune system
 In order for death row inmate to exonerated, the DNA analysis would have to ______ them.exclude
 Protein therapy is not as long-lasting as gene therapy. Why? Protein breaks down somewhat rapidly in the body
 In gene therapy, what is the function of a vector?to transfer a gene into a cell
 High levels of beta carotene are found in golden rice
 If someone wanted to develop some "serious" muscle using gene therapy, which of the following might they attempt?inhibiting IGF-1
 golden rice contains transgenes from...daffodils
 A Round Up-Ready plant is resistant to herbicide
 Defenses of the body 1. Skin and mucus membrane
--Barrier; Non-specific; Equally effective against anything
2. Phagocytic cells
--Eat things; Non-specific
3. Immune system cells (lymphocytes)
--Check for NON-SELF molecules; Dead, damages, foreign (virally infected), cancer; That have made it past other defenses; SPECIFIC
 Immune systemRecognizes and attacks a specific pathogens
--Immune resp against e. coli won’t help against salmonella
 If pathogens breaches barrierso Ex through a break of the skin
o Inflammatory response
o Exposed to PHAGOCYTIC cells
 Non-specfic “cell eaters”eats and digest other cells
 Neutrophils in blood
 Inflammatory response Circulation to area increases- brings in phagocytes defense molecules
--Red; Warm; Puffy (leakage from capillaries); Pain
If its not successful
Specific immune response
---Diff lymphocytes activated
 Only ones that recognize
 LymphocytesB lymphocytes (B-cell)
--Makes ANTIBODIES
--Proteins
--Bind to and inactive targets (toxins, pathogens)
 Why are antibodies important?b/c thay can bind to pathogens and inactive them
 Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes Recognize and bind to altered cells
Cancer, infected with a virus
Release damaging chemical onto target cell
 Helper T-lymphocytes Help activate B cells and Cytotoxic T cells
No helper T cells, no immune response
Very susceptible to infections
What type of cell eats other cells?
--Phagocytic cell
 Memory1st time you raise a specific immune response
--Takes time; First you get sick; Then recover immune response; Memory cell; Help if you get the same thing you had the 1st time;
2nd time you get exposed to same pathogen
--Memory cells kick in immediately; Very rapid response; Don’t get sick
 But we get many colds….Each cold virus is different
So memory virus is different
--Won’t work for second virus
Each infection is a “first” for that particular virus
 Vaccination (immunization)exposed to weakened (or dead) pathogens
develop a primary immune response
--memory cells
then when you get exposed to actual pathogens
--rapid and strong secondary response
--dont get sick
 Vaccines 1. Attenuated form of pathogen
--weakened; can infect; but not cause disease; but causes a primary immune response
2. Inactive Pathogen
--dead (cant replicate)
3. Inactivated toxins
--can't cause illness; ex. diphtheria vaccine (D of DPT); very effctive; only 1 case of diphtheria in 2003
 Polio ingested
--ex. swimming pool water
--fecal-oral in a household
the attacks neurons that control muscles
--flaccid paralysis
---ex. limb, respiratory muscles
 US and Polio No wild cases since 1979
--due to vaccine
Vaccines
--Inactivated Polio Vaccine (dead)- created by Salk
---April 11th 2005; 50th anniversary of IPV
--oral polio vaccine (live attenuated)
 Polio 2 1952
--57000 cases in US
--last wild cases in US: 1979
World Wide
--350000 cases in 1988
-->1200 in 2004
 Oral Polio Vaccine live attenuated
can spread: to non-immunized ppl
can mutate--> cause disease
--1980-1990 in US: ~145 cases
 Risk and BenefitsMMR
-if you get measels:
--pneumonia:1 in 20; encephalitis: 1 in 2000; death: 1 in 3000
-if you get mumps:
--encephalitis: 1 in 300
-it you get rubella while pregnant
--congenital rubella: 1 in 4
 MMR Vaccine Encephalitis or severe allergic reaction: 1 in 1,000,000
vaccine risk is higher than the actual disease
 Recent MMR Newsmumps outbreak in Iowa
-605 cases since Dec 2005
--(vs 265/yr in US as typical)
 Mumps -Rash, cough, eye irritation, fever
-worst case: ear infection, pneumonia-->death
 US Mumps Outbreakmost cases: 18-24 yr olds
--most have been vaccinated
vaccination
--one dose (12-15 months)= 80%
--two dose (4-6 yrs)= 90%
--so even w/vaccine: not perfect protection
 Media: Autism and MMRAutism:
-neurological disorder
-social interactions, comm. repetitive
1997
-no correlation b/w vaccined neurological events
1998: sweden
 Herd immunity protection of everyone
if enough ppl are vaccinated

some ppl cant be vaccinated
" " dont develop immunity from vaccine
so if enough ppl get vaccinated, protects everybody
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