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Universities » LaGrange College » BIOL - Biology - SEM » 3336 - Botany » Flash Cards

Botany Terms - Flashcards

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Class:BIOL 3336 - Botany
Subject:Biology - SEM
University:LaGrange College
Term:Fall 2009
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monocot Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons or dicots.
dicots Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight.
plant Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae.
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spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions.
chlorophyll Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. the green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurring in a bluish-black form
cellulose Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand (14) linked D-glucose units.
shoot system Shoots are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds, leaves. The SAM creates the tissues of both the stem and the leaves. The major unit of development is the node Height is added by expansion of the internode
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root system RAM creates new cells mainly “above” Those new cells elongate behind the RAM, pushing it deeper into the ground After elongating, the new cells differentiate into cells that provide the basic root functions
meristem A meristem is the tissue in all plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
xylem In vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transports and conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots
phloem In vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients from the leaves), particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed.
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guard cells paired cells in the epidermis of a plant that control the opening and closing of a stoma of a leaf. When swollen with water, guard cells pull apart from each other, opening the stoma to allow the escape of water vapor and the exchange of gases. When drier, guard cells become more flaccid and move closer together, allowing the plant to conserve water.
cell theory Cell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing.
mitochondria In cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells used to produce energy (ATP).
cell wall A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells, is made up mostly of cellulose
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vacuole A vacuole is a membrane organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and occupies a large part of the cell's volume and is filled with a liquid called cell sap. The cell sap stores food reserves, pigments, defensive toxins, and waste products to be expelled or broken down.
node A point on a stem where a leaf is or has been attached
vascular bundle a longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants, the arrangement varying with the type of plant.
cambium tissue in the stems and roots of many seed-bearing plants, consisting of cells that divide rapidly to form new layers of tissue. vascular cambium forms tissues that carry water and nutrients throughout the plant. phelom on the outside, and xylem on the ouside cork cambium creates cells that eventually become bark on the outside (secondary growth)
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Bud small swelling on a branch or stem, containing an undeveloped shoot, leaf, or flower
leaf blade the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole
compound leaf a leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk, arranged either palmately, as the fingers of a hand, or pinnately, as the leaflets of a fern; the leaflets themselves may be compound.
petiole the slender stalk by which a leaf is attached to the stem; leafstalk.
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bundle sheath layer or region of compactly arranged cells surrounding a vascular bundle in a plant. The bundle sheaths regulate the movement of substances between the vascular tissue and the parenchyma and, in leaves, protect the vascular tissue from exposure to air.
netted venation many small veins branch out from a main large vien
fibrous root system A fibrous root system (sometimes also called adventitious root system) is the opposite of a taproot system.
tap root Taproot is an enlarged somewhat straight to tapering plant root that grows vertically downward.
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adventitious root root growing from a location other than the underground, descending portion of the axis of a plant, as from a stem or leaf
root apical meristem (ram) RAM creates new cells mainly “above” Those new cells elongate behind the RAM, pushing it deeper into the ground After elongating, the new cells differentiate into cells that provide the basic root functions
root hairs Root hair cells, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are tubular outgrowths of trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root.
pericycle The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.
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glucose Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar) a product of photosynthesis, mostly incorporated into the disaccharide sugar sucrose rather than circulating free in the plant
phosphorylation Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule, ATP is formed during cell respiration from ADP by phosphorylation, as (oxidative phosphorylation) and the chloroplasts of plant cells
oxidation chemical reaction in which an atom or ion loses electrons
respiration process by which organisms exchange gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, with the environmentoccurs in photosynthesis
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glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H3O3-.
kreb's cycle The citric acid cycle - also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.
alcoholic fermentation Ethanol fermentation, also referred to as alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.
electron transport chain An electron transport chain couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions.
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pentose phosphate pathway The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a process that generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars).
plastids tonoplast-surround vacuole chromoplast- pigment, found in flower, fruits, and leaves leucoplast-storage...amyloplast when contain starches chlorplast-photosynthesis
photosystem I Photosystem I (PS I) is the second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria.
photosystem II Photosystem II is the first protein complex in the Light-dependent reactions.
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cyclic electron transport begins after the PS-I pigment complex absorbs solar energy. They transfer their energy to PS-I excites P700
photorespiration The chemical combination of carbohydrates with oxygen in plants with the release of carbon dioxide. Photorespiration requires the presence of light as happens during photosynthesis.
transpiration the passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere.
diffusion Diffusion is a time-dependent process, constituted by random motion of given entities and causing the statistical distribution of these entities to spread in space.
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osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane.
water potential Water potential is the potential energy of water relative to pure free water (e.g.
cohesion The force of attraction that holds molecules of a given substance together
adhesion Adhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces.
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gametes A gamete (from Ancient Greek ; translated gamete = wife, gametes = husband) is a cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually.
haploid Having a single set of each chromosome in a cell or cell nucleus
diploid Having paired sets of chromosomes in a cell or cell nucleus. In diploid organisms that reproduce sexually, one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent
alternation of generations the alternation involves alternating generations of haploid and diploid organisms. Often one of these generations is the dominant form of the organism, and the other generation is nutritionally dependent upon it or just grows as a smaller plant
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zygote The cell formed by the union of the nuclei of two reproductive cells (gametes),
fertilization process by which two gametes (reproductive cells having a single, haploid set of chromosomes) fuse to become a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The resultant zygote is diploid (it has two sets of chromosomes) cross-fertilization, the two gametes come from two different individual organisms self-fertilization, the gametes come from the same individual
angiosperm The flowering plants or angiosperms (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most diverse group of land plants.
receptacle In botany, the receptacle is the thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs grow.
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sepal one of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx of a flower.
petal A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf", "thin plate") is one member or part of the corolla of a flower.
stamen/amdroecium The male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of a filament and a pollen-bearing anther at its tip
carpel/gynoecium One of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma
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double fertilization process in which the two sperm nuclei of a pollen grain unite with nuclei of the embryo sac of an angiosperm plant. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote, from which the embryo develops. The other sperm unites with the two nuclei located in a single cell at the center of the embryo sac. Together these nuclei form the triploid nucleus of the cell from which the endosperm develops. Double fertilization in this form is unique to the angiosperms.
endosperm tissue that surrounds and provides nourishment to the embryo in the seeds of many angiosperms
inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches.
pollination Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilization and sexual reproduction.
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anther The pollen-bearing part at the upper end of the stamen of a flower
style part of the female organ of a flower
seed A mature fertilized ovule of angiosperms and gymnosperms that contains an embryo and the food it will need to grow into a new plant
germination Germination is the process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.
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fruit The ripened ovary of a flowering plant that contains the seeds, sometimes fused with other parts of the plant
dehiscent Dehiscence is the opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents.
simple fruit a fruit formed from one pistil.
compound fruit A compound fruit is one that develops from several ovaries in either a single flower or multiple flowers.
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determinate growth refers to growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed.
phototropism The growth or movement of a fixed organism toward or away from light, a response to blue wavelengths of light and is caused by a redistribution of auxin from the illuminated side to the darker side of the shoot, resulting in quicker growth on the darker side and bending of the shoot toward the source of light.
gravitropism Gravitropism (or geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity.
achene is a type of simple dry fruit indehiscent (they do not open at maturity). Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp, but does not adhere to it. Example: Sunflower seed
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drupe In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside.
samara forms a winglike struture, dry, used for weed dispersal Example: maple
capsule Opens along more then two seams example: Lily
berry The botanical definition of a berry is a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape.
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caryopsis type of simple dry fruit - one that is monocarpelate and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) and resembles an achene, BUT is fused with the thin seed coat. Example: Corn
pome Fleshly out towards the covering, few seeds within the core example: apple/pear
nut Ovary wall is tough and woody example: acorn
legume a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on TWO sides. example: beans and peanuts
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berry is a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape.
archegonia The egg-producing organ occurring in bryophytes (such as mosses and liverworts), ferns, and most gymnosperms. The archegonium is a multicellular, often flask-shaped structure that contains a single egg.
antheridia a male reproductive structure producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi, and algae.
frond the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds
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ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
apical dominace able to block out other plants, gain advantage for survival
Photosynthesis equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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 monocotMonocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, the other being dicotyledons or dicots.
 dicotsDicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
 photosynthesisis a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight.
 plantPlants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae.
 sporeis a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions.
 chlorophyllChlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. the green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis, and occurring in a bluish-black form
 celluloseCellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand (14) linked D-glucose units.
 shoot systemShoots are new plant growth, they can include stems, flowering stems with flower buds, leaves. The SAM creates the tissues of both the stem and the leaves. The major unit of development is the node Height is added by expansion of the internode
 root systemRAM creates new cells mainly “above” Those new cells elongate behind the RAM, pushing it deeper into the ground After elongating, the new cells differentiate into cells that provide the basic root functions
 meristemA meristem is the tissue in all plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) and found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
 xylemIn vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transports and conducts water and nutrients upward from the roots
 phloemIn vascular plants, phloem is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients from the leaves), particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed.
 guard cellspaired cells in the epidermis of a plant that control the opening and closing of a stoma of a leaf. When swollen with water, guard cells pull apart from each other, opening the stoma to allow the escape of water vapor and the exchange of gases. When drier, guard cells become more flaccid and move closer together, allowing the plant to conserve water.
 cell theoryCell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing.
 mitochondriaIn cell biology, a mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells used to produce energy (ATP).
 cell wallA cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells, is made up mostly of cellulose
 vacuoleA vacuole is a membrane organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and occupies a large part of the cell's volume and is filled with a liquid called cell sap. The cell sap stores food reserves, pigments, defensive toxins, and waste products to be expelled or broken down.
 nodeA point on a stem where a leaf is or has been attached
 vascular bundlea longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants, the arrangement varying with the type of plant.
 cambiumtissue in the stems and roots of many seed-bearing plants, consisting of cells that divide rapidly to form new layers of tissue. vascular cambium forms tissues that carry water and nutrients throughout the plant. phelom on the outside, and xylem on the ouside cork cambium creates cells that eventually become bark on the outside (secondary growth)
 Budsmall swelling on a branch or stem, containing an undeveloped shoot, leaf, or flower
 leaf bladethe broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole
 compound leafa leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk, arranged either palmately, as the fingers of a hand, or pinnately, as the leaflets of a fern; the leaflets themselves may be compound.
 petiolethe slender stalk by which a leaf is attached to the stem; leafstalk.
 bundle sheathlayer or region of compactly arranged cells surrounding a vascular bundle in a plant. The bundle sheaths regulate the movement of substances between the vascular tissue and the parenchyma and, in leaves, protect the vascular tissue from exposure to air.
 netted venationmany small veins branch out from a main large vien
 fibrous root systemA fibrous root system (sometimes also called adventitious root system) is the opposite of a taproot system.
 tap rootTaproot is an enlarged somewhat straight to tapering plant root that grows vertically downward.
 adventitious rootroot growing from a location other than the underground, descending portion of the axis of a plant, as from a stem or leaf
 root apical meristem (ram)RAM creates new cells mainly “above” Those new cells elongate behind the RAM, pushing it deeper into the ground After elongating, the new cells differentiate into cells that provide the basic root functions
 root hairsRoot hair cells, the rhizoids of many vascular plants, are tubular outgrowths of trichoblasts, the hair-forming cells on the epidermis of a plant root.
 pericycleThe pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.
 glucoseGlucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar) a product of photosynthesis, mostly incorporated into the disaccharide sugar sucrose rather than circulating free in the plant
 phosphorylationPhosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule, ATP is formed during cell respiration from ADP by phosphorylation, as (oxidative phosphorylation) and the chloroplasts of plant cells
 oxidationchemical reaction in which an atom or ion loses electrons
 respirationprocess by which organisms exchange gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, with the environmentoccurs in photosynthesis
 glycolysisis the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H3O3-.
 kreb's cycleThe citric acid cycle - also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration.
 alcoholic fermentationEthanol fermentation, also referred to as alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.
 electron transport chainAn electron transport chain couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions.
 pentose phosphate pathwayThe pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt) is a process that generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars).
 plastidstonoplast-surround vacuole chromoplast- pigment, found in flower, fruits, and leaves leucoplast-storage...amyloplast when contain starches chlorplast-photosynthesis
 photosystem IPhotosystem I (PS I) is the second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria.
 photosystem IIPhotosystem II is the first protein complex in the Light-dependent reactions.
 cyclic electron transportbegins after the PS-I pigment complex absorbs solar energy. They transfer their energy to PS-I excites P700
 photorespirationThe chemical combination of carbohydrates with oxygen in plants with the release of carbon dioxide. Photorespiration requires the presence of light as happens during photosynthesis.
 transpirationthe passage of water through a plant from the roots through the vascular system to the atmosphere.
 diffusionDiffusion is a time-dependent process, constituted by random motion of given entities and causing the statistical distribution of these entities to spread in space.
 osmosisOsmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane.
 water potentialWater potential is the potential energy of water relative to pure free water (e.g.
 cohesionThe force of attraction that holds molecules of a given substance together
 adhesionAdhesion is the tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces.
 gametesA gamete (from Ancient Greek ; translated gamete = wife, gametes = husband) is a cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually.
 haploidHaving a single set of each chromosome in a cell or cell nucleus
 diploidHaving paired sets of chromosomes in a cell or cell nucleus. In diploid organisms that reproduce sexually, one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent
 alternation of generationsthe alternation involves alternating generations of haploid and diploid organisms. Often one of these generations is the dominant form of the organism, and the other generation is nutritionally dependent upon it or just grows as a smaller plant
 zygoteThe cell formed by the union of the nuclei of two reproductive cells (gametes),
 fertilizationprocess by which two gametes (reproductive cells having a single, haploid set of chromosomes) fuse to become a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The resultant zygote is diploid (it has two sets of chromosomes) cross-fertilization, the two gametes come from two different individual organisms self-fertilization, the gametes come from the same individual
 angiospermThe flowering plants or angiosperms (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most diverse group of land plants.
 receptacleIn botany, the receptacle is the thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs grow.
 sepalone of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx of a flower.
 petalA petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf", "thin plate") is one member or part of the corolla of a flower.
 stamen/amdroeciumThe male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of a filament and a pollen-bearing anther at its tip
 carpel/gynoeciumOne of the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma
 double fertilizationprocess in which the two sperm nuclei of a pollen grain unite with nuclei of the embryo sac of an angiosperm plant. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote, from which the embryo develops. The other sperm unites with the two nuclei located in a single cell at the center of the embryo sac. Together these nuclei form the triploid nucleus of the cell from which the endosperm develops. Double fertilization in this form is unique to the angiosperms.
 endospermtissue that surrounds and provides nourishment to the embryo in the seeds of many angiosperms
 inflorescenceAn inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches.
 pollinationPollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in plants, thereby enabling fertilization and sexual reproduction.
 antherThe pollen-bearing part at the upper end of the stamen of a flower
 stylepart of the female organ of a flower
 seedA mature fertilized ovule of angiosperms and gymnosperms that contains an embryo and the food it will need to grow into a new plant
 germinationGermination is the process in which a seed or spore emerges from a period of dormancy.
 fruitThe ripened ovary of a flowering plant that contains the seeds, sometimes fused with other parts of the plant
 dehiscentDehiscence is the opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents.
 simple fruita fruit formed from one pistil.
 compound fruitA compound fruit is one that develops from several ovaries in either a single flower or multiple flowers.
 determinate growthrefers to growth that is not terminated in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed.
 phototropismThe growth or movement of a fixed organism toward or away from light, a response to blue wavelengths of light and is caused by a redistribution of auxin from the illuminated side to the darker side of the shoot, resulting in quicker growth on the darker side and bending of the shoot toward the source of light.
 gravitropismGravitropism (or geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant or fungus in response to gravity.
 acheneis a type of simple dry fruit indehiscent (they do not open at maturity). Achenes contain a single seed that nearly fills the pericarp, but does not adhere to it. Example: Sunflower seed
 drupeIn botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside.
 samaraforms a winglike struture, dry, used for weed dispersal Example: maple
 capsuleOpens along more then two seams example: Lily
 berryThe botanical definition of a berry is a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape.
 caryopsistype of simple dry fruit - one that is monocarpelate and indehiscent (not opening at maturity) and resembles an achene, BUT is fused with the thin seed coat. Example: Corn
 pomeFleshly out towards the covering, few seeds within the core example: apple/pear
 nutOvary wall is tough and woody example: acorn
 legumea simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on TWO sides. example: beans and peanuts
 berryis a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape.
 archegoniaThe egg-producing organ occurring in bryophytes (such as mosses and liverworts), ferns, and most gymnosperms. The archegonium is a multicellular, often flask-shaped structure that contains a single egg.
 antheridiaa male reproductive structure producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi, and algae.
 frondthe leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds
 ovuleIn seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
 apical dominaceable to block out other plants, gain advantage for survival
 Photosynthesis equation6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Cellular Respiration equationC6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
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