Ch. 4 - Flashcards

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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Lumen

internal cavity of the ER

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Rough ER

studded with ribosomes, chemically modifies recently synthesized proteins

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Smooth ER

no ribosomes, synthesizes and metabolizes lipids and detoxifies effects of alcohol

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ribosome

responsible for carrying out protein synthesis.

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Golgi complex

froms structures that stay in the cells, also helps prepare materials fro export outside the cell

(consists of sets of flattened discs)

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cell membrane

separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.

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nuclear envelope

double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells.

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm of the cell

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Nucleolus

synthesizes ribosomes

composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

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Chromatin

Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell.

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chromosome

long complex DNA and protein divided into rod-like structures

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centriole

barrel-shaped cell structure found in most E cells

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centrosome

organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of E cell

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cytoskeleton

intricate network of protein fibers which gives cell shape, holds organelles in place and participates in cell movement.

(contained within the cytosol)

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mitochondria

responsible for most of the ATP production that takes place within the cell 

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nucleoid

In prokaryotes

part of a cell that contain's the cell's DNA

not surrounded by a membrane

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residual body

In lysosomal digestion, residual bodies are vesicles containing indigestible materials.

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pilus

In bacteria

long appendage that serves as the means of attachment of conjugating bacteria and a conduit for the transfer of DNA

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plasmid

genetic engineering "accessory info"

1)antibiotic resistance

2)oil degradation

3)pili production

4)toxin production

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matrix

intercellular substance within a tissue, or the interior substance of mitochondrion

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stroma

fluid filled cavity within the inner membrane of the chloroplast

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flagella

Long

few per cell

example protozoan: Euglena

example human cell: Sperm

Eukaryotic Flagella

whips

Prokaryotic Flagella

rotates in circle to act as propeller

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cilia

Short

numerous

example protozoan: Paramecium

example human cell: oviduct lining

pattern of motion: wave-like

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cell wall

rigid thick structure that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells

(protects and supports cell)

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lysosome

1. intracellular digestion (hydrolytic enzymes)

2. defense

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peroxisome

breakdown of H2o2 (peroxide)

contains catalase enzymes (oxidative enzymes)

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proteasome

break up old proteins, so the amino acids can be recycled

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polysome

chain of ribosomes on the ER

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cytoplasm

part of the cell that lies between nuclear ad cell membrane that holds all the cell's internal sub-structures.

( gel-like substance)

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cytosol

the part of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane enclosed organelles

( liquid found inside cells)

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secretory vesicle

transport newly made glycoproteins to the cell membrane for secretion outside the cell.

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chloroplast

photosynthesis, tends to temporarily store newly made sugars

contains chlorophyll pigment

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chromoplast

contain the pigments that give yellow orange and red colors to flowers, fruits, vegetable, and autumn leaves

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cristae

elaborate folds of the inner membrane

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amyloplast

stores starches and are abundant in grain, seeds, and some vegetables

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granum

stacks of thylakoids

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thylakoid

flattened disc surrounded by innermost membranes of a chloroplast

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middle lamella

glue-like pectin composes this structure which lies between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

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plasmodesmata

fine narrow channels between plant cells through which thin strands of cytoplasm stream and allow molecule passage from cell to cell

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desmosome

anchors or rivets adjacent animal cells together without interfering with passage of molecules between cells

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gap junction

protein channels between adjacent animal cell membranes through which molecules can move from cell to cell

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tight junction

fuses membranes of adjacent animal cells together to bind adjacent cells together and prevent leakage between cells

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MTOC

microtubule organizing center

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central vacuole

provides turgor pressure; contains water and wastes

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microfilaments (actin filaments)

thinnest in diameter

anchored to the cell surface and provide force for movement and shape changes

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microtubules

thickest in diameter

hollow cylinders

distribute DNA and other materials to the two daughter cells

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intermediate filaments

subject to mechanical stress

strengthen cells and tissues

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nucleoprotein

any protein that is structurally associated with nucleic acid.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms

two functions

1. replicate

2. transcription

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pectin

sticky polysaccharide

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actin

single kind of protein present in muscle fibers

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keratin

strengthens wool, hair, fingernails, and the outer layers of the skin

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mRNA

Messenger RNA is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product.

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tubulin

one of two globular proteins, from which microtubules are assembled

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peptidoglycan

mixture of polysaccharides and polypeptides that form the bacterial cell wall

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cellulose

polysaccharide that composes the cell wall

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phospholipid

major component of all cell membranes

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protein

transmembrane

span the entire lipid bilayer

peripheral

only penetrates one surface (typically outer)

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Leewenhoek

discovered bacteria and magnifying lens

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Hooke

coined the term cell when observing cork

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Virchow

all cells come from pre-existing cells

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Schwan

all animals consist of cells

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Davson-Danielli

lipid sandwich model

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Singer-Nicholson

fluid mosaic model

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plasmolysis

process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis.

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lysis

breaking down of a cell

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replication

biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA

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transcription

DNA to RNA to ribosomes (making of mRNA)

chromatin

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translation

DNA to mRNA

on nucleolus

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secretion

elimination of a functional product from a cell into environment

1. hormones

2. antibodies

3. extracellular enzymes

4. neurotransmitters

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ingestion

phagocytosis

cells engulf large particles - plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds the particle

endocytosis

cell takes in tiny amounts of materials in vesicles that arise by the inward folding of the plasma membrane

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egestion

elimination of solid wastes

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excretion

elimination of liquid wastes

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extracellular digestion

(outside of cell)

involves secretion of enzymes by cell to work outside cell to break down large molecules in environment of cell into smaller molecules

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intracellular digestion

(within cell)

involves fusion of food vacuole or endocytic vesicle with lysosome which results in formation of residual body

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pinocytosis

cell takes up any bits of liquid and dissolved molecules

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

cell take up only specific substances recognized by protein receptors on the surface of the cell

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turgor pressure

pressure of a plant cell's contents against its cell wall

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centrifugation

method fro separating molecules according to size and shape by subjecting them to high gravitational fields in a spinning tube

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active transport

requires energy, moves against conc. gradient (low to high), protein involvement

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passive transport

occurs spontaneously without spending energy, molecules move according to conc. gradient (high to low), protein involvement

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simple diffusion

random movement of like molecules or ions from and area of high conc. to an area of low conc.

factors that affect rate:

1. increase temp

2. stirring

3. steeper conc. gradient

4. break large molecules down to small molecules that make it up

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osmosis

movement of water across any selectively permeable membrane in response to a conc. gradient

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carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

carrier proteins bind to the substance they transport, then changes shape, opening a path to the opp. side of the membrane, then substance unbinds having crossed the membrane

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channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

channel proteins provide a pore through which the substance can diffuse but the pore's structure only permits substances of a certain size and electrical charge to pass through

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sodium potassium pump (Na+ K+)

transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells using the energy of ATP

use of carrier proteins

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Cotransport

carrier proteins move a substance across a membrane against its conc. gradient. Transport of one substance is coupled to transport of another.

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endosymbiosis

Theory:

primitive E cell that had no mitochondria engulfed heterotrophic bacteria and membranes fused together making it an organelle

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Hypertonic

high solute/ low water conc.

shrivels 

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Hypotonic

low solute/ high water conc.

swells

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Isotonic

equal solute/ water conc.

remains intact

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Fluid mosaic model

lipid layers are fluid and the proteins are considered mosaic

Five Statements:

1. basic structure of membrane is a lipid bilayer

2. proteins are dispersed through membrane like stones in a mosaic

3. membrane is fluid

4. lipid bilayer severs as a hydrophobic barrier

5. some membrane proteins help transport specific molecules across membrane

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Cell communication methods

Chemical signals

Physical communication

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Scanning Electron Microscope

beams of electrons hit the surface and bounce back

3-D surface appearance

drawback: can't view internal detail

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Transmission Electron Microscope

beams of electrons go through specimen

2-D image of internal detail

drawback: can't view surface structures

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Compound Light Microscope

uses light rays, glass lenses, and the image is seen in the eyepiece

Also has lower magnification and resolution

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Electron Microscope

uses electromagnets and beams of electrons

advantage: much more detailed images, greater mag. and resolution

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Surface area to Volume ratio

when a cell grows in size this ratio decreases 

(per volume less surface area)

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Prokaryotic Cells

no nucleus (limited region-nucleotide)

no organelles

smaller .4 to 5 M

70S ribosomes (free floating)

no cytoskeleton

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Eukaryotic Cells

genetic material within nucleus

organelles

larger 10 to 100 M

80S ribosomes (bound to ER)

cytoskeleton within cytoplasm

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Plant vs. Animal

plant

1. cell wall

2. vacuole

3. chloroplast

animal

1. centrioles

2. lysosomes

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Photosynthesis

C6H12O6---> 6C02+6H2O

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Respiration

6CO2+6H2O---> 6CO2+C6H12O6

      Mode:   CARDS LIST       ? pages   PRINT EXIT

Lumen	internal cavity of the ER
Rough ER	studded with ribosomes, chemically modifies recently synthesized proteins
Smooth ER	no ribosomes, synthesizes and metabolizes lipids and detoxifies effects of alcohol
ribosome	responsible for carrying out protein synthesis.

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Golgi complex	froms structures that stay in the cells, also helps prepare materials fro export outside the cell (consists of sets of flattened discs)
cell membrane	separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
nuclear envelope	double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm of the cell
Nucleolus	synthesizes ribosomes composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

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Chromatin	Chromatin is the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell.
chromosome	long complex DNA and protein divided into rod-like structures
centriole	barrel-shaped cell structure found in most E cells
centrosome	organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of E cell

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cytoskeleton	intricate network of protein fibers which gives cell shape, holds organelles in place and participates in cell movement. (contained within the cytosol)
mitochondria	responsible for most of the ATP production that takes place within the cell
nucleoid	In prokaryotes part of a cell that contain's the cell's DNA not surrounded by a membrane
residual body	In lysosomal digestion, residual bodies are vesicles containing indigestible materials.

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pilus	In bacteria long appendage that serves as the means of attachment of conjugating bacteria and a conduit for the transfer of DNA
plasmid	genetic engineering "accessory info" 1)antibiotic resistance 2)oil degradation 3)pili production 4)toxin production
matrix	intercellular substance within a tissue, or the interior substance of mitochondrion
stroma	fluid filled cavity within the inner membrane of the chloroplast

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flagella	Long few per cell example protozoan: Euglena example human cell: Sperm Eukaryotic Flagella whips Prokaryotic Flagella rotates in circle to act as propeller
cilia	Short numerous example protozoan: Paramecium example human cell: oviduct lining pattern of motion: wave-like
cell wall	rigid thick structure that surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells (protects and supports cell)
lysosome	1. intracellular digestion (hydrolytic enzymes) 2. defense

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peroxisome	breakdown of H2o2 (peroxide) contains catalase enzymes (oxidative enzymes)
proteasome	break up old proteins, so the amino acids can be recycled
polysome	chain of ribosomes on the ER
cytoplasm	part of the cell that lies between nuclear ad cell membrane that holds all the cell's internal sub-structures. ( gel-like substance)

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cytosol	the part of the cytoplasm not contained within membrane enclosed organelles ( liquid found inside cells)
secretory vesicle	transport newly made glycoproteins to the cell membrane for secretion outside the cell.
chloroplast	photosynthesis, tends to temporarily store newly made sugars contains chlorophyll pigment
chromoplast	contain the pigments that give yellow orange and red colors to flowers, fruits, vegetable, and autumn leaves

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cristae	elaborate folds of the inner membrane
amyloplast	stores starches and are abundant in grain, seeds, and some vegetables
granum	stacks of thylakoids
thylakoid	flattened disc surrounded by innermost membranes of a chloroplast

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middle lamella	glue-like pectin composes this structure which lies between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
plasmodesmata	fine narrow channels between plant cells through which thin strands of cytoplasm stream and allow molecule passage from cell to cell
desmosome	anchors or rivets adjacent animal cells together without interfering with passage of molecules between cells
gap junction	protein channels between adjacent animal cell membranes through which molecules can move from cell to cell

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tight junction	fuses membranes of adjacent animal cells together to bind adjacent cells together and prevent leakage between cells
MTOC	microtubule organizing center
central vacuole	provides turgor pressure; contains water and wastes
microfilaments (actin filaments)	thinnest in diameter anchored to the cell surface and provide force for movement and shape changes

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microtubules	thickest in diameter hollow cylinders distribute DNA and other materials to the two daughter cells
intermediate filaments	subject to mechanical stress strengthen cells and tissues
nucleoprotein	any protein that is structurally associated with nucleic acid.
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms two functions 1. replicate 2. transcription

Generated by Koofers.com

pectin	sticky polysaccharide
actin	single kind of protein present in muscle fibers
keratin	strengthens wool, hair, fingernails, and the outer layers of the skin
mRNA	Messenger RNA is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product.

Generated by Koofers.com

tubulin	one of two globular proteins, from which microtubules are assembled
peptidoglycan	mixture of polysaccharides and polypeptides that form the bacterial cell wall
cellulose	polysaccharide that composes the cell wall
phospholipid	major component of all cell membranes

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protein	transmembrane span the entire lipid bilayer peripheral only penetrates one surface (typically outer)
Leewenhoek	discovered bacteria and magnifying lens
Hooke	coined the term cell when observing cork
Virchow	all cells come from pre-existing cells

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Schwan	all animals consist of cells
Davson-Danielli	lipid sandwich model
Singer-Nicholson	fluid mosaic model
plasmolysis	process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis.

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lysis	breaking down of a cell
replication	biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA
transcription	DNA to RNA to ribosomes (making of mRNA) chromatin
translation	DNA to mRNA on nucleolus

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secretion	elimination of a functional product from a cell into environment 1. hormones 2. antibodies 3. extracellular enzymes 4. neurotransmitters
ingestion	phagocytosis cells engulf large particles - plasma membrane extends outward and surrounds the particle endocytosis cell takes in tiny amounts of materials in vesicles that arise by the inward folding of the plasma membrane
egestion	elimination of solid wastes
excretion	elimination of liquid wastes

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extracellular digestion	(outside of cell) involves secretion of enzymes by cell to work outside cell to break down large molecules in environment of cell into smaller molecules
intracellular digestion	(within cell) involves fusion of food vacuole or endocytic vesicle with lysosome which results in formation of residual body
pinocytosis	cell takes up any bits of liquid and dissolved molecules
receptor-mediated endocytosis	cell take up only specific substances recognized by protein receptors on the surface of the cell

Generated by Koofers.com

turgor pressure	pressure of a plant cell's contents against its cell wall
centrifugation	method fro separating molecules according to size and shape by subjecting them to high gravitational fields in a spinning tube
active transport	requires energy, moves against conc. gradient (low to high), protein involvement
passive transport	occurs spontaneously without spending energy, molecules move according to conc. gradient (high to low), protein involvement

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simple diffusion	random movement of like molecules or ions from and area of high conc. to an area of low conc. factors that affect rate: 1. increase temp 2. stirring 3. steeper conc. gradient 4. break large molecules down to small molecules that make it up
osmosis	movement of water across any selectively permeable membrane in response to a conc. gradient
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion	carrier proteins bind to the substance they transport, then changes shape, opening a path to the opp. side of the membrane, then substance unbinds having crossed the membrane
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion	channel proteins provide a pore through which the substance can diffuse but the pore's structure only permits substances of a certain size and electrical charge to pass through

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sodium potassium pump (Na+ K+)	transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells using the energy of ATP use of carrier proteins
Cotransport	carrier proteins move a substance across a membrane against its conc. gradient. Transport of one substance is coupled to transport of another.
endosymbiosis	Theory: primitive E cell that had no mitochondria engulfed heterotrophic bacteria and membranes fused together making it an organelle
Hypertonic	high solute/ low water conc. shrivels

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Hypotonic	low solute/ high water conc. swells
Isotonic	equal solute/ water conc. remains intact
Fluid mosaic model	lipid layers are fluid and the proteins are considered mosaic Five Statements: 1. basic structure of membrane is a lipid bilayer 2. proteins are dispersed through membrane like stones in a mosaic 3. membrane is fluid 4. lipid bilayer severs as a hydrophobic barrier 5. some membrane proteins help transport specific molecules across membrane
Cell communication methods	Chemical signals Physical communication

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Scanning Electron Microscope	beams of electrons hit the surface and bounce back 3-D surface appearance drawback: can't view internal detail
Transmission Electron Microscope	beams of electrons go through specimen 2-D image of internal detail drawback: can't view surface structures
Compound Light Microscope	uses light rays, glass lenses, and the image is seen in the eyepiece Also has lower magnification and resolution
Electron Microscope	uses electromagnets and beams of electrons advantage: much more detailed images, greater mag. and resolution

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Surface area to Volume ratio	when a cell grows in size this ratio decreases  (per volume less surface area)
Prokaryotic Cells	no nucleus (limited region-nucleotide) no organelles smaller .4 to 5 M 70S ribosomes (free floating) no cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic Cells	genetic material within nucleus organelles larger 10 to 100 M 80S ribosomes (bound to ER) cytoskeleton within cytoplasm
Plant vs. Animal	plant 1. cell wall 2. vacuole 3. chloroplast animal 1. centrioles 2. lysosomes

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Photosynthesis	C6H12O6---> 6C02+6H2O
Respiration	6CO2+6H2O---> 6CO2+C6H12O6

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