*ringworm of the foot. 

*blisters between the toes that rupture and crust over.

*due to wet/sweaty feet in shoes.

*Cause-- Dermatophytes (fungi)

*Ringworm of the nail

*white patches in nail bed

*thickening, darkening & distortion of the nails

*Cause-- dermatophytes (fungi)

Neiserria gonorrheae-- a gram negative diplococci

-- urethritis characterized by dysuria and yellow discharge in males

-- dysuria and bloody discharge in females.  infects cervical cellls

-- some cases asymptomatic.  10% males and 50% females

-- rash on body and palms of hands

-- have systemic infection by this time

-- passed to fetus across placenta

-- most common if pregnancy occurs during latent period or if female becomes infected furing 2nd or 3rd trimester

-- consequences range from mild to miscarriage or still birth

-- early "snuffles" -- inflammation and discharge from nose

-- hutchinson's teeth -- later in life with adult teeth

-- initial infection may be asymptomatic (more often in females) or may produce fluid-filled vesicles which are painful to the touch

-- others include fever, malaise and groin swelling

• HHV-1 -- above the waist
• HHV-2 -- below the waist

• RNA virus
• silent epidemic
• 75-85% of cases become chronic
• 25% of cases cause cancer
• kills more people than aids

• transmitted through blood contact

• fever
• chills
• malaise
• abdominal pain/discomfort
• diarrhea
• nausea
• may progress to involve kidneys and/or arterial inflammation.
• may become chronic leading to CA and cirrhosis

• DNA virus
• transmitted by blood, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva or breast milk

• GI infection
• RNA virus
• transmitted fecal-oral route

• often subclinical in children
• symptoms are usually mild
• darkened urine often seen

• sexually transmitted
• treated with antiprotozoan meds

• preformed antitoxin (TIG)
• breathing assistance if needed
• antibiotics

• blocks signals to relax muscles after contraction
• 1st symptom is usually lock jaw/clenching of jaw
• death most often occurs due to resp failure

• diarrhea is most common symptom.
• others may include fever and abdominal cramps

• found as normal flora of intestines
• occurs as opportunistic infection
• colon becomes inflamed and patches (pseudomembranes) slough off
• treatment is antibiotics

• Clostridium difficle
• It causes pseudomembrane colitis

• foods become contaminated during or after preparation and are left at room temp or warmer for a few hours

• begin within approx 1-6 hours of ingestion
• cramping
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea

• 1-6 hr incubation period
• vomiting
• nausea
• abdominal cramps

• most often associated with fried rice kept warm for long periods of time

• cooked meats or veggies kept warm

• 6 hr incubation period
• nausea
• diarrhea
• abdominal cramps

• vaginal itching
• burning
• discharge varies on causative agent

• Candida albicans
• trichamonas

• yeast infection
• always opportunistic
• treated with antifungal meds

• severe itching
• distinguished by white curd-like discharge that grows on vaginal wall

• cause of chronic diarrhea which lasts than longer than 14 days
• outbreaks associated with stream water sources ("beaver fever"), day care centers and contaminated food

• severe watery diarrhea
• abdomial pain
• flatulence
• stools with rotten egg smell

• usually NO fever

• associated with raw/undercooked meat
• associated with unhygenic handling of cats or inhalation through cat feces
• treatment is antiprotozoan drugs

-- in normal healthy adult-- infection generally unnoticed

-- at risk (immunocompromised and fetus) -- severe and fatal.  can cause miscarriage

• bullet shaped virus
• zooonitc disease with resiviors animals with most often skunks and racoons

• fever, nausea, vomit, HA, fever, etc
• 1st signs of neuro are agitation, seizures and disorientation
• progresses to painful spasms in neck and throat (hydorphobia)
• ultimately leads to encephalitis, coma and death from cardiac and resp distress

• frequent watery stools
• fever and abdominal pain
• nausea and vomiting are common
• blood is often found in stools (dysentery) along with mucus

• fecal oral-route
• eating fecally contaminated foods

• range from mild (vomiting, diarrhea and mucosal inflammation)
• to severe (fever and septicemia)
• can lead to typhoid fever that leads to septicemia

• involves animal products (meat, milk, etc.) that become contaminated during slaughter and processing

• virus transmitted in utero
• injury avires iwth time of infection, but most dangerous during first trimester
• commmon defects include congenital abnormalities, caridac abnormalities, ocular lesion, deafness & phyical & mental effects in varying combination

• minor flat rash on face, chest and abdomen

• latent chicekn pox virus that reactivates
• stimuli such as x-ray, stress, trauma, surgery, CA and immunosuppression activate it

• 10-20 days following exposure: develop rash and fever that eventually develops into "fluid-filled" vesicles that eventually crust over
• infectious from 2 days befor rash til all vesicles crust over

staph aureus

-- virulence factor is exfoliative toxin that enters the blood

-- redness of the skin to wrinkled tissue paper  texture to large blisters that peel

-- most often affects infants or newborns

characteristic lesions around the mouth that are itchy

cutaneous ifnection

--staph aureus-- virulence factors of exfoliative toxin (cytotoxin) and coagulase

-- strep pyogenes-- virulence factors of M protein and hyaluronidase

associated with dairy, poultry and meat

resistant to heat, cold, salt, bile, pH extremes

treatment abx started immediately

adults-- mild, nonspecific symptoms

at risk-- affects brain and meningies and causes septicemia

associated with individuals suffering from PNE, sinusitis, otitis media, or trauma/surgery

treatment-- abx such as penicillin

-- meningococcemia may occur and may experience vascular damage/rash called petechiae

-- experiences normal meninigial symptoms in addition to sore throat, vomiting and confulsions

-- treatment is penicillin G or other abx

• PPD skin test injected then checked 24-72 hours later
• positive result indicates past infection or disease
• if positive, CXR is performed

typically asymptomatic. 

possible mild fever

defensive response results in developmet of small tubercules

surviing cells  escape from tubercule

violent cough with green/bloody sputum, low grade fever, weight loss, night sweats, CP and fatigue

neiserria meninigitis

strep pneumoniae

sneezing, scrattchy throat, runny nose, congestion and malaise

usually start 2-5 ays after infection

fever not usually symptom

over 200 viruses can cause.  symptoms same no matter what.  most common are rhinovirusews and coronaviruses

HPV.  it is the most concerning

if virus infects cervical cells it can lead to CA.  (HPV-16 & HPV-18)

males can also get CA, just less common

infected for life

target cell is Th or CD4

retrovirus

intiital symptoms are vague and soon disappear.  may include weight loss, fatigue, diarrhea and increase in in opportunitist infecions

latent period of 2-15 years and by now number of Th cells decreased

symptoms worsen as Th count is decreasing

reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors given. 

HAART-- highly active anti retroviral therapy.  up to 40 pills per day

1st begin approx 2-4 days following tick bite and include fever, chills, HA and muscle pain

a rash forms on palms and sles approx 2-4 days after initial symptoms

more life threating concern is cardiac disruption

signs of neuro damge include delerium, convlusions, tremors and coma

-- most common infectious diseases  of humans

-- metabolic activity of mcrobes within a biofilm destroy tooth enamel

-- most common cause are species of strep

defense= IgA.  bile of stomach

NF= large numbers.  strep, clostridium, escheria, enterobacter, candida

nonfatal, but often progresses and causes arthritis

first distinctive symptom is a bulls eye rash that develops at site of rash

early symptoms are fever, stiff neck, HA, and dizziness

2nd stage are cardiac and neuro symptoms

tick bite

Borrelia burgdorferi (a spirochete)

defenese= IgA.  pH of stomach

NF= sparse

1.  neonatal:  chlamydia trichomatis and neisseria gonorroeae

2. staph and strep species

ringworm of the groin or "jock itch"

thrive under moisture and humidity

ringworm of the body

scaly, reddish rings on face, trunk, hip, arm or neck

cause-- dermatophytes (fungi)

ringowrm of the scalp

scaly patches on scalp to complete hair loss

Most common infections of fetus and newborn.

Most serious complications include miscarriage, congenital abnormalities, brain damage, prematurity and still birth

T-- toxoplasmosis

O-- other (syphillis, varicella zoster, chlymadia, HIV)

R-- rubella

C-- cytomegalovirus

H-- herpes simplex (HHV)

inflamed blister due to HHV 1 or 2 entering a break or cut in skin  of finger

hazard for children who suck thumb or those working in gynecology, obstetrics, dentistry or respiratory care

infection where virus has entered skin

characteristic symptom is cigarette burn looking lesions

almost always fatal if it attacks the nervous system

can cross plascenta during birth or transmitted before birth or during birth by contact with lesions

more damaging if woman gets herpes for 1st time, esp during 1st trimester

associated with eating poorly presesrved foods

adult intoxication-- ingest the toxin that is made in the food

infant infection-- ingest endospore and it makes toxin in GI tract

treatment-- preformed antixoin and respiratory assitance if needed

flaaccid paralysis (blocks signal for contraction)

1st symptoms are double vision, difficulty swwallowing and dizzieness

death ususally a result due to resp failure

defenses= IgA. saliva with lysosome

NF= streptococcus, candida and haemophilus  

beginw ith upper resp symptoms including runny nose, congestion, HA and fever

lung symptoms include CP, fever, SOB, painful breathing, cough with discolored sputum

UTI involving the kidneys

symptoms are severe back pain, side pain, fever exceeding 102, vomiting, and symptoms of cystitis

E. coli is most often cause

different classes

more often among women

most often nosocomial infection associated with catheters where men and women are equally susceptible

infeciton of bladder

classic UTI

symptoms are pain in pubic area, frequency, dysuria, and urine may be cloudy, hematuria.

slight fever and naueas often occur

1-4 day incubation

HA, chills,dry cough, body aches, fever, stuffy nose and Sore throat

extreme faigue lasting few days to weeks

suscpetible to 2ndary infections

swine flu of 09-- not all had fever, many had GI distress

scarlet fever-- only occurs if strep can produce erythrogenic toxin.  bacterial cell must be lysogenized.  sandpaper rash, fever and strawberry tongue are symptoms

rheumatic fever-- autoimmune dz where abx made against strep pyogenes binds to heart valves

most cases are self limiting and do not requre abx

defined as 3 or more loose stools in 24 hours

biggest conern is dehydration

multiple causative agents

ridding pathosgens through vomiting and diarrhea

viral agents-- reddened mucosa, swollen tonsils and often foul breath

strep pyogenes-- more painful and associated with fever, HA, and nausea.  also above symptoms and has patches of adhering pus and scattered tiny hemorrhages

organisms access to middle ear from eustachian tube

fluid build up & places pressure on ear drum

fullness or pain in ear and loss of hearing

young children may be irritable, fussy, have trouble sleeping or eating or hearing, or may pull at ears