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Universities » University of Mary Washington (U.. » BIOL - Biology » 210 - Intro to Ecology and Evolu.. » Flash Cards

Ecology Exam 2 - Flashcards

Flashcard Deck Information

Class:	BIOL 210 - Intro to Ecology and Evolution
Subject:	Biology
University:	University of Mary Washington
Term:	Spring 2010

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define population

group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area

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demography (2 ex)

study of population dynamics

for example:
-patterns of growth
-age & sex composition

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Geographic range & factors affecting it (3)

def: overall distribution of population

factors:
-tolerance limits by species
-barriers to dispersal (bodies of water, mtn ranges)
-individuals restricted to suitable habitat within overall range

includes where population exists at all stages in life cycle

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Clumped dispersion pattern (3)

caused by:
-clumped resources
-advantages in group living (defense/ increased foraging success)
-tendency of offspring to stay close to their parents

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uniform/spaced dispersion pattern (2)

caused by:
-competition for resources
-needing more space to grow

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Random Dispersion Pattern (2)

uniform environment
no interaction with other species

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Why are dispersion patterns formed?

unconformities in the habitat

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factors affecting the ability to disperse between subpopulations (3)

-degree of unsuitability of intervening habitat
-distance between subpopulations
-mobility of species

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3 models of subpopulations

metapopulation
source sink model
landscape model

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metapopulation

sub populations occupy patches of a particular habitat type between which individuals move occasionally

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habitat matrix

barrier to movement of individuals between subpopulations

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source sink model

patches of habitat vary in quality

source populations: where resources are abundant, individuals produce more offspring

sink populations: poorer quality habitat, population is made up of individuals forced there from elsewhere

sink affected by source

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landscape model

considers affect of habitat matrix on subpopulations

certain parts of matrix may contain resources / harbor diseases and have predators

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how do humans contribute to subpopulations?

throught habitat fregmentation

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the quality of habitat patches erode due to (5)

-predation
-competition
-diseases & parasitism
-human intrusion
-adverse changes in microclimate conditions

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red queen hypothesis

evolutionary hypothesis explaining why most organisms reproduce sexually

because organisms are constantly attacked by parasites and disease... there is pressure to create genetically variable offspring so that some of them have a chance of beating the disease of parasite.

essentially, keep running to stay in the same place... stay one step ahead to stay alive

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ecological factors that determine dispersion of individuals (2)

resource distribution, predation risk

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dominance heirarchy

individuals coexist, but do not share resources equitably

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territoriality

individuals defend exclusive access to the resource

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3 types of territories

all purpose, feeding, mating

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economic defensibility

benefits of territory ownership outweigh costs

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benefits (2) & costs (3) of defending a territory

benefits: exclusive access to resources and mates, more efficient use of time

costs: time and energy spent on territorial defense, increased exposure during defense, risk of injury

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benefits (3) & costs (3) of living in groups

B: reduced predation risk, increased foraging success, more parental care

C: competition, disease, risk of exploitation

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protective benefits of group living (4)

dilution effect: central individuals also shielded by peripheral individuals (selfish herd),

confusion effect,

early warning of predators,

cooperative defense

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foraging benefits of group living (3)

copying,

reduced viligance per individual; more time available for foraging,

cooperative prey capture

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Altruism

donors give up fitness to increase fitness of others without ever receiving anything in return

kin selective; individuals want to pass on genes of their family because they are closely related to their own

example: lions help take over new prides but may never share paternity

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mutualism

individuals hunt in coordinated ways and share food

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reciprocal altruism

individuals give up fitness to improve fitness of others knowing that they will soon be repaid

example: vampire bats

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direct fitness

personal reproductive success

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indirect fitness

increase in reproductive success by helping kin

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inclusive fitness

direct + indirect fitness

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when is altruism favored?

when Br > C

B = fitness benefit to recipient
r = coefficient of relatedness
C = fitness cost to donor

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Eusocial insects

most altruistic

sterile females develop from fetilized eggs (diploid)
males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid)
Queens share 50% of genes w/ offspring
Workers share 75% of genes with offspring

workers are more closely related to others than to owm potential offspring

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types of asexual reproduction (3)

budding, parthenogenesis, propagules

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implications of asexual reproduction

offspring are genetically identical to parents and each other... clones

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costs of sex 3

time and energy costs: male aquisition, attraction of pollinators

cost of meiosis: each parent passes on half as much DNA
(female cost is reduced if males contribute lots of parental care)

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why sexual reproduction?

meiosis produces new genetic combinations, increasing parents reproductive success

if offspring differ genetically, it is likely that more offspring will survive environmental change.

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dioecious

individuals of separate sexes

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monoecious:

both male & female organs (hermaphroditic)

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simultaneous hermaphrodites

possess both sex organs at the same time: snails, flatworms, earthworms

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sequential hermaphrodites

organs can change from male to female of female to male

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protandry

hermaphrodites that were males and become females

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protogyny

hermaphrodites that go from female to male

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why are organisms monogamous? 2

male parental care is required, mates are widely distributed

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define population	group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area
demography (2 ex)	study of population dynamics for example: -patterns of growth -age & sex composition
Geographic range & factors affecting it (3)	def: overall distribution of population factors: -tolerance limits by species -barriers to dispersal (bodies of water, mtn ranges) -individuals restricted to suitable habitat within overall range includes where population exists at all stages in life cycle
Clumped dispersion pattern (3)	caused by: -clumped resources -advantages in group living (defense/ increased foraging success) -tendency of offspring to stay close to their parents

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uniform/spaced dispersion pattern (2)	caused by: -competition for resources -needing more space to grow
Random Dispersion Pattern (2)	uniform environment no interaction with other species
Why are dispersion patterns formed?	unconformities in the habitat
factors affecting the ability to disperse between subpopulations (3)	-degree of unsuitability of intervening habitat -distance between subpopulations -mobility of species

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Koofers.com

3 models of subpopulations	metapopulation source sink model landscape model
metapopulation	sub populations occupy patches of a particular habitat type between which individuals move occasionally
habitat matrix	barrier to movement of individuals between subpopulations
source sink model	patches of habitat vary in quality source populations: where resources are abundant, individuals produce more offspring sink populations: poorer quality habitat, population is made up of individuals forced there from elsewhere sink affected by source

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Koofers.com

landscape model	considers affect of habitat matrix on subpopulations certain parts of matrix may contain resources / harbor diseases and have predators
how do humans contribute to subpopulations?	throught habitat fregmentation
the quality of habitat patches erode due to (5)	-predation -competition -diseases & parasitism -human intrusion -adverse changes in microclimate conditions
red queen hypothesis	evolutionary hypothesis explaining why most organisms reproduce sexually because organisms are constantly attacked by parasites and disease... there is pressure to create genetically variable offspring so that some of them have a chance of beating the disease of parasite. essentially, keep running to stay in the same place... stay one step ahead to stay alive

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ecological factors that determine dispersion of individuals (2)	resource distribution, predation risk
dominance heirarchy	individuals coexist, but do not share resources equitably
territoriality	individuals defend exclusive access to the resource
3 types of territories	all purpose, feeding, mating

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economic defensibility	benefits of territory ownership outweigh costs
benefits (2) & costs (3) of defending a territory	benefits: exclusive access to resources and mates, more efficient use of time costs: time and energy spent on territorial defense, increased exposure during defense, risk of injury
benefits (3) & costs (3) of living in groups	B: reduced predation risk, increased foraging success, more parental care C: competition, disease, risk of exploitation
protective benefits of group living (4)	dilution effect: central individuals also shielded by peripheral individuals (selfish herd), confusion effect, early warning of predators, cooperative defense

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foraging benefits of group living (3)	copying, reduced viligance per individual; more time available for foraging, cooperative prey capture
Altruism	donors give up fitness to increase fitness of others without ever receiving anything in return kin selective; individuals want to pass on genes of their family because they are closely related to their own example: lions help take over new prides but may never share paternity
mutualism	individuals hunt in coordinated ways and share food
reciprocal altruism	individuals give up fitness to improve fitness of others knowing that they will soon be repaid example: vampire bats

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Koofers.com

direct fitness	personal reproductive success
indirect fitness	increase in reproductive success by helping kin
inclusive fitness	direct + indirect fitness
when is altruism favored?	when Br > C B = fitness benefit to recipient r = coefficient of relatedness C = fitness cost to donor

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Koofers.com

Eusocial insects	most altruistic sterile females develop from fetilized eggs (diploid) males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid) Queens share 50% of genes w/ offspring Workers share 75% of genes with offspring workers are more closely related to others than to owm potential offspring
types of asexual reproduction (3)	budding, parthenogenesis, propagules
implications of asexual reproduction	offspring are genetically identical to parents and each other... clones
costs of sex 3	time and energy costs: male aquisition, attraction of pollinators cost of meiosis: each parent passes on half as much DNA (female cost is reduced if males contribute lots of parental care)

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why sexual reproduction?	meiosis produces new genetic combinations, increasing parents reproductive success if offspring differ genetically, it is likely that more offspring will survive environmental change.
dioecious	individuals of separate sexes
monoecious:	both male & female organs (hermaphroditic)
simultaneous hermaphrodites	possess both sex organs at the same time: snails, flatworms, earthworms

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sequential hermaphrodites	organs can change from male to female of female to male
protandry	hermaphrodites that were males and become females
protogyny	hermaphrodites that go from female to male
why are organisms monogamous? 2	male parental care is required, mates are widely distributed

Generated by

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List View: Terms & Definitions

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	define population	group of individuals of the same species occupying the same area
	demography (2 ex)	study of population dynamics for example: -patterns of growth -age & sex composition
	Geographic range & factors affecting it (3)	def: overall distribution of population factors: -tolerance limits by species -barriers to dispersal (bodies of water, mtn ranges) -individuals restricted to suitable habitat within overall range includes where population exists at all stages in life cycle
	Clumped dispersion pattern (3)	caused by: -clumped resources -advantages in group living (defense/ increased foraging success) -tendency of offspring to stay close to their parents
	uniform/spaced dispersion pattern (2)	caused by: -competition for resources -needing more space to grow
	Random Dispersion Pattern (2)	uniform environment no interaction with other species
	Why are dispersion patterns formed?	unconformities in the habitat
	factors affecting the ability to disperse between subpopulations (3)	-degree of unsuitability of intervening habitat -distance between subpopulations -mobility of species
	3 models of subpopulations	metapopulation source sink model landscape model
	metapopulation	sub populations occupy patches of a particular habitat type between which individuals move occasionally
	habitat matrix	barrier to movement of individuals between subpopulations
	source sink model	patches of habitat vary in quality source populations: where resources are abundant, individuals produce more offspring sink populations: poorer quality habitat, population is made up of individuals forced there from elsewhere sink affected by source
	landscape model	considers affect of habitat matrix on subpopulations certain parts of matrix may contain resources / harbor diseases and have predators
	how do humans contribute to subpopulations?	throught habitat fregmentation
	the quality of habitat patches erode due to (5)	-predation -competition -diseases & parasitism -human intrusion -adverse changes in microclimate conditions
	red queen hypothesis	evolutionary hypothesis explaining why most organisms reproduce sexually because organisms are constantly attacked by parasites and disease... there is pressure to create genetically variable offspring so that some of them have a chance of beating the disease of parasite. essentially, keep running to stay in the same place... stay one step ahead to stay alive
	ecological factors that determine dispersion of individuals (2)	resource distribution, predation risk
	dominance heirarchy	individuals coexist, but do not share resources equitably
	territoriality	individuals defend exclusive access to the resource
	3 types of territories	all purpose, feeding, mating
	economic defensibility	benefits of territory ownership outweigh costs
	benefits (2) & costs (3) of defending a territory	benefits: exclusive access to resources and mates, more efficient use of time costs: time and energy spent on territorial defense, increased exposure during defense, risk of injury
	benefits (3) & costs (3) of living in groups	B: reduced predation risk, increased foraging success, more parental care C: competition, disease, risk of exploitation
	protective benefits of group living (4)	dilution effect: central individuals also shielded by peripheral individuals (selfish herd), confusion effect, early warning of predators, cooperative defense
	foraging benefits of group living (3)	copying, reduced viligance per individual; more time available for foraging, cooperative prey capture
	Altruism	donors give up fitness to increase fitness of others without ever receiving anything in return kin selective; individuals want to pass on genes of their family because they are closely related to their own example: lions help take over new prides but may never share paternity
	mutualism	individuals hunt in coordinated ways and share food
	reciprocal altruism	individuals give up fitness to improve fitness of others knowing that they will soon be repaid example: vampire bats
	direct fitness	personal reproductive success
	indirect fitness	increase in reproductive success by helping kin
	inclusive fitness	direct + indirect fitness
	when is altruism favored?	when Br > C B = fitness benefit to recipient r = coefficient of relatedness C = fitness cost to donor
	Eusocial insects	most altruistic sterile females develop from fetilized eggs (diploid) males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid) Queens share 50% of genes w/ offspring Workers share 75% of genes with offspring workers are more closely related to others than to owm potential offspring
	types of asexual reproduction (3)	budding, parthenogenesis, propagules
	implications of asexual reproduction	offspring are genetically identical to parents and each other... clones
	costs of sex 3	time and energy costs: male aquisition, attraction of pollinators cost of meiosis: each parent passes on half as much DNA (female cost is reduced if males contribute lots of parental care)
	why sexual reproduction?	meiosis produces new genetic combinations, increasing parents reproductive success if offspring differ genetically, it is likely that more offspring will survive environmental change.
	dioecious	individuals of separate sexes
	monoecious:	both male & female organs (hermaphroditic)
	simultaneous hermaphrodites	possess both sex organs at the same time: snails, flatworms, earthworms
	sequential hermaphrodites	organs can change from male to female of female to male
	protandry	hermaphrodites that were males and become females
	protogyny	hermaphrodites that go from female to male
	why are organisms monogamous? 2	male parental care is required, mates are widely distributed

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