Exam 1 - Flashcards

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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Science Process Skills (Observation)

• Involve senses
• Describe changes when possible
• As numerous as possibly
• Quantity
• Typically agreed upon

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Science Process Skills (Inference)

• Based on observations
• Tied to experiences
• Makes sense of what we see/experience
• Based on judgements or interpretations
• May not be agreed upon

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Science Process Skills (Qualitative)

info gathered using senses. (smell, taste, touch, sound, and shape)

• fav food
• fav music
• season born in

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Science Process Skills (Quantitative)

info gathered by exact measurement. (height in cm, mass in grams, and time in secs)

• height
• weight

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Table

• - has 2 axis
  
• multiplication table

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Chart

• - has 1 axis
• calendar

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Data Display (Graphs)

• Bar Graph
• Line Graph (change over time)
• Pie Graph
• Scatter Plot

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Data Display (Diagrams)

• Venn
• Flow Chart
• Web
• Food Pyramid
• Time Line

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Hypothesis

• Must use if...then statement and add a because.
• Good Hypothesis:
• ID variables in event/relationship
• ID pair of logically related variables
• ID independent/dependent variables
• IF = independent
• THEN = dependent

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Variables (independent, dependent, controls)

• Independent- changed intentionally (1 change).
• Dependent- what happens because of the change (result).
• Controls- what is NOT changed but is constantly there. There may be several but to be useful one 1 at a time can be manipulated intentionally. All others must be controlled throughout the experiment. If more than one is altered then the result is not valid.

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Scientific Method

• Q uestion
• R esearch
• H ypothesis
• T est
• C onclusion
• Quick raccoons hunt tricky crawdads!

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• Dichotamous Key
• Two choices

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Levels of Classification

• D omain (most inclusive group)
• K ingdoms (groups of evolutionary closeness)
• P hylum
• C lass
• O rder
• F amily
• G enus (binomial nomenclature)
• S pecies
• Didn’t King Phillip come over for good spaghetti.

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Characteristics of Life

-Dr. C’s List:

• Cells
• Use Energy
• Reproduce
• DNA
• Respond to Environment
• Adapt/change (long term)
• Homeostasis
• Living things must meet ALL the characteristics.

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Viruses

• Involve senses
• Describe changes when possible
• As numerous as possibly
• Quantity
• Typically agreed upon

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Phyla Sponges

• Least Complex w/o a vertebrate.
• No symmetry or consistent body shape.
  
• Water flows through its body.
  
• Stationary animal.
  
• Ex: Tube Sponge, Yellow Sponge
  

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Phyla Cnideria

• Some have stinging structures. (Predator)
• Digestive tract is the entrance/exit.
• Has tissues.
• Examples: Coral and Sea Urchin
  

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Phyla Flat Worms

• Some of the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry. (right/left side + a head)
• 3 tissue layers and has no body cavity.
• Digestive tract is the entrance/exit.
  
• *Tapeworm

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Phyla Annelid

• Bilateral symmetry. (right/left side + a head)
• Complete digestive tract with 2 ends.
• Tube within a tube.
• Earthworms and leeches
  

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Phyla Arthropod

• More species than any other phylum.
  
• Bilateral symmetry. (right/left side + a head)
• Has legs/wings/antenna
• Lobster, grasshopper, and tick
  

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Phyla Mollusca

• Some propel using their siphon as a water jet. (squid)
  
• Complete digestive tract with 2 ends.
• Some have shells but all have mantles.
• Squid, snail, and oyster.
  

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Phyla Echinodermata

• Most Complex w/o a vertebrate.
• 5 pair radial symmetry.
• All live in the ocean.
• Complete digestive tract with 2 ends.
• Starfish and sea cucumbers.
  

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Phyla Chordata

• Most Complex with a vertebrate.
• All have spinal cord and most have a backbone.
• Increased complexity due to having DNA.
• Jaws and skull important in evolution.
• Birds, reptiles, mammals.
  

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Kingdoms: Simplest to Most Complex

• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

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Domains: Simplest to Most Complex

• Archaea 
•     *Most of the Known Prokaryotes

• Bacteria 
•     *Prokaryotes of Extreme Environments
• Eukarya
•     *Eukaryotic Cells

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Kingdom (Archaea)

• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
• Biochemically different from Bacteria.
• Chemosynthetic producers in ecosystems (put together chemicals for food)
• Similar to the 1st living things on Earth
• Unicellular; w/ cell wall
• Dont make you sick.
• Archaea Are EXTREMOPHILES!
•    *Deep & Salty Sea (halophiles)
•    *Volcano vents (methagens)
• 
  

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Kingdom (Bacteria)

• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Some are autotrophs (producers)
• Some are heterotrophic (get energy from other source)
• Binary fussion. (split in 2)
• Names accoring to the shape:
• Rod, circle, and spiral
• Found in mild environments.

• Examples: Staph & Ecoli

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Kingdom (Protista)

• Eukaryotic
• "trashcan"
• Most are unicellular
• Some are autotrophs. (producers)

• Some are heterotrophs. (consumers/decomposer)
• Reproduce sexually & asexually. (fussion)
• More complex
  
• Slime Mold (Fungus Like)
• Algae (Plant Like)
• Protozoans (Animal Like)

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Kingdom (Fungi)

• Eukaryotic
• The ‘soup eaters’
• Uni and Multi cellular
• Has cell walls.
• Heterotrophs (decomposers in the ecosystem and get their food by ‘dissolving’ it w/ enzymes & absorbing)
• Reproduce sexually & asexually.

• Bodies are made of mycelia and hyphae.
• Includes:Yeast (single celled) Mold Mildew (multi celled)Mushrooms (multi celled)

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Kingdom (Plants)

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Both non-vascular & vascular
• (Vascular w/ roots, stems, leaves)
• Has cell walls
• Autotrophs (produces of photosynthesis)
• Reproduce seuxally & asexually.

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Kingdom (Plants) Two Types/Phyla:

• Two Types/Phyla:
• Bryophytes (non-vascular)
• Needs water for growth & reproduction.
• -Mosses
• Tracheophytes (vascular)
• Spore Plants
• -Fern
• Seed Plants

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Kingdom (Plants) Two Groups of Seed Plants: Gymnosperms

• Conifers
• -Pine
• -Cedar

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Kingdom (Plants) Two Groups of Seed Plants: Angiosperms

• Flowering plants

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Kingdom (Plants) Two Types of Angiosperms: Monocot

• 1 seed leaf
• floral parts in 3
• parallel veins
• -Wheat
• -Tulip
• -Iris
• -Corn

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Kingdom (Plants) Two Types of Angiosperms: Dicot

• 2 seed leaves
• floral parts in 4 and 5
• net veins
• -Ivy
• -Tulip Poplar
• -Magnolia

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Virgina Pine

• short thick needles
• needles in clusters of 2
• twisted needles

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Eastern White Pine

• long thin needles
• needles in clusters of 5

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Red Maple

• "dinosaur foot"

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Eastern Redbud

• Opalmat vein pattern

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Red Oak

• "Indians used arrows"
• veins go beyond lobes

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White Oak

• "White men used bullets"

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Flowering Dogwood

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Southern Magnolia

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Silver Maple

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Sugar Maple

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Tulip Poplar

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Kingdom (Animal)

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs (consumers through indegestion)
• Consumers in ecosystems
• Some asexual/mostly sexually reproduce

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Kingdom (Animals) 8 Phyla

*Students can fart and always make excellent choices.

• Vertebrate:
• Chordate
• No Vertebrate:
• Sponges (Least Complex)
• Cnidarians
• Flatworms
• Annelids
• Arthropods
• Molluscs
• Echinoderms (Most Complex)

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Prokaryotes

• no nucleus
• TINY
• 1 celled
• DNA = 1 circular chromosome
• Binary fission (splits in 2)
• Flagella = 1 protein strand.
• Metabolism (energy use) = Anaerobic (no O2) & Aerobic (use O2) processes.

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Eukaryotes

• Nucleus
• 10X larger
• Most are multicelled
• DNA = 1 or more linear chromosomes
• More complex reproduction
• Flagella = more complex
• Metabolism (energy use) = Most Aerobic. (use O2)

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Science Process Skills (Observation)	Involve senses Describe changes when possible As numerous as possibly Quantity Typically agreed upon
Science Process Skills (Inference)	Based on observations Tied to experiences Makes sense of what we see/experience Based on judgements or interpretations May not be agreed upon
Science Process Skills (Qualitative)	info gathered using senses. (smell, taste, touch, sound, and shape) fav food fav music season born in
Science Process Skills (Quantitative)	info gathered by exact measurement. (height in cm, mass in grams, and time in secs) height weight

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Table	- has 2 axis multiplication table
Chart	- has 1 axis calendar
Data Display (Graphs)	Bar Graph Line Graph (change over time) Pie Graph Scatter Plot
Data Display (Diagrams)	Venn Flow Chart Web Food Pyramid Time Line

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Hypothesis	Must use if...then statement and add a because. Good Hypothesis: ID variables in event/relationship ID pair of logically related variables ID independent/dependent variables IF = independent THEN = dependent
Variables (independent, dependent, controls)	Independent- changed intentionally (1 change). Dependent- what happens because of the change (result). Controls- what is NOT changed but is constantly there. There may be several but to be useful one 1 at a time can be manipulated intentionally. All others must be controlled throughout the experiment. If more than one is altered then the result is not valid.
Scientific Method	Q uestion R esearch H ypothesis T est C onclusion Quick raccoons hunt tricky crawdads!
	Dichotamous Key Two choices

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Levels of Classification	D omain (most inclusive group) K ingdoms (groups of evolutionary closeness) P hylum C lass O rder F amily G enus (binomial nomenclature) S pecies Didn’t King Phillip come over for good spaghetti.
Characteristics of Life	-Dr. C’s List: Cells Use Energy Reproduce DNA Respond to Environment Adapt/change (long term) Homeostasis Living things must meet ALL the characteristics.
Viruses	Involve senses Describe changes when possible As numerous as possibly Quantity Typically agreed upon
Phyla Sponges	Least Complex w/o a vertebrate. No symmetry or consistent body shape. Water flows through its body. Stationary animal. Ex: Tube Sponge, Yellow Sponge

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Phyla Cnideria	Some have stinging structures. (Predator) Digestive tract is the entrance/exit. Has tissues. Examples: Coral and Sea Urchin
Phyla Flat Worms	Some of the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry. (right/left side + a head) 3 tissue layers and has no body cavity. Digestive tract is the entrance/exit. *Tapeworm
Phyla Annelid	Bilateral symmetry. (right/left side + a head) Complete digestive tract with 2 ends. Tube within a tube. Earthworms and leeches
Phyla Arthropod	More species than any other phylum. Bilateral symmetry. (right/left side + a head) Has legs/wings/antenna Lobster, grasshopper, and tick

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Phyla Mollusca	Some propel using their siphon as a water jet. (squid) Complete digestive tract with 2 ends. Some have shells but all have mantles. Squid, snail, and oyster.
Phyla Echinodermata	Most Complex w/o a vertebrate. 5 pair radial symmetry. All live in the ocean. Complete digestive tract with 2 ends. Starfish and sea cucumbers.
Phyla Chordata	Most Complex with a vertebrate. All have spinal cord and most have a backbone. Increased complexity due to having DNA. Jaws and skull important in evolution. Birds, reptiles, mammals.
Kingdoms: Simplest to Most Complex	Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plants Animals

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Domains: Simplest to Most Complex	Archaea      *Most of the Known Prokaryotes Bacteria      *Prokaryotes of Extreme Environments Eukarya     *Eukaryotic Cells
Kingdom (Archaea)	Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Biochemically different from Bacteria. Chemosynthetic producers in ecosystems (put together chemicals for food) Similar to the 1st living things on Earth Unicellular; w/ cell wall Dont make you sick. Archaea Are EXTREMOPHILES!    *Deep & Salty Sea (halophiles)    *Volcano vents (methagens)
Kingdom (Bacteria)	Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Unicellular Some are autotrophs (producers) Some are heterotrophic (get energy from other source) Binary fussion. (split in 2) Names accoring to the shape: Rod, circle, and spiral Found in mild environments. Examples: Staph & Ecoli
Kingdom (Protista)	Eukaryotic "trashcan" Most are unicellular Some are autotrophs. (producers) Some are heterotrophs. (consumers/decomposer) Reproduce sexually & asexually. (fussion) More complex Slime Mold (Fungus Like) Algae (Plant Like) Protozoans (Animal Like)

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Kingdom (Fungi)	Eukaryotic The ‘soup eaters’ Uni and Multi cellular Has cell walls. Heterotrophs (decomposers in the ecosystem and get their food by ‘dissolving’ it w/ enzymes & absorbing) Reproduce sexually & asexually. Bodies are made of mycelia and hyphae. Includes:Yeast (single celled) Mold Mildew (multi celled)Mushrooms (multi celled)
Kingdom (Plants)	Eukaryotic Multicellular Both non-vascular & vascular (Vascular w/ roots, stems, leaves) Has cell walls Autotrophs (produces of photosynthesis) Reproduce seuxally & asexually.
Kingdom (Plants) Two Types/Phyla:	Two Types/Phyla: Bryophytes (non-vascular) Needs water for growth & reproduction. -Mosses Tracheophytes (vascular) Spore Plants -Fern Seed Plants
Kingdom (Plants) Two Groups of Seed Plants: Gymnosperms	Conifers -Pine -Cedar

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Kingdom (Plants) Two Groups of Seed Plants: Angiosperms	Flowering plants
Kingdom (Plants) Two Types of Angiosperms: Monocot	1 seed leaf floral parts in 3 parallel veins -Wheat -Tulip -Iris -Corn
Kingdom (Plants) Two Types of Angiosperms: Dicot	2 seed leaves floral parts in 4 and 5 net veins -Ivy -Tulip Poplar -Magnolia
	Virgina Pine short thick needles needles in clusters of 2 twisted needles

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	Eastern White Pine long thin needles needles in clusters of 5
	Red Maple "dinosaur foot"
	Eastern Redbud Opalmat vein pattern
	Red Oak "Indians used arrows" veins go beyond lobes

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	White Oak "White men used bullets"
	Flowering Dogwood
	Southern Magnolia
	Silver Maple

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	Sugar Maple
	Tulip Poplar
Kingdom (Animal)	Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophs (consumers through indegestion) Consumers in ecosystems Some asexual/mostly sexually reproduce
Kingdom (Animals) 8 Phyla	*Students can fart and always make excellent choices. Vertebrate: Chordate No Vertebrate: Sponges (Least Complex) Cnidarians Flatworms Annelids Arthropods Molluscs Echinoderms (Most Complex)

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Prokaryotes	no nucleus TINY 1 celled DNA = 1 circular chromosome Binary fission (splits in 2) Flagella = 1 protein strand. Metabolism (energy use) = Anaerobic (no O2) & Aerobic (use O2) processes.
Eukaryotes	Nucleus 10X larger Most are multicelled DNA = 1 or more linear chromosomes More complex reproduction Flagella = more complex Metabolism (energy use) = Most Aerobic. (use O2)

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