Exam 1 Micro - Flashcards

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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Spontaneous Generation

The hypothesis that living organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life

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Biogenesis

The theory that living cells arise only from preexsisting cells

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Bacteriology

The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea

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Mycology

The scientific study of fungi

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Parasitology

The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms

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Immunology

The study of a host's defenses to a pathogen

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Virology

The scientific study of viruses

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Normal microbiota

The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora

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Resistance

The ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity

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Biofilm

A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface

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emerging infectious disease

A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future

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Taxonomy

The science of the classification of organisms

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms; phylogenic relationships are evolutionary relationships

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clone

a population of cells arising from a single parent cell

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culture

microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium

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strain

genetically different cells within a clone

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Total magnification

the magnification of a microscopic specimen, determined by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification

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Resolution

the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument; also called resolving power

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axial filiments

the structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum
-anchored at one end of a cell
-rotation causes cell to move

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Flagella

outside cell wall, made of chains of flagellin, attached to a protein hook, anchored to the wall andmembrane by the basal body

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Fimbriae

an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachement

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Pili

used for motion, facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another, Gliding motion, Twitching motion

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Facilitated diffusion

the movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, mediated by transporter proteins

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Osmosis

the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrance from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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Active transport

net movement of a substance across a membrance against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expend energy

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Group translocation

in prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

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Simple diffusion

the net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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Organelle

a membrane-enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells

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Metabolism

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell

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competitive inhibition

a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for the active site of an enzyme

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noncompetitive inhibition

an inhibitory chemical that does not compete with the substrate for an enzyme's active site

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oxidation-reduction

a coupled reaction in which one substance is oxidized and on is reduced

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amphibolic pathway

a pathway that is both anabolic and catabolic

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Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms

Bacteria (Pro.)- peptidoglycan cell walls, binary fission, for energy use
Archaea (Pro.)- lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme envir., include: methanogens, extreme halophiles and thermophiles
Fungi (Euk.)- chitin cell walls, use organic chem. for energy, molds and mushrooms, yeasts are unicellular
Protozoa (Euk.)-absorb or ingest organic chemicals, may be motile
Algae (Euk.)- cellulose cell walls, photosynthesize, produce
Viruses(acellular)-DNA or RNA core
Multicellular animal parasites & Euk.-parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths, microsopic stages in life cycles

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List the three domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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Explain the importantace of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hooke 1665- reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells


Anton van Leewenhoek- described living microorganisms

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Needham

put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
Conditions:
Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask

Results:
Microbial growth

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Spallanzani

boiled nutrient solutions in flasks
Conditions:
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed

Results:
No microbial growth (because of the heat and lid)

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Virchow

said that cells arise from preexisting cells

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Pasteur

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
Conditions:
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed (1)
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed (2)

Results:
Microbial growth (1)
No microbial growth (2)

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How did Pasteur's work influence Lister and Koch?

Lister- used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

Koch- proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experiemental steps

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Koch's postulates

used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

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Jenner

-inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
-vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow
-the protection is called immunity
cowpox: makes you sick,then recover
smallpox: kills you

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Ehrlich

developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

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Fleming

discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed S. aureus, in the 1940s Penicillian was tested clinically and mass produced

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List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms

(1) Recycling vital elements
(2) Sewage treatment: using microbes to recycle water
(3) Bioremediation: using microbes to clean up pollutants
(4) Insect pest control by microorganisms

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List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains

Bacteria- includes all of the pathogenic prokaryotes as well as many of the nonpathogenic prokaryotes found in soil and water. The photoautotrophic prokaryotes are also inthis domain
Archaea-includes prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their walls. They often live in extreme environments and carry out unusual metabolic processes. Three major groups (1) the methanogens, (2) extreme halophiles, (3) hyperthermophiles
Eukarya- animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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Eukaryotic

a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves
Fungi: chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin, developfrom spores or hyphal fragments
Protists: a catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms,
Animalia- multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
Plantae-multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

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Prokaryotic

a population of cells with similar characteristics
Culture-grown in laboratory media
Clone-population of cells derived from a single cell
Strain-genetically different cells within a clone

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Viral species

population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
-Viruses are not living!

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Classification

placing organisms in groups of related species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms

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Identification

matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms
-clinical lab identification

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Purpose of Bergey's Manual

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology: provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea

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Explain how electron microscopy differs from light microscopy

Light microscopy- use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens, types include: compound light microscopy, darkfield microscopy, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, confocal

Electron microscopy- uses electrons instead of light, the shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution

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Differentiate an acidic dye from a basic dye

Acidic dye- the color is in the negative ion

Basic dye- the color is in the positive ion

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Explain the purpose of simple staining

the primary purpose is to highlight the entire microorganism so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visble

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List the steps in preparing a gram stain/describe the appearance of gram+/gram-

(1) heat-fixed smear is covered with crystal violet,
(2) After a short time, rinse crystal violet, then cover with iodine (mordant), when iodine is washed off, both gram+/gram- appear dark purple
(3) Rinse with alcohol acetone solution (decolorize)
(4) the alcohol is rinsed off, now the slide is stained with safranin, rinse again and blot dry
Gram+: will retain the color after the decolorizing process
Gram-: lose the purple color after the decolorizing process, bacteria will be pink

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Compare and contrast gram stain and the acid-fast stain

Gram stain- one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram-positive and gram-negative

Acid-fast stain- binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls

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Prokaryotes

-one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
-no histones
-no organelles
-peptidoglycan cell walls of Bacteria
-pseudomurein cell walls of Archaea
-Binary fission

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Eukaryotes

-Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
-histones
-organelles
-polysaccharide cell walls
-mitotic spindle

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Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria

Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical)
Sprial
-Spirillium
-Vibrio
-Spirochete

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Structure and function of the glycocalyx

-outside cell wall
-usually sticky
-capsule:neatly organized
-slime layer: unorganized and loose
-extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
-capsules prevent phagocytosis
-allow bacteria to stick to things

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Compare/contrast the cell walls of Gram+ bacteria, Gram- bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, archaea and mycoplasmas

Gram + cell wall: thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, 2-ring basal body, disrupted by lysozyme, penicillan sensitive
Gram- cell wall: thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space, 4-ring basal body, endotoxin, tetracycline sensitive
Acid-fast bacteria: like gram-positive, waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan, Mycobacterium, nocardia
Mycoplasmas: lack cell walls, sterols in plasma membrane
Archaea: wall-less or walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

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Structure, chemistry and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

Structure: phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, intergral proteins, transmembrane, proteins
-selective permeability: allows passage of some molecules
-enzymes for ATP production
-photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids
-damage to the plasma membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents

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Nucleoid

usually contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome

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Ribosomes

all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain them, they function as the sites of protein synthesis

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Identify the functions of four inclusions

Metachromatic Granules (volutin)-phosphate reserves
Carboxysomes- ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Gas vacuoles- protein-covered cylinders
Magnetosomes-iron oxide, destroys hydrogen peroxide

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Endospores

when essential nutrients are depleted, certain gram-positive bacteria form specialized "resting" cells

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Sporulation

the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell (takes several hours)

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Endospore germination

when an endospore returns to its vegetative state

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Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella

Prokaryotic-outside cell wall, made of chains of flagellin, attached to a protein hook, anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

Eukaryotic-projections are few and are long in relation to the size of the cell

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Nucleus

contains the chromosomes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport network

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Golgi complex

membrane formation and secretion

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Lysosomes

Digestive enzymes

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Vacuoles

brings food into cells and provides support

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Mitochondria

cellular respiration

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Chloroplast

photosynthesis

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Peroxisome

oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

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Centrosome

consists of protein fibers and centrioles

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Endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution

according to this theory, larger bacterial cellslost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells
-the ancestral eukaryote developed a rudimentary nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around the chromosome

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Ocular lens

eyepiece, remagnifies the image formed by the objective lens

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Body tube

transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens

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Objective lenses

primary lenses that magnify the specimen

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Stage

holds the microscope slide in position

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Condenser

Focuses light through specimen

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Diaphragm

controls the amount of light entering the condenser

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Illuminator

light source

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Identify the building blocks of carbohydrates.

C (carbon), H (hydrogen), and O (oxygen)

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Differentiate simple lipids, complex lipids, and steroids.

simple lipids- fats, or triglycerides, contain an alcohol call glycerol and a group of compounds known as fatty acids.
Complex lipids- contain such elements as phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur, in addition to the C, H, and O found in simple lipids
Steroids- are structurally very different from lipids, they have four interconnected carbon rings

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Identify the building blocks and structure of proteins.

proteins are organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogren, oxygen, and nitrogen, some contain sulfur.
--proteins are built from 20 amino acids, the structure is determined by the sequence of the a.a.

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Identify the building blocks of nucleic acids.

nucleotides

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Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities.

ATP is the principal energy-carrying molecule of all cells and is indispensable to the life of the cell. It stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions, and it provides the energy for reactions that require energy.

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Spontaneous Generation	The hypothesis that living organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life
Biogenesis	The theory that living cells arise only from preexsisting cells
Bacteriology	The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea
Mycology	The scientific study of fungi

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Parasitology	The scientific study of parasitic protozoa and worms
Immunology	The study of a host's defenses to a pathogen
Virology	The scientific study of viruses
Normal microbiota	The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora

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Resistance	The ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity
Biofilm	A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface
emerging infectious disease	A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future
Taxonomy	The science of the classification of organisms

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Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a group of organisms; phylogenic relationships are evolutionary relationships
clone	a population of cells arising from a single parent cell
culture	microorganisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium
strain	genetically different cells within a clone

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Total magnification	the magnification of a microscopic specimen, determined by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification
Resolution	the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument; also called resolving power
axial filiments	the structure for motility found in spirochetes; also called endoflagellum -anchored at one end of a cell -rotation causes cell to move
Flagella	outside cell wall, made of chains of flagellin, attached to a protein hook, anchored to the wall andmembrane by the basal body

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Fimbriae	an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachement
Pili	used for motion, facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another, Gliding motion, Twitching motion
Facilitated diffusion	the movement of a substance across a plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration, mediated by transporter proteins
Osmosis	the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrance from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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Active transport	net movement of a substance across a membrance against a concentration gradient; requires the cell to expend energy
Group translocation	in prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane
Simple diffusion	the net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Organelle	a membrane-enclosed structure within eukaryotic cells

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Metabolism	the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell
competitive inhibition	a chemical that competes with the normal substrate for the active site of an enzyme
noncompetitive inhibition	an inhibitory chemical that does not compete with the substrate for an enzyme's active site
oxidation-reduction	a coupled reaction in which one substance is oxidized and on is reduced

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amphibolic pathway	a pathway that is both anabolic and catabolic
Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms	Bacteria (Pro.)- peptidoglycan cell walls, binary fission, for energy use Archaea (Pro.)- lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme envir., include: methanogens, extreme halophiles and thermophiles Fungi (Euk.)- chitin cell walls, use organic chem. for energy, molds and mushrooms, yeasts are unicellular Protozoa (Euk.)-absorb or ingest organic chemicals, may be motile Algae (Euk.)- cellulose cell walls, photosynthesize, produce Viruses(acellular)-DNA or RNA core Multicellular animal parasites & Euk.-parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths, microsopic stages in life cycles
List the three domains	Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Explain the importantace of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek	Robert Hooke 1665- reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells Anton van Leewenhoek- described living microorganisms

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Needham	put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks Conditions: Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask Results: Microbial growth
Spallanzani	boiled nutrient solutions in flasks Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed Results: No microbial growth (because of the heat and lid)
Virchow	said that cells arise from preexisting cells
Pasteur	demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed (1) Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed (2) Results: Microbial growth (1) No microbial growth (2)

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How did Pasteur's work influence Lister and Koch?	Lister- used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections Koch- proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experiemental steps
Koch's postulates	used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
Jenner	-inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox -vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow -the protection is called immunity cowpox: makes you sick,then recover smallpox: kills you
Ehrlich	developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

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Fleming	discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic that killed S. aureus, in the 1940s Penicillian was tested clinically and mass produced
List at least four beneficial activities of microorganisms	(1) Recycling vital elements (2) Sewage treatment: using microbes to recycle water (3) Bioremediation: using microbes to clean up pollutants (4) Insect pest control by microorganisms
List the characteristics of the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya domains	Bacteria- includes all of the pathogenic prokaryotes as well as many of the nonpathogenic prokaryotes found in soil and water. The photoautotrophic prokaryotes are also inthis domain Archaea-includes prokaryotes that do not have peptidoglycan in their walls. They often live in extreme environments and carry out unusual metabolic processes. Three major groups (1) the methanogens, (2) extreme halophiles, (3) hyperthermophiles Eukarya- animals, plants, fungi, and protists
Eukaryotic	a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves Fungi: chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin, developfrom spores or hyphal fragments Protists: a catchall kingdom for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms, Animalia- multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic Plantae-multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

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Prokaryotic	a population of cells with similar characteristics Culture-grown in laboratory media Clone-population of cells derived from a single cell Strain-genetically different cells within a clone
Viral species	population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche -Viruses are not living!
Classification	placing organisms in groups of related species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms
Identification	matching characteristics of an "unknown" organism to lists of known organisms -clinical lab identification

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Purpose of Bergey's Manual	Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology: provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea
Explain how electron microscopy differs from light microscopy	Light microscopy- use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens, types include: compound light microscopy, darkfield microscopy, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, confocal Electron microscopy- uses electrons instead of light, the shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution
Differentiate an acidic dye from a basic dye	Acidic dye- the color is in the negative ion Basic dye- the color is in the positive ion
Explain the purpose of simple staining	the primary purpose is to highlight the entire microorganism so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visble

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List the steps in preparing a gram stain/describe the appearance of gram+/gram-	(1) heat-fixed smear is covered with crystal violet, (2) After a short time, rinse crystal violet, then cover with iodine (mordant), when iodine is washed off, both gram+/gram- appear dark purple (3) Rinse with alcohol acetone solution (decolorize) (4) the alcohol is rinsed off, now the slide is stained with safranin, rinse again and blot dry Gram+: will retain the color after the decolorizing process Gram-: lose the purple color after the decolorizing process, bacteria will be pink
Compare and contrast gram stain and the acid-fast stain	Gram stain- one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram-positive and gram-negative Acid-fast stain- binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls
Prokaryotes	-one circular chromosome, not in a membrane -no histones -no organelles -peptidoglycan cell walls of Bacteria -pseudomurein cell walls of Archaea -Binary fission
Eukaryotes	-Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane -histones -organelles -polysaccharide cell walls -mitotic spindle

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Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria	Bacillus (rod-shaped) Coccus (spherical) Sprial -Spirillium -Vibrio -Spirochete
Structure and function of the glycocalyx	-outside cell wall -usually sticky -capsule:neatly organized -slime layer: unorganized and loose -extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach -capsules prevent phagocytosis -allow bacteria to stick to things
Compare/contrast the cell walls of Gram+ bacteria, Gram- bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, archaea and mycoplasmas	Gram + cell wall: thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, 2-ring basal body, disrupted by lysozyme, penicillan sensitive Gram- cell wall: thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, periplasmic space, 4-ring basal body, endotoxin, tetracycline sensitive Acid-fast bacteria: like gram-positive, waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan, Mycobacterium, nocardia Mycoplasmas: lack cell walls, sterols in plasma membrane Archaea: wall-less or walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)
Structure, chemistry and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane	Structure: phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, intergral proteins, transmembrane, proteins -selective permeability: allows passage of some molecules -enzymes for ATP production -photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids -damage to the plasma membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents

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Nucleoid	usually contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome
Ribosomes	all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain them, they function as the sites of protein synthesis
Identify the functions of four inclusions	Metachromatic Granules (volutin)-phosphate reserves Carboxysomes- ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation Gas vacuoles- protein-covered cylinders Magnetosomes-iron oxide, destroys hydrogen peroxide
Endospores	when essential nutrients are depleted, certain gram-positive bacteria form specialized "resting" cells

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Sporulation	the process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell (takes several hours)
Endospore germination	when an endospore returns to its vegetative state
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella	Prokaryotic-outside cell wall, made of chains of flagellin, attached to a protein hook, anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Eukaryotic-projections are few and are long in relation to the size of the cell
Nucleus	contains the chromosomes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum	transport network
Golgi complex	membrane formation and secretion
Lysosomes	Digestive enzymes
Vacuoles	brings food into cells and provides support

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Mitochondria	cellular respiration
Chloroplast	photosynthesis
Peroxisome	oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
Centrosome	consists of protein fibers and centrioles

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Endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution	according to this theory, larger bacterial cellslost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacterial cells -the ancestral eukaryote developed a rudimentary nucleus when the plasma membrane folded around the chromosome
Ocular lens	eyepiece, remagnifies the image formed by the objective lens
Body tube	transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens
Objective lenses	primary lenses that magnify the specimen

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Stage	holds the microscope slide in position
Condenser	Focuses light through specimen
Diaphragm	controls the amount of light entering the condenser
Illuminator	light source

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Identify the building blocks of carbohydrates.	C (carbon), H (hydrogen), and O (oxygen)
Differentiate simple lipids, complex lipids, and steroids.	simple lipids- fats, or triglycerides, contain an alcohol call glycerol and a group of compounds known as fatty acids. Complex lipids- contain such elements as phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur, in addition to the C, H, and O found in simple lipids Steroids- are structurally very different from lipids, they have four interconnected carbon rings
Identify the building blocks and structure of proteins.	proteins are organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogren, oxygen, and nitrogen, some contain sulfur. --proteins are built from 20 amino acids, the structure is determined by the sequence of the a.a.
Identify the building blocks of nucleic acids.	nucleotides

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Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities.

ATP is the principal energy-carrying molecule of all cells and is indispensable to the life of the cell. It stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions, and it provides the energy for reactions that require energy.

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