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Class:BIOL 20C - Ecology & Evolution
Subject:Biology: Molecular Cell & Dev
University:University of California-Santa Cruz
Term:Winter 2011
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Name two types of freshwater ecosystems and define Lentic- still or slowly flowing water: lakes ponds swamps marshes, and bogs Lotic- rapidly flowing water streams rivers and creaks ( big streams are rivers and small streams are creeks)
Major horizontal zones Litoral: shallow enough for rooted vegetation (enough light to sustain) limnetic zone: too deep for rooted vegetation
Vertical zones Photic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: not enough light
the zone located at the bottom of lake or ocean Benthic zone
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Marshes differ from swamps in what way they lack woody plants
Both swamps and marshes have slow flowing water and are connected to stream, lake, or pond
These bodies of water do not have a source and are cut off and stagnant Bogs
The linear progression of streams and their properties early high streams: low temp low nutrients high oxygen mid: warmer higher nutrients lower oxygen low: warmed temp highest nutrients and lowest oxygen
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What are estuaries these form where rivers meet the oceans and are a mixture of fresh and salt water
Marine ecosystems (biomes)* all are horizontal? intertidal: covered and uncovered by tide nertitic : portion of ocean that lays over continental shelf (coral reef) oceanic- 90% off continental shelf
FAP stands for fixed action patterns (stereotypical or innate)
Three distinct characteristics of fixed action patterns once initiated the run to completion, inflexible, species specific
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FAPs are set off by ____ and respond to ______ release stimuli and threatening situations
Example of a FAP stereotypical Geese rolling eggs back to nest regardless if they actually effectively grabbed the egg or not OR robins fighting because of range patch (maintaing territory increases fittness)
Behavioral ecology* definition of behavior*
the way in which an animal responds to stimuli flexible behaviors
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behaviors that can be learned Learning
changed behavior based on previous experience imprinting
Response to first exposure to a stimulus – Fixed for life – Short critical (= sensitive) period conditioning
Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli simple learning example: salivating dog what is complex learning
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learning that occurs based on life experience ( bird eats butterfly) also known as mistake based learning What is the highest form of learnign
cognition recognition and manipulation of facts about the world. This includes ability to form concepts and gain insihgt example is octopus opening jars communication
very specific type of behavior that modifies the behavior of another What is a signal name 4 types of methods for these signals
information containing behavior types include visual tactile olfactory and auditory example: mating calls pheromones territorial fighting and the dance of the honey bee deception in communication
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both intra and inter specific. In order to persist it must be rare inter specific: butterfly fish with light on head and fireflies attract mate of another species intra: female mimicking male fish for safety FAP vs. learned
Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli Orientation
changing position relative to all
Each____ has a distinct temperature and precipitation range biome
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In biomes we need to look at both of these two things in regard to temperature and precipitation mean and variation
Name the six main biomes (TBTTST) TUNDRA, BOREAL FOREST, TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS, TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS, Subtropical desserts, TROPICAL WET FOREST
The average annual temperature her is very low but the variation in temperature is high. The precipitation variation and annual is both low Tundra. It is so cold here that the moisture sticks around unlike the dessert
Biome characterized by small shrubs no big trees tundra
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alpine/arctic tundra
Low temp and high variation and low variation and annual precipitation Taiga or boreal forest
This biome has moderate annual and variation temperature with moderate to low annual and moderate variation precip. Temperature grasslands
Here the average annual temp is moderate and the variation is high. The precipitation is moderate annual as well as in variation Deciduous forest the high variation we see is because of the hot summers
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high temperatures and low moisture leads to only drought tolerant plants in this biome subtropical dessert
In this biome we see a lot of conifers and evergreens Taiga
this would biome would be found in places like rhode island with trees that lose leaves every year Deciduous forest
australia is classified as this biome Subtropical dessert
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Only see these two biomes in the souther hemisphere TAIGA AND TUNDRA
Average temp here is high and variation is low with high precipitation and high variation Tropical wet forest
this biome is found along the equator tropical wet forest
Name two types of freshwater ecosystems and define Lentic- still or slowly flowing water: lakes ponds swamps marshes, and bogs Lotic- rapidly flowing water streams rivers and creaks ( big streams are rivers and small streams are creeks)
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Major horizontal zones Litoral: shallow enough for rooted vegetation (enough light to sustain) limnetic zone: too deep for rooted vegetation
Vertical zones Photic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: not enough light
the zone located at the bottom of lake or ocean Benthic zone
Marshes differ from swamps in what way they lack woody plants
Generated by Koofers.com
Both swamps and marshes have slow flowing water and are connected to stream, lake, or pond
These bodies of water do not have a source and are cut off and stagnant Bogs
The linear progression of streams and their properties early high streams: low temp low nutrients high oxygen mid: warmer higher nutrients lower oxygen low: warmed temp highest nutrients and lowest oxygen
What are estuaries these form where rivers meet the oceans and are a mixture of fresh and salt water
Generated by Koofers.com
Marine ecosystems (biomes)* all are horizontal? intertidal: covered and uncovered by tide nertitic : portion of ocean that lays over continental shelf (coral reef) oceanic- 90% off continental shelf
FAP stands for fixed action patterns (stereotypical or innate)
Three distinct characteristics of fixed action patterns once initiated the run to completion, inflexible, species specific
FAPs are set off by ____ and respond to ______ release stimuli and threatening situations
Generated by Koofers.com
Example of a FAP stereotypical Geese rolling eggs back to nest regardless if they actually effectively grabbed the egg or not OR robins fighting because of range patch (maintaing territory increases fittness)
Behavioral ecology* Definition
definition of behavior* the way in which an animal responds to stimuli
flexible behaviors behaviors that can be learned
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Learning changed behavior based on previous experience
imprinting Response to first exposure to a stimulus – Fixed for life – Short critical (= sensitive) period
conditioning Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli simple learning example: salivating dog
what is complex learning learning that occurs based on life experience ( bird eats butterfly) also known as mistake based learning
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What is the highest form of learnign cognition recognition and manipulation of facts about the world. This includes ability to form concepts and gain insihgt example is octopus opening jars
communication very specific type of behavior that modifies the behavior of another
What is a signal name 4 types of methods for these signals information containing behavior types include visual tactile olfactory and auditory example: mating calls pheromones territorial fighting and the dance of the honey bee
deception in communication both intra and inter specific. In order to persist it must be rare inter specific: butterfly fish with light on head and fireflies attract mate of another species intra: female mimicking male fish for safety
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FAP vs. learned Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli
Orientation changing position relative to all
taxis orientation relative to a stimulus phototaxis, phonotaxis, chemotaxis, thermotaxis, geotaxis ... - often involve movement along gradients photo= towards light phono= move towards sounds geo= orient towards gravity chemo= orient towards chemicals
Navigation three types what are they - Piloting (via learned routes and landmarks) - Compass Orientation * sun, stars – need Circadian Clock (24 hr) * magnetic field - “True” Navigation – combines several methods to go to precise location
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Altruism define behavior that impacts a cost to self to benefit another (slef sacrificing behavior)
What is kin selection and Hamiltons rule when altruism increases with degree of relatedness hamilton's rule is that where r is coefficient of relatedness and B is the benefit and c the cost to the individual rB> C in order for alrtuism to occur
Eusociality altruism in highly organized social groups that have sterile individuals. common in insect lines
haplodiploid The haplodiploid sex-determination system determines the sex of the offspring of many hymenopterans (bees, ants, and wasps), spider mites, coleopterans (bark beetles) and rotifers. males are haploid so every sperm contains the same chromosomes female bees are 75% related to each other
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reciprocal altruism self sacrificing behavior with unrelated but more common among individuals that have history
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 Name two types of freshwater ecosystems and defineLentic- still or slowly flowing water: lakes ponds swamps marshes, and bogs

Lotic- rapidly flowing water streams rivers and creaks ( big streams are rivers and small streams are creeks)
 Major horizontal zones Litoral: shallow enough for rooted vegetation (enough light to sustain)
limnetic zone: too deep for rooted vegetation
 Vertical zonesPhotic zone: enough light for photosynthesis
aphotic zone: not enough light
 the zone located at the bottom of lake or oceanBenthic zone
 Marshes differ from swamps in what waythey lack woody plants
 Both swamps and marshes haveslow flowing water and are connected to stream, lake, or pond
 These bodies of water do not have a source and are cut off and stagnant Bogs
 The linear progression of streams and their propertiesearly high streams: low temp low nutrients high oxygen
mid: warmer higher nutrients lower oxygen
low: warmed temp highest nutrients and lowest oxygen
 What are estuariesthese form where rivers meet the oceans and are a mixture of fresh and salt water
 Marine ecosystems (biomes)*all are horizontal?
intertidal: covered and uncovered by tide
nertitic : portion of ocean that lays over continental shelf (coral reef)
oceanic- 90% off continental shelf

 FAP stands for fixed action patterns (stereotypical or innate)
 Three distinct characteristics of fixed action patterns once initiated the run to completion, inflexible, species specific
 FAPs are set off by ____ and respond to ______release stimuli and threatening situations
 Example of a FAP stereotypical Geese rolling eggs back to nest regardless if they actually effectively grabbed the egg or not

OR robins fighting because of range patch (maintaing territory increases fittness)
 Behavioral ecology*definition of behavior*
 the way in which an animal responds to stimuli flexible behaviors
 behaviors that can be learnedLearning
 changed behavior based on previous experience imprinting
  Response to first exposure to a stimulus – Fixed for life – Short critical (= sensitive) periodconditioning
 Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli simple learning example: salivating dogwhat is complex learning
 learning that occurs based on life experience ( bird eats butterfly) also known as mistake based learning What is the highest form of learnign
 cognition recognition and manipulation of facts about the world. This includes ability to form concepts and gain insihgt example is octopus opening jars communication
 very specific type of behavior that modifies the behavior of another What is a signal name 4 types of methods for these signals
 information containing behavior types include visual tactile olfactory and auditory example: mating calls pheromones territorial fighting and the dance of the honey beedeception in communication
 both intra and inter specific. In order to persist it must be rare inter specific: butterfly fish with light on head and fireflies attract mate of another species intra: female mimicking male fish for safetyFAP vs. learned
 Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuliOrientation
 changing position relative to all  
 Each____ has a distinct temperature and precipitation rangebiome
 In biomes we need to look at both of these two things in regard to temperature and precipitation mean and variation
 Name the six main biomes (TBTTST) TUNDRA, BOREAL FOREST, TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS, TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS, Subtropical desserts, TROPICAL WET FOREST
 The average annual temperature her is very low but the variation in temperature is high. The precipitation variation and annual is both low Tundra. It is so cold here that the moisture sticks around unlike the dessert
 Biome characterized by small shrubs no big trees tundra
 alpine/arctictundra
 Low temp and high variation and low variation and annual precipitation Taiga or boreal forest
 This biome has moderate annual and variation temperature with moderate to low annual and moderate variation precip. Temperature grasslands
 Here the average annual temp is moderate and the variation is high. The precipitation is moderate annual as well as in variation Deciduous forest the high variation we see is because of the hot summers
 high temperatures and low moisture leads to only drought tolerant plants in this biome subtropical dessert
 In this biome we see a lot of conifers and evergreens Taiga
 this would biome would be found in places like rhode island with trees that lose leaves every yearDeciduous forest
 australia is classified as this biome Subtropical dessert
 Only see these two biomes in the souther hemisphere TAIGA AND TUNDRA
 Average temp here is high and variation is low with high precipitation and high variation Tropical wet forest
 this biome is found along the equatortropical wet forest
 Name two types of freshwater ecosystems and defineLentic- still or slowly flowing water: lakes ponds swamps marshes, and bogs

Lotic- rapidly flowing water streams rivers and creaks ( big streams are rivers and small streams are creeks)
 Major horizontal zones Litoral: shallow enough for rooted vegetation (enough light to sustain)
limnetic zone: too deep for rooted vegetation
 Vertical zonesPhotic zone: enough light for photosynthesis
aphotic zone: not enough light
 the zone located at the bottom of lake or oceanBenthic zone
 Marshes differ from swamps in what waythey lack woody plants
 Both swamps and marshes haveslow flowing water and are connected to stream, lake, or pond
 These bodies of water do not have a source and are cut off and stagnant Bogs
 The linear progression of streams and their propertiesearly high streams: low temp low nutrients high oxygen
mid: warmer higher nutrients lower oxygen
low: warmed temp highest nutrients and lowest oxygen
 What are estuariesthese form where rivers meet the oceans and are a mixture of fresh and salt water
 Marine ecosystems (biomes)*all are horizontal?
intertidal: covered and uncovered by tide
nertitic : portion of ocean that lays over continental shelf (coral reef)
oceanic- 90% off continental shelf

 FAP stands for fixed action patterns (stereotypical or innate)
 Three distinct characteristics of fixed action patterns once initiated the run to completion, inflexible, species specific
 FAPs are set off by ____ and respond to ______release stimuli and threatening situations
 Example of a FAP stereotypical Geese rolling eggs back to nest regardless if they actually effectively grabbed the egg or not

OR robins fighting because of range patch (maintaing territory increases fittness)
 Behavioral ecology*Definition
 definition of behavior* the way in which an animal responds to stimuli
 flexible behaviors behaviors that can be learned
 Learningchanged behavior based on previous experience
 imprinting Response to first exposure to a stimulus – Fixed for life – Short critical (= sensitive) period
 conditioning Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli

simple learning

example: salivating dog
 what is complex learning learning that occurs based on life experience ( bird eats butterfly)
also known as mistake based learning
 What is the highest form of learnigncognition recognition and manipulation of facts about the world. This includes ability to form concepts and gain insihgt example is octopus opening jars
 communicationvery specific type of behavior that modifies the behavior of another
 What is a signal name 4 types of methods for these signalsinformation containing behavior types include visual tactile olfactory and auditory
example: mating calls pheromones territorial fighting and the dance of the honey bee
 deception in communicationboth intra and inter specific. In order to persist it must be rare

inter specific: butterfly fish with light on head and fireflies attract mate of another species
intra: female mimicking male fish for safety
 FAP vs. learned Multiple exposures (training) lead to same (classical) response from > 2 correlated stimuli
 Orientationchanging position relative to all
 taxisorientation relative to a stimulus phototaxis, phonotaxis, chemotaxis,
thermotaxis, geotaxis ... - often involve movement along gradients

photo= towards light
phono= move towards sounds
geo= orient towards gravity
chemo= orient towards chemicals
 Navigation three types what are they
- Piloting (via learned routes and landmarks)
- Compass Orientation * sun, stars – need Circadian Clock (24 hr) * magnetic field
- “True” Navigation – combines several methods to go to precise location
 Altruism definebehavior that impacts a cost to self to benefit another (slef sacrificing behavior)
 What is kin selection and Hamiltons rulewhen altruism increases with degree of relatedness

hamilton's rule is that where r is coefficient of relatedness and B is the benefit and c the cost to the individual

rB> C in order for alrtuism to occur
 Eusocialityaltruism in highly organized social groups that have sterile individuals. common in insect lines
 haplodiploid The haplodiploid sex-determination system determines the sex of the offspring of many hymenopterans (bees, ants, and wasps), spider mites, coleopterans (bark beetles) and rotifers.

males are haploid so every sperm contains the same chromosomes female bees are 75% related to each other
 reciprocal altruism self sacrificing behavior with unrelated but more common among individuals that have history
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