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Final Review - Flashcards
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| Class: | BIOL 1230 - Microbiology |
| Subject: | BIOL Biology |
| University: | University of Memphis |
| Term: | Fall 2011 |
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protons influx
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The energy to propel bacteria flagella is from |
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peptidoglycan
|
The most important component of bacterial cell walls is |
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shorter, better
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Light of ______ wavelength typically will result in _____resolution |
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catabolism
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Digestive reactions where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones |
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periplasmic space
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found between the cell membrane and cell wall |
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both FADH and NADH
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In the electron transport chain the energy is generated directly from |
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pyruvic acid
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The end product of glycolysis is |
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pili
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cellular structure is only in prokaryotic cells |
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acid-fast bacteria
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Mycolic acid is found primarily outside the cell wall of a |
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ocular
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The lens closest to your eyes during a microscopic exam is |
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Koch's postulates
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designed to establish a casual relationship between a causative microbe and a disease |
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Oxygen
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When glucose is oxidized in respiration what chemical is finally reduced |
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NAD
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One of the end products for respiration is |
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bright field microscope
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A microscope in which light rays pass directly through a specimen |
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peptidoglycan
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makes up more than 50% of a gram positive cell wall |
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molecule
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two or more atoms combine to form a |
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haloenzyme
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consists of an apoenzyme plus a coenzyme, a protein and non-protein component, and an apoenzyme plus a cofactor |
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substrate level phosphorylation
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during glycolysis refers to the transfer of phosphate groups from phosphoendiphyruvic acid to ADP |
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amino acids
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proteins are chains of |
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enzymes
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proteins sometimes function as |
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substrate level phosphorylation
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The mechanism of ATP synthesis by the glycolytic pathway is called |
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-ose
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scientific name for a sugar usually ends in |
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tetriads
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Cocci shaped cells which divide along two planes will produce cells arranged into |
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ultraviolet light
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a key component of fluorescence microscopy |
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pleomorphic
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Bacteria which show a wide variety of shapes within a single species are |
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some 50 peptides
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The 70S bacterial ribosomes are madeup of |
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enzymes
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work by decreasing the activation energy of the reaction |
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Parasitologist
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studies parasites |
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mycologist
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studies fungi |
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peptioglycan
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Lysosome found in human tears controls the growth of bacteria by digesting |
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unsaturated fat
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Cis-fatty acid is |
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peritontrichous
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Bacteria with flagella all over their surface are |
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atomic number
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The total number of protons in an atom is equal to its |
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lipopolysaccharides
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The outer cell membrane composed of the cell contains |
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an anion
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In salt, a sodium atom loses an electron to a chlorine atom. The chloride ion found in salt is |
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gain an electron
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In order to become an ion an atom of chlorine must |
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mitochondria
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In eukaryotic cells enzymes of the TCA cycle is located at the |
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osmosis
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causes a hot dog to burst |
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cell theory
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Cells are fundamental units of life, replication requires the division of cells into equal cells, all organism are unicellular made up of one cell, hereditary information is passed on in the form of DNA |
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dekaliter
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10x of a liter |
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Closidium
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Endosporines are typically found in the genera |
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fermentation
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solution to dispose the surplus pyruvate inside the cell |
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scanning electron microscope
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3D views of cells and other small objects could best be obtained using a |
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heterotrophic
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organisms which get their carbon from other organisms |
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a car
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Example of enzyme action |
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Porins
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with gram negative outer membrane |
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HIV
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RNA virus that requires the enzymes in the nucleus for replication |
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RNA --> protein
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A positive strand RNA virus synthesizes its own proteins after infection in which sequences |
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shingles
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Reactivation of chickenpox long after the initial infection leads to |
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DNA
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In Griffith’s experiments the “transforming substance” was |
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a phage
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a virus which can infect bacteria |
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Kingdom Prokaryotae
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The kingdom minera is also |
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acidophiles
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1. would be expected to grow best in pH of 3 |
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mitochondria/chloroplasts
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strongest set of evidence showing horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic cells |
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competence
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1. refers to a stage by which bacterium is able to take naked DNA fragments |
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There is concern about the outbreak of Asian influenza in China
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1. because abundance of duck and pig farms sharing the same area with humans in China may accelerate avian viruses to infect humans |
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to the 3rd position of the ribose of another nucleotide
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Elongation of DNA requires the phosphate of a nucleotide to be attached |
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budding
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The type of cell reproduction in which a smaller, new cell develops from the surface of existing cell and then separates from the parents cell is |
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budding
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Mode of replication of yeast |
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plasma membrane
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viruses lack the presence of a |
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A and T nucleotide counts
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As discussed, the promoter region of a gene, and the initiation site for chromosome replication are of the high in |
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a naked virus
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has no membrane envelope |
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DNA polymerase
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During replication DNA is synthesized by |
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vertical gene transfer
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when genes are passed on from one parent to offspring it is called |
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they cant exist without a suitable host
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viruses are referred to as obligate parasites because |
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transduction
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in most human gene therapy studies, a normal gene of a cell is inserted into the genome of the target cell to replace abnormal disease causing gene is |
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mutation
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permanent alteration in the DNA of an organism |
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a culture
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Most bacteria do NOT immediately increase in number when placed in |
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phylum
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Organisms in the same family are more closely related than organisms in the same |
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lyctic cycle
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A viral cycle which ends with the rupture of the cell and release of new viral particles is the |
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host cell plasma membrane
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The viral envelope most likely comes from the |
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sometimes active and sometimes inactive
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Inducible enzymes are synthesized by genes that are |
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species
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a subgroup of a genus |
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Polyribosomes
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found in bacteria only |
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strain
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subgroup of a species |
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aerotolerant/anaerobes
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Which type of cell wall will generally shift to aerobic metabolism when oxygen is available or will carry on fermentation otherwise |
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alleles
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A variant of the DNA sequence found at the same locus are called |
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plant and animal
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The 2 kingdom system of classification divides all organisms in |
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nomenspecies
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organisms bearing a same binomial name |
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phage
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virus that infects bacteria |
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protein synthesis
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The mRNA carries instructions to ribosome for |
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enzymes
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1. Reduce activation energy; are sensitive to physical factors; regulate catabolic inhibition |
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Ames test
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for the detection of chemical mutagens |
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life cycle of a virus
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Absorption->penetration->synthesis->maturation->release |
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reverse transcription
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occurs when RNA is used as template to produce DNA |
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bacteria
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lack a nucleus |
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fungi
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exist as single-celled forms, multicellular forms, microscopic forms, and macroscopic forms |
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AIDS
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caused by a virus |
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Helminthology
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study of worms |
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black death
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|
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25,000,000 lives
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In the mid-fourteenth century, bubonic plague claimed approximately |
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Louis Pasteur
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The theory of spontaneous generation was disproved by |
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wine
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Pasteur created the pasteurization process to improve the quality of |
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Robert Koch
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is credited with developing the techniques for pure culturing |
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tuberculosis
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Robert Koch won the 1905 Nobel Prize for his work on |
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variolation
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Early attempts to immunize against smallpox, which used material from a smallpox lesion, was termed |
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cowpox lesions
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The successful smallpox vaccine used material from |
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bioremediation
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The process of using microorganisms to clean up environmental pollution is called |
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spontaneous generation
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The theory that life can arise from non-living things was called |
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pure cultures
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Cultures that only contain one kind of organism are called |
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phagocytes
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certain cells of the body could ingest microbes |
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Elie Metchnikoff
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found that phagocytes can ingest microbes |
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salvarsan
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Paul Ehrlich discovered |
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salvarsan
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a drug used to treat syphilis |
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nucleic acid
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Hershey and Chase determined that the genetic material in viruses was |
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antibacterial properties
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Lysozyme is an enzyme with |
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Human Genome Project
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identified 25,000 genes in the human genome |
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proton
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has a positive charge |
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neutron
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has a neutral charge |
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electron
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has a negative charge |
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electrons
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have the smallest atomic mass |
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anion
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particle with a negative charge |
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cation
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formed when an atom loses an electron |
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one mole
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consists of 6.023 x 10^23 particles |
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anion
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Sulfate (SO42-) is an example of a/an |
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cation
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Ferrous iron (Fe2+) is an example of a/an |
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charge attraction between ions
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Ionic bonds are formed because of |
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catabolic reactions
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refer to those that release stored energy |
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0-14
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The pH scale has a range of |
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organic chemistry
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study of compounds that contain carbon |
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hydrocarbons
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The simplest organic compounds are |
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all carbohydrates
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are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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polysaccharides
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starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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lipids
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phospholipid, steroid, triglyceride |
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amino acid sequence
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The primary structure of a protein refers to its |
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thymine
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found in DNA, but not in RNA |
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uracil and thymine
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Adenine will hydrogen bond with |
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nanometer
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one billionth of a meter |
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angstrom
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1x 10-10 of a meter |
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220 nm
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The smallest separation of objects that could be resolved by a light microscope would be |
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refraction
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is the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another |
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binocular
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microscope with two ocular lenses is |
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scanning electron microscope
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will produce a 3-D image of a bacterium |
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scanning tunneling microscopy
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allows visualization of atoms |
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TEM
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best for visualizing interior cellular structures |
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darkfield microscopy
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A hanging drop preparation is commonly used with |
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smear preparation
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it kills the microorganisms; it causes the microorganisms to adhere to the slide; it allows them to readily absorb stain |
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differential stain
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a gram stain is a |
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a mordant
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is used to help the primary stain bind to its target |
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cell walls
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The gram stain binds differentially to bacterial |
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a differential stain
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A Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain would be considered |
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resolution
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The ability to see two closely-spaced items as separate and distinct units is termed |
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wavelength
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The distance between 2 troughs of a wave is termed |
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decreases
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Resolution and energy level will increase as the wavelength |
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fluorescence
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When ultraviolet energy is absorbed by an object at one wavelength, and re-emitted at another visible wavelength, this is termed |
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diffraction
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As light passes through a small opening, the light waves are bent around that opening in a phenomenon known as |
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the ocular by the magnifying power of the objective lens
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The total magnification of an image collected with a compound light microscope is determined by multiplying the magnification of |
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nucleus, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
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found in eukaryotes, but not in prokaryotes |
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coccus
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has a spherical shape |
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pleomorphic
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Microorgansism that exhibit variable forms in pure culture are termed |
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staphylo
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refers to cells in clusters |
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diplococci
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Cocci arranged in pairs are termed |
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gram-negative bacteria
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Lipopolysaccharide is found primarily in |
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periplasm
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The area between the cell membrane and cell wall is termed the |
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acid-fast bacteria
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have a waxy lipid layer external to their cell walls |
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Mycoplasma
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genera which lacks a cell wall |
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fluid-mosaic model
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represents our understanding of the cell membrane |
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bilayer
|
In cell membranes, phospholipids are arranged in a |
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the nucleoid
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The area where the bacterial chromosome is localized is called |
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bacterial endospores
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used for protection from unfavorable conditions |
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flagella
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|
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Spirochetes
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use amphitrichous flagella for motility |
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nucleolus
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serves as a site for the assembly of ribosomes in eukaryotes |
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mitochondria & chloroplasts
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organelles which participate in energy conversion |
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endosymbiotic theory
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provides an explanation for the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes |
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Exocytosis
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can be considered the opposite of endocytosis; requires energy; is the mechanism by which cells release secretions |
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reduction
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refers to the gain of electrons during a chemical reaction |
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all bacteria
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The term chemoheterotroph cannot be applied to |
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proteins
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An enzyme is a “biological catalyst” that falls into which class of molecules |
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competitive inhibitor
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binds at the active site of an enzyme |
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phosphorylation
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refers to the addition of a phosphate molecule |
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facultative anaerobe
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can use oxygen but can function without it |
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pyruvate
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converted to Acetyl-CoA prior to entering the Krebs cycle |
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oxidative phosphorylation
|
ATP molecules produced in the electron transport system are generated by |
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electron carriers
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cytochromes, flavoproteins, quinones |
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cell membrane
|
In bacteria, components of the electron transport system are located in the |
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terminal electron acceptor
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anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than O2 |
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beta oxidation
|
The catabolism of fatty acids is accomplished by the process of |
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Chemoautotrophs
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oxidize inorganic substances to create energy |
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in photosynthesis
|
light dependent and light-independent reactions occur |
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nucleic acids
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organic molecules which are not broken down to yield ATP for cellular use |
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autotrophs
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use carbon dioxide as a carbon source |
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a vitamin
|
considered a coenzyme |
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proton motive force
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The energy resulting from the charge separation across the bacterial membrane is termed |
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An amphibolic pathway
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can yield energy or building blocks for synthesis |
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bioluminescence
|
The ability of an organism to emit light is known as |
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binary fission
|
Cell division in bacteria is primarily by the process of |
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budding
|
Cell division in yeast occurs primarily by |
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4 phases
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The bacterial growth curve is divided into |
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Lag phase
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characterized by cells increasing in size |
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stationary phase
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cell populations numbers remain static |
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agar
|
The solidifying agent most commonly used in microbiological media is |
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30-300
|
The appropriate number of colonies to count when performing plate counts is |
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neutrophiles
|
Most of the bacteria that cause disease in humans are |
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mesophiles
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Bacteria that prefer to grow between 25 °C and 40°C are termed |
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capnophile
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An organism that prefers high concentrations of carbon dioxide is termed a |
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aerotolerant anaerobe
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can tolerate the presence of oxygen but does not use it |
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catalase
|
The enzyme responsible for the breakdown of peroxide to water and oxygen is called |
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halophile
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requires high salt concentrations for growth |
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fastidious
|
Bacteria that are difficult to cultivate due to special nutritional needs are termed |
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germination
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The process of an endospore becoming a vegetative bacterium is called |
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protein
|
The spore coat is composed primarily of |
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MacConkey agar
|
both selective and differential |
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lyophilized
|
A culture that has been freeze-dried is termed |
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selective media
|
Culture media that allows some microbes to grow but suppresses others |
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bacteria
|
have DNA as their genetic material |
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uracil
|
not found in DNA |
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Haemophilus influenzae
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The first bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced was |
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DNA from RNA
|
The process of reverse transcription creates |
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DNA replication
|
where DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand |
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complementary to the strand being copied
|
During DNA replication, the new strand has a sequence |
|
semiconservative
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DNA replication is termed |
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RNA polymerase
|
The enzyme responsible for transcription is called |
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cytoplasm
|
In prokaryotes, transcription takes place in the |
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ribosomes
|
are made of RNA and protein |
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AUG
|
start codon |
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tRNA
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responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome |
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each tRNA
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has a/an anticodon that allows it to match up with the correct mRNA codon |
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peptide bond
|
The bond that is created between amino acids is called a |
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inducible
|
Enzymes that are only produced when they are needed by the cell are termed |
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transcription
|
Repressors are molecules that inhibit |
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phenotype
|
refers to the expressed physical characteristics of an organisms |
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silent mutation
|
A mutation that results in a change in DNA sequence, but no change in the amino acid sequence of the protein is termed |
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base analogs, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation
|
can induce mutations |
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a chemical is mutagenic
|
The Ames test is used to test whether or not |
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vertical gene transfer and horizontal (lateral) gene transfer
|
Bacteria can pass genetic information to other bacteria through |
|
Frederick Griffith
|
Transformation was discovered in 1928 by |
|
competent
|
A bacterium with the ability to take up DNA from the environment is termed |
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bacteriophage
|
a virus that infects bacteria |
|
virulent phage
|
causes a lytic infection |
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temperate phage
|
causes a lysogenic infection |
|
F+
|
Cells capable of conjugal transfer of the F plasmid are termed |
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plasmids
|
carry information such as genes that code for antibiotic resistance, genes that code for virulence factors, genes that code for catabolic pathways |
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transposition
|
The process of a genetic sequence moving from one site to another on a chromosome or plasmid is called |
|
transposons
|
Mobile genetic elements capable of transposition are termed |
|
bacteriocin
|
a plasmid that codes for bacteriocins |
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gene amplification
|
process by which plasmids are induced to rapidly replicate within a cell |
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inside a test tube
|
In vitro manipulation refers to the handing of DNA |
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a cloning vector
|
can be a plasmid or a bacteriophage |
|
recombinant insulin
|
received approval from the FDA in 1982, and is now used to treat diabetes |
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toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis
|
an effective insecticide |
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hybridoma
|
created by fusing a Myeloma cell with a plasma cell |
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hybridomas
|
used to create monoclonal antibodies |
|
oil degradation
|
Genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida has been used for |
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protoplast
|
bacterium which has had its cell wall removed |
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domain
|
The highest taxonomic group is called a |
|
dichotomous key
|
is used to identify organisms, uses paired statements describing characteristics of organisms, and can be used to identify an organism down to the strain level |
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Monera (Prokaryotae)
|
the blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) are placed in the kingdom |
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Plantae
|
Unicellular organisms are found in all of the following kingdoms except |
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lack a cell wall
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members of the Kingdom Animalia |
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the shrub of life
|
reflects current understanding that life arose from many different primitive cells |
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metabolic reactions, morphology, DNA sequence
|
used to classify prokaryotes |
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the mutation rate is so slow in this essential gene
|
The main reason that the sequence for the 16S rRNA component is used to determine evolutionary relatedness is because |
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incomplete fossil record
|
Classification of bacteria by evolutionary relationships has been hampered by |
|
Gracilicutes
|
typical gram negatives |
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Firmicutes
|
typical gram positive |
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Tenericutes
|
lacking a cell wall |
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strain
|
subgroup of a species |
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genus
|
In the binomial name Lactococcus lactis, the first name indicates the |
|
phylogenetic or evolutionary relationships
|
classification should be based on |
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Protista
|
Helminths belong to the kingdom |
|
Members of the Kingdom Protista
|
were hard to classify because some had characteristics of plants and others had characteristics of animals |
|
stromatolites
|
Fossilized photosynthetic prokaryotes are called |
|
numerical taxonomy
|
says that organisms that share a large number of characteristics are more likely to be closely related |
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polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
|
The technique used to produce a protein profile is called |
|
The ATCC
|
collects and maintains types culture of microorganisms |
|
Papovaviridae
|
include viruses that may cause genital warts |
|
the chromosome can act as a provirus and retain the ability to replicate
|
Herpesviridae family members show the property of latency, meaning that |
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prevents infection by same type of virus
|
a consequence of lysogenic conversion |
|
a continuous cell line
|
consists of cells that will reproduce for an extended number of generations |
|
cell fusion to form syncytia
|
represents a cytopathic effect due to paramyxovirus infection |
|
early transcription
|
A double-stranded DNA virus produces enzymes and proteins necessary for viral DNA replication during |
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attachment of viruses to host receptor protein
|
characteristic of animal viruses and not bacteriophages |
|
DNA viruses
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Parvovirus, Hepadnavirus, and Papovavirus are |
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Picornaviridae
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includes enterovirus that causes polio |
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capsid
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a protein coat that surrounds the viral genome |
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virus
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characteristics include obligate intracellular parasite, replicates with aid of host, and are acellular |
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antiseptic
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used to disinfect living tissues |
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Lysol and Clorox
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examples of disinfectants |
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Cleaning a wound before applying an antiseptic
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a common procedure based on the principle that cleaning the wound reduces the microbe count thus allowing the antiseptic to act quicker |
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Lowering the concentration of the isopropyl alcohol from 100% to 70% in water
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Under which condition would isopropyl alcohol be most effective |
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Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus
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organisms that are used to determine the phenol coefficient of an antimicrobial agent |
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soap
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used as a sanitizer because it lowers surface tension, the mechanical action of washing with it loosens microbes from the surface so they can be rinsed away, and makes microbes accessible to other antimicrobial agents |
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formaldehyde
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used to inactivate viruses |
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bleach
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most likely to be inactivated by the presence of organic material |
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alkylating agents
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disrupts the structure of nucleic acids and is therefore potentially carcinogenic |
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the death rate is exponential
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best description of how microorganisms die after exposure to an antimicrobial agent |
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moist heat
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An autoclave sterilizes through the use of |
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pasteurization
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Endospores would be resistant to removal by |
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filtration
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used to remove microorganisms from public water supply; HEPA filters are used to remove organisms 0.3µm and larger from the air; with the correct pore size, even viruses can be removed from a solution |
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ionizing radiation
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includes X-rays and gamma rays; has the ability to sterilize an object; denatures proteins and DNA |
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virucide
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an agent that inactivates viruses |
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bacteriostatic
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A dilute solution of a disinfectant may only inhibit bacterial growth making the disinfectant |
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a surfactant
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A compound that reduces surface tension is called |
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iodine
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Surgical scrubs often contain the halogen |
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antibiotics
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produced by bacteria and fungi; are selectively toxic; can be bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal |
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the identity of the infectious microbe is known
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a circumstance under which one would use a narrow spectrum antibiotic |
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Nystatin
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narrow spectrum antibiotic |
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Gentamicin
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broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Chloramphenicol
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broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Tetracycline
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broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Antibiotics that disrupt the cell membrane
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are especially effective against gram negative bacteria due to the presence of an outer and inner membrane |
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superinfection
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more likely to happen after long-term treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics; Organisms that cause it are resistant to the antimicrobial agent used to treat the host; Candia albicans commonly cause one of the mouth or vagina |
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microbial resistance
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can occur against antibiotics and antiseptics; develops from genetic changes followed by natural selection; can be due to chromosomal mutation or acquisition of an R-plasmid |
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sulfonamide resistance
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Use of ready made folic acid |
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resistance to penicillin
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Development of β - lactamase |
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antagonism
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occurs when a tetracycline (bacteristatic) and penicillin are given in combination |
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the dilution method of testing antibiotic sensitivity
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It uses a fixed concentration of the microbe to be tested; It is used to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration for a specific antimicrobial agent; It tests decreasing concentrations of the antimicrobial agent |
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penicillin
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Resistant strains produce the enzyme β-lactamase; Naturally produced by the fungus Penicillium; Like the related cephalosporins, a β-lactam ring is the active part of the antibiotic |
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polymyxins
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produced by a Bacillus |
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Isoniazid
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inhibits mycolic acid production in Mycobacterium |
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chloroquine
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anti malarial antibiotic |
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griseofulvin, nystatin, amphotericin B
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used to treat fungal infections |
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Zidovudine (AZT)
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used to treat HIV/AIDS |
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Zidovudine (AZT)
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inhibits reverse transcriptase in HIV |
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interferon
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used to enhance natural defenses to treat viral infections |
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Acyclovir and ganciclovir
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used to treat Herpesvirus infections |
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folic acid
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Sulfonamides interfere with the ability to synthesize |
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eukaryotic
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Antifungal agents often cause toxic side effects because humans and fungi are both |
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amantiine
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An antiviral drug used to treat influenza is |
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Quinolones
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act to inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis |
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parasite
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a pinworm that infests a human |
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infestation
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term commonly associated with worms or arthropods |
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