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Universities » University of Memphis (UM) » BIOL - BIOL Biology » 1230 - Microbiology » Flash Cards

Micro Chap 12-16 - Flashcards

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Class:BIOL 1230 - Microbiology
Subject:BIOL Biology
University:University of Memphis
Term:Spring 2010
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sterilization is the killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material or an object.
disinfection also the reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms that pose no threat of disease *an antimicrobial agent that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms
viricide is an agent that inactivates viruses
germicide an agent capable of killing microbes rapidly, perhaps killing certain microorganisms, but only inhibiting the growth of others.
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Heat does not control microbial growth because is not considered an antimicrobial agent.
phenol coefficient is the use of phenol as a standard with which to compare the effectiveness of other chemical disinfectants.
Selection of an ideal disinfectant is not applied by the expensiveness or difficult to obtain and use.
bactericidal is when an antimicrobial agent permanently denatures proteins thus preventing renaturation to their native states. *bactericidal: substance that kill bacteria
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Chemical agents that denature proteins do not include halogens
Halogens do not affect viruses
quaternary is a catatonic detergent having 4 organic groups attached to a nitrogen atom and used to sanitize utensils.
Alcohols dissolve lipids and denature proteins
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Methylene oxide is not an example of alkylating agents that disrupt proteins and nucleic acids.
Formaldehyde an antimicrobial agents that's purpose is the inactivation viruses without destroying antigenic properties.
Denaturation of proteins by antimicrobial agents: disrupts hydrogen and disulfide bonds.
Phenols disrupt: cell membranes.
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Dry heat does most of its damage against microorganisms by: oxidizing molecules.
Autoclaving does not use: pasteurization by heating to 62.9C for 30 minutes to ensure achieved sterility.
autoclave involves sterilization by heating steam in a jacket and subsequent entrance of the steam into a sterilization chamber and where materials and substances to be sterilized are placed in.
Pasteurization does not pertain to: achieving sterility.
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microwave radiation when turned to energy, levels of water releases the energy of heat.
high osmotic pressure are high concentrations of solutes, such as sugars or salt, results in plasmolysis of cells due to the onset of this phenomenon.
Penicillin was discovered by/isolated by: Alexander Fleming; Ernst Chain & Howard Florey.
antimicrobial agents a special group of chemical substances that are used to treat diseases caused by microbes.
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The mode of action of an antimicrobial agents refers to: how it exerts its effects upon microorganisms.
Polypeptide antibiotics that act as detergents and distort bacterial cellular membranes do so by: disrupting cell membrane function.
Side effects due to antimicrobial agents do not involve: increased antibiotic susceptibility of replacement microflora.
Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents do not include: alteration of normal microflora.
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Mutation of DNA that produces an altered ribosome is an example of what type of bacterial resistance: alteration of target.
Taking antibiotics until the patient feels better is not a way to: limit the ability of microorganisms to acquire drug resistance.
Rifamicin inhibits RNA synthesis.
The development of second-line & third-line antimicrobial agents demonstrates: the increasing difficulty of treating drug resistant bacteria.
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zone of inhabitation is the clear area on agar that surrounds a filter paper disk on the disk diffusion tests and represents inhibited growth of a test microorganism.
Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent does not include: resistance by microorganisms.
antagonism is the decreased efficacy of an antimicrobial agent during combination therapy.
The ideal antimicrobial agent should be: soluble in body fluids.
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Amikacin: is an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
Chloramphenicol: a bacteriostatic antimicrobial agent, which is an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
Cephalosporins are not: disruptors of cell membranes function.
Sulfonamide antibiotics kill bacteria by: disrupting folic acid metabolism.
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Interferons & immunoenhancers: include levamisole and inosiplex.
symbiosis is an association between two or more species.
The commensal organism E. Coli. does not pertain to: synthesizing blood clotting factors.
Microbial virulence not does pertain to: increases by attenuation.
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Host-microbes: infestation refers to the presence of larger parasites.
The rapid transfer of a microbial pathogen through animals of a susceptible species: can increase the intensity of the disease produced by that pathogen.
In order to satisfy Koch's postulates: the causative agent must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture.
The relationship between microorganisms and diseases: viral infections invariably lead to nutritional deficiency.
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The relationship between hosts and microbes: some organisms can be pathogens and commensals.
Prodrome is not considered an example of: a virulence factor.
Streptococcus pyogenes is causative agent of: scarlet fever.
persistant infection is a viral infection that involves continued and prolonged productions of viruses in a host.
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Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan that produces the virulence factor called: adhesive disk.
acute infection is a disease referred to when symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly.
local infection is an infection that is confined to a specific area of the body.
Noncommunicable infectious diseases are not spread: from one host to another.
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Infectious disease stages: invasive, incubation, prodromal *NOT syndrome
The virus that causes chicken pox in childhood is the causative agent of: shingles.
symptom can be observed or felt only by the patient.
attenuation is the process that weakens the disease-producing ability of a pathogen.
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production infection occurs when the virus enters the cell and produces offspring.
leukocidin destroys and damages neutrophils.
toxoid is an altered toxin that retains its antigenicity.
epidemiology is the study of factors and mechanisms of disease frequency and spread within a population.
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morbidity the RELATIVE number of individuals affected by a particular disease during a set period of time within a given population.
sporadic is an infectious disease that occurs in a random and unpredictable manner.
An epidemiologist that studies the number of cases, population affected, locations/time periods of a disease is what type of epidemiology? descriptive
prevalence is the TOTAL number of people infected within a population at a given time.
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An epidemiological study that tests a hypothesis is referred to as what type of study? experimental
placebo is a non-medicinal substance that has no effect on an individual, but the individual believes is a real treatment.
A factor that does not increase the likelihood of an epidemic is: access to medical care.
index case refers to the first case of an infectious disease outbreak to be identified.
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reservoir is a site where microorganisms can persist and thus maintain the ability to cause infection.
communicable is an infectious disease in which transmission can occur during the incubation period of disease.
What infectious diseases can occur in the fetus when the causative agents cross the placenta: AIDS, syphilis and rubella. *NOT pneumonia
indirect fecal-oral is a waterbone transmission of pathogens involving water contamination by raw sewage.
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Sexually transmitted disease are most often spread by what mode of transmission? direct contact.
In herd immunity, 90% of the population is _____ while 10% is ____ to an infectious disease. immune, susceptible.
WHO (World Health Organization) is an organization thats sets the standards for international disease control.
retrospective analytical study may determine: which factors are causal after the epidemic occurs.
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Reservoirs of infections include: humans, non-human vertebrate animals, water and soil.
fomites are nonliving objects that are capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs and parasites).
herd immunity is greatly increased with: a large-scale immunization program.
nosocomial is an infection acquired in the hospital or other medical facility.
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endogenous is an opportunistic infection acquired from the individual's own microbiota.
All of the following are components of the nonspecific host defenses: fever, mucus and interferon. *NOT antibodies
What is not a chemical barrier? complement.
Physical barriers of nonspecific defenses include: both the cell that line the body surfaces and the chemicals they secrete.
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Blood contains cells known as: red blood cells, platelets and lymphocytes. *NOT plasma
What does not partake in the process of phagocytosis: granulation.
thymus gland is a multi-lobed lymphatic organ that functions to process lymphocytes known as T cell and release them into the blood.
Toll-like receptors recognize molecular patterns unique to pathogens.
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neutrophilis are phagocytic leukocytes that contain oxidative chemicals to kill internalized microorganisms.
Bacteria that resist digestion by phagocytes use: produce capsule that can resist lysosomal digestion, form parasitophorous vacuoles and produce streptolysisin and leukocidin. *do NOT block chemokines from reaching phagocytes.
The lymphatic system does all of the following: transports digested fats to the cardiovascular system, drains excess fluid from space between cells and allows for the circulation of cellular defenses. *does NOT carry plasma to tissue
During inflammation, permeable capillary walls allow accumulation of fluids near injured cells causing: edema.
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fever is the condition that is caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens.
interferon is a protein that interferes without the ability of a virus to replicate inside a host cell.
granuloma is a pocket of tissue that surrounds and walls off the inflammatory agent.
Complement activation results in all of the following physiological processes: opsonization, formation of membrane attack complexes and inflammation. *NOT fever
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spleen is along with thymus gland and the skin are all lymphoid organs.
Exogenous and endogenous ______ are fever causing substances. pyrogens
complement -system consists of over 20 proteins that function in cascade-like manner -activation results in the onset of a fever -pathway involves factors B, D and P
Acute phase response proteins: include C-reactive protein (CRP) and mannose-binding protein (MBP).
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oposonization is the binding and coating of the surfaces of invading microbes by either antibodies or C3b.
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 sterilizationis the killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material or an object.
 disinfection also the reduction of the number of pathogenic microorganisms that pose no threat of disease

*an antimicrobial agent that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms
 viricideis an agent that inactivates viruses
 germicidean agent capable of killing microbes rapidly, perhaps killing certain microorganisms, but only inhibiting the growth of others.
 Heat does not control microbial growthbecause is not considered an antimicrobial agent.
 phenol coefficientis the use of phenol as a standard with which to compare the effectiveness of other chemical disinfectants.
 Selection of an ideal disinfectantis not applied by the expensiveness or difficult to obtain and use.
 bactericidal is when an antimicrobial agent permanently denatures proteins thus preventing renaturation to their native states.

*bactericidal: substance that kill bacteria
 Chemical agents that denature proteins do not includehalogens
 Halogens do not affectviruses
 quaternaryis a catatonic detergent having 4 organic groups attached to a nitrogen atom and used to sanitize utensils.
 Alcohols dissolve lipids and denature proteins
 Methylene oxide is not an example ofalkylating agents that disrupt proteins and nucleic acids.
 Formaldehydean antimicrobial agents that's purpose is the inactivation viruses without destroying antigenic properties.
 Denaturation of proteins by antimicrobial agents:disrupts hydrogen and disulfide bonds.
 Phenols disrupt:cell membranes.
 Dry heat does most of its damage against microorganisms by:oxidizing molecules.
 Autoclaving does not use:pasteurization by heating to 62.9C for 30 minutes to ensure achieved sterility.
 autoclaveinvolves sterilization by heating steam in a jacket and subsequent entrance of the steam into a sterilization chamber and where materials and substances to be sterilized are placed in.
 Pasteurization does not pertain to:achieving sterility.
 microwave radiationwhen turned to energy, levels of water releases the energy of heat.
 high osmotic pressureare high concentrations of solutes, such as sugars or salt, results in plasmolysis of cells due to the onset of this phenomenon.
 Penicillin was discovered by/isolated by:Alexander Fleming; Ernst Chain & Howard Florey.
 antimicrobial agentsa special group of chemical substances that are used to treat diseases caused by microbes.
 The mode of action of an antimicrobial agents refers to:how it exerts its effects upon microorganisms.
 Polypeptide antibiotics that act as detergents and distort bacterial cellular membranes do so by:disrupting cell membrane function.
 Side effects due to antimicrobial agents do not involve:increased antibiotic susceptibility of replacement microflora.
 Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents do not include:alteration of normal microflora.
 Mutation of DNA that produces an altered ribosome is an example of what type of bacterial resistance:alteration of target.
 Taking antibiotics until the patient feels better is not a way to:limit the ability of microorganisms to acquire drug resistance.
 Rifamicininhibits RNA synthesis.
 The development of second-line & third-line antimicrobial agents demonstrates: the increasing difficulty of treating drug resistant bacteria.
 zone of inhabitationis the clear area on agar that surrounds a filter paper disk on the disk diffusion tests and represents inhibited growth of a test microorganism.
 Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent does not include:resistance by microorganisms.
 antagonismis the decreased efficacy of an antimicrobial agent during combination therapy.
 The ideal antimicrobial agent should be:soluble in body fluids.
 Amikacin:is an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.
 Chloramphenicol:a bacteriostatic antimicrobial agent, which is an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
 Cephalosporins are not:disruptors of cell membranes function.
 Sulfonamide antibiotics kill bacteria by:disrupting folic acid metabolism.
 Interferons & immunoenhancers:include levamisole and inosiplex.
 symbiosisis an association between two or more species.
 The commensal organism E. Coli. does not pertain to:synthesizing blood clotting factors.
 Microbial virulence not does pertain to:increases by attenuation.
 Host-microbes:infestation refers to the presence of larger parasites.
 The rapid transfer of a microbial pathogen through animals of a susceptible species:can increase the intensity of the disease produced by that pathogen.
 In order to satisfy Koch's postulates:the causative agent must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture.
 The relationship between microorganisms and diseases:viral infections invariably lead to nutritional deficiency.
 The relationship between hosts and microbes:some organisms can be pathogens and commensals.
 Prodrome is not considered an example of:a virulence factor.
 Streptococcus pyogenes is causative agent of:scarlet fever.
 persistant infectionis a viral infection that involves continued and prolonged productions of viruses in a host.
 Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan that produces the virulence factor called:adhesive disk.
 acute infectionis a disease referred to when symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly.
 local infectionis an infection that is confined to a specific area of the body.
 Noncommunicable infectious diseases are not spread:from one host to another.
 Infectious disease stages:invasive, incubation, prodromal

*NOT syndrome
 The virus that causes chicken pox in childhood is the causative agent of:shingles.
 symptomcan be observed or felt only by the patient.
 attenuationis the process that weakens the disease-producing ability of a pathogen.
 production infectionoccurs when the virus enters the cell and produces offspring.
 leukocidindestroys and damages neutrophils.
 toxoidis an altered toxin that retains its antigenicity.
 epidemiology is the study of factors and mechanisms of disease frequency and spread within a population.
 morbiditythe RELATIVE number of individuals affected by a particular disease during a set period of time within a given population.
 sporadicis an infectious disease that occurs in a random and unpredictable manner.
 An epidemiologist that studies the number of cases, population affected, locations/time periods of a disease is what type of epidemiology?descriptive
 prevalence is the TOTAL number of people infected within a population at a given time.
 An epidemiological study that tests a hypothesis is referred to as what type of study?experimental
 placebois a non-medicinal substance that has no effect on an individual, but the individual believes is a real treatment.
 A factor that does not increase the likelihood of an epidemic is:access to medical care.
 index caserefers to the first case of an infectious disease outbreak to be identified.
 reservoiris a site where microorganisms can persist and thus maintain the ability to cause infection.
 communicableis an infectious disease in which transmission can occur during the incubation period of disease.
 What infectious diseases can occur in the fetus when the causative agents cross the placenta:AIDS, syphilis and rubella.

*NOT pneumonia
 indirect fecal-oralis a waterbone transmission of pathogens involving water contamination by raw sewage.
 Sexually transmitted disease are most often spread by what mode of transmission?direct contact.
 In herd immunity, 90% of the population is _____ while 10% is ____ to an infectious disease. immune, susceptible.
 WHO (World Health Organization)is an organization thats sets the standards for international disease control.
 retrospective analytical study may determine:which factors are causal after the epidemic occurs.
 Reservoirs of infections include:humans, non-human vertebrate animals, water and soil.
 fomitesare nonliving objects that are capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs and parasites).
 herd immunity is greatly increased with:a large-scale immunization program.
 nosocomialis an infection acquired in the hospital or other medical facility.
 endogenous is an opportunistic infection acquired from the individual's own microbiota.
 All of the following are components of the nonspecific host defenses:fever, mucus and interferon.

*NOT antibodies
 What is not a chemical barrier?complement.
 Physical barriers of nonspecific defenses include:both the cell that line the body surfaces and the chemicals they secrete.
 Blood contains cells known as:red blood cells, platelets and lymphocytes.

*NOT plasma
 What does not partake in the process of phagocytosis:granulation.
 thymus glandis a multi-lobed lymphatic organ that functions to process lymphocytes known as T cell and release them into the blood.
 Toll-like receptorsrecognize molecular patterns unique to pathogens.
 neutrophilisare phagocytic leukocytes that contain oxidative chemicals to kill internalized microorganisms.
 Bacteria that resist digestion by phagocytes use:produce capsule that can resist lysosomal digestion, form parasitophorous vacuoles and produce streptolysisin and leukocidin.

*do NOT block chemokines from reaching phagocytes.
 The lymphatic system does all of the following:transports digested fats to the cardiovascular system, drains excess fluid from space between cells and allows for the circulation of cellular defenses.

*does NOT carry plasma to tissue
 During inflammation, permeable capillary walls allow accumulation of fluids near injured cells causing:edema.
 feveris the condition that is caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens.
 interferonis a protein that interferes without the ability of a virus to replicate inside a host cell.
 granulomais a pocket of tissue that surrounds and walls off the inflammatory agent.
 Complement activation results in all of the following physiological processes:opsonization, formation of membrane attack complexes and inflammation.

*NOT fever
 spleenis along with thymus gland and the skin are all lymphoid organs.
 Exogenous and endogenous ______ are fever causing substances. pyrogens
 complement-system consists of over 20 proteins that function in cascade-like manner
-activation results in the onset of a fever
-pathway involves factors B, D and P
 Acute phase response proteins:include C-reactive protein (CRP) and mannose-binding protein (MBP).
 oposonizationis the binding and coating of the surfaces of invading microbes by either antibodies or C3b.
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