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Universities » Georgia Southern University (GSU.. » BIOL - BIOL Biology » 1130 - General Biology » Flash Cards

test 3 - Flashcards

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Class:BIOL 1130 - General Biology
Subject:BIOL Biology
University:Georgia Southern University
Term:Fall 2011
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Organ systems are composed of ___. cells, tissues, and organs
Why do organisms require food? nutrients
Digestion physically and chemically breaks food into ____ and ____. nutrients and waste
carnivore animals eating animals or plants that consume animals. sharp teeth, long small intestine and short cecum, simplest digestive system.
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omnivore humans, digestion starts in the mouth, most complex system, eat both plants and animals
herbivore ruminant, plant eater, 4 part stomach, regurgitate, very long cecum
Why are humans able to digest fiber without using these techniques? because we have a complex system, food is physically and chemically broken down, we have intestines that digest out food into nutrients and waste
ruminant  mammal that digests plant-based food by softening it within the animal's first compartment of the stomach, then regurgitating the cud, and chewing it again.
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regurgitation bringing it back up and re-digesting it, slightly digested food does not have the acid in it that we would throw up
corprophage poo eaters, stomach lacks bacteria; done because they want the nutrients or the bacteria
Describe the process of digestion in humans beginning with the mouth (mouth – stomach – small intestine – large intestine – rectum – anus) 1) digestion starts in the mouth when you chew
2)in the stomach, acidic gastic juices break down the food, and the enzyme pepsin breaks down protiens, then it is moved to the small intestine.
3) in the small intestine most of the digestion of carbs, protiens, and fats occur and nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream
4)in the large intestine, water is reabsorbed
5) in the anus, undigested materials are excreted
Why are enzymes necessary for digestion? because with only hydrochloric acid in our stomach for digestion our food would not be able to break down because it has a very low pH.
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How does absorption differ in the small intestine and large intestine? What is responsible for absorption? the small intestine absorbs everything except alcohol and aspirin into the blood stream

the large intestine reabsorbs waters and salts

help from the pancreas and liver is responsible for absorption
What is the purpose of bacteria in digestion? in the large intestine, they eat the sugars and release gas
what causes gas to have different odors? the type of gases that build up in your body, H, N, Co2 there is no odor, but when you eat a lot of sulfur they stink.
What is a downside to consuming chocolate and caffeine? relaxes esophageal sphincter which pushes what you consume back into your esophagus
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Why are simple carbohydrates considered empty calories? Where are these most problematic in children’s diets? - considered empty calories because they are high in sugar context but they are very low in nutrients

-most problematic in children's diets because the majority of consumption in juices, etc have a high volume of high fructose corn syrup
What the big deal with high fructose corn syrup? it is in almost everything, it is high is sugar and low in nutrients
Why are pre‐packaged foods nutritionally worse for you than fresh foods? Why is a spike in glucose levels problematic? - prepackaged foods are nutritionally worse for you because they cause a spike in blood sugar and cause you to have a higher BMI whereas non prepackaged foods have a slow release of sugars causing you to have a lower BMI

-spikes in glucose levels can cause type 2 diabetes
macronutrients and micronutrients -macronutrients are the nutrients we need a lot of (water, carbs, proteins, fats)

-micronutrients are the nutrients we dont need a lot of (vitamins and minerals)
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How does learned behavior impact our diet? you learn to have a preference for fatty foods; animals know that if they consume foods that are more fatty, it takes less time to fill you up
How does geography impact our diet? developed countries eat less healthy for more money (you get more for your money)
How does the respiratory system work? What is the importance of alveoli? provides a site for gas exchange and acquires oxygen necessary for glycosis and cellular respiration, and removes carbon dioxide

alveoli consists of 300 million tiny sacs in our lungs that contain the respiratory surface of our bodies, where the tissue across which gases from inside the body are exchanged with gases in the air
What is blood pressure? How is are a pump, hose, air, and tires analogous to blood pressure? blood pressure is created by the force of blood exerting pressure on the parts of the circulatory system, the force of blood on walls magnitudes each heart contraction.


a pump is the heart the hose is the vessels, air is blood, tires is the body
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Where is blood pressure the greatest? …the weakest? greatest in the heart because it pumps all the blood and weakest in the veins
How does gas exchange occur within the capillary bed? simple diffusion across the thin membranes surrounding the blood vessels and the alveoli walls, carbon dioxide in high concentrations within the capillaries passes from these structures into the alveoli where it is maintained at low concentration. Oxygen is maintained by inhalation and passes from the alveoli to the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries
what is hypertension the "silent killer" loss of elasticity due to cholesterol buildups, can lead to an aneurism. best thing to do is de-stress yourself
How do muscles contribute to blood flow? muscle contractions squeeze blood toward the heart and blood pools in veins when muscles relax.
Generated by Koofers.com
What are the physical effects of hypertension and atherosclerosis that cause health problems? physical effects of hypertension- makes the heart work harder
atherosclerosis- accumulation of fats and other debris on the interior walls of arteries
What are two leading causes of atherosclerosis? smoking, high cholesteral
How does the body regulate blood pressure makes pump work harder/less; open/closes arteries and capillaries; increase/decrease amount of blood.
How does Lasix change blood pressure? Which part of the “diuretic loop” does it inhibit? makes you urinate more to make blood pressure go down, the excretion part (reabsorption)
Generated by Koofers.com
What is the effect of alcohol on the blood vessel dilation? How does this change blood pressure? makes it bigger, lowers blood pressure in a bad way
what killed the underhills? they passed out because of blood pressure and then they drowned
What is drowning? What are the signs of drowning? How can you tell if someone drowned? fluid prevents gas exchange

signs:
blue/pale skin, kidney failure, sputum around mouth, brain damage

-diatoms in the lungs
What temperature is safe for spas, hot tubs, and whirlpools? 104
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What is the difference in infectious and contagious? infectious is any pathogen that can take up residence in the body and grow but does not spread, contagious spreads from one organism to another.
examples of different types of infectious agents (Bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic pathogens, prions, and allergens)? bacteria- strep throat
virus- common cold (spreads through your whole body)
eukaryotic pathogen- west nile virus (arises from a 3rd party)
prion- no cure, body already sees the protein as being normal
allergen- poison ivy, never with a fever
Which pathogens are the most common? allergens, bacterias, viruses
What are the physical symptoms associated with viruses, bacteria, and allergens? viruses- systemic, achiness, fever
bacteria- localized symptoms, pain
allergens- most difficult to determine symptoms, localized to systemic/internal/external, never with a fever, immediate response
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When would you use an antiviral, antibiotic, and antihistamine? antiviral- when you have a virus
antibiotic- when you have a bacterial illness
antihistamine- allergens
Why are prions not easily recognized by the body as a foreign invader? because they are a protein and their body sees it as normal, therefore there are no cures for prions. they are just misfolded proteins that effect brain function and they lack DNA
How are infectious diseases different from genetic disorders infectious diseases are created by pathogens, genetic disordes are passed down through heredity
What is the incubation period of an illness? viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying
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 Organ systems are composed of ___.cells, tissues, and organs
 Why do organisms require food?nutrients
 Digestion physically and chemically breaks food into ____ and ____.nutrients and waste
 carnivoreanimals eating animals or plants that consume animals. sharp teeth, long small intestine and short cecum, simplest digestive system.
 omnivorehumans, digestion starts in the mouth, most complex system, eat both plants and animals
 herbivoreruminant, plant eater, 4 part stomach, regurgitate, very long cecum
 Why are humans able to digest fiber without using these techniques?because we have a complex system, food is physically and chemically broken down, we have intestines that digest out food into nutrients and waste
 ruminant mammal that digests plant-based food by softening it within the animal's first compartment of the stomach, then regurgitating the cud, and chewing it again.
 regurgitationbringing it back up and re-digesting it, slightly digested food does not have the acid in it that we would throw up
 corprophagepoo eaters, stomach lacks bacteria; done because they want the nutrients or the bacteria
 Describe the process of digestion in humans beginning with the mouth (mouth – stomach – small intestine – large intestine – rectum – anus)1) digestion starts in the mouth when you chew
2)in the stomach, acidic gastic juices break down the food, and the enzyme pepsin breaks down protiens, then it is moved to the small intestine.
3) in the small intestine most of the digestion of carbs, protiens, and fats occur and nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream
4)in the large intestine, water is reabsorbed
5) in the anus, undigested materials are excreted
 Why are enzymes necessary for digestion?because with only hydrochloric acid in our stomach for digestion our food would not be able to break down because it has a very low pH.
 How does absorption differ in the small intestine and large intestine? What is responsible for absorption?the small intestine absorbs everything except alcohol and aspirin into the blood stream

the large intestine reabsorbs waters and salts

help from the pancreas and liver is responsible for absorption
 What is the purpose of bacteria in digestion?in the large intestine, they eat the sugars and release gas
 what causes gas to have different odors?the type of gases that build up in your body, H, N, Co2 there is no odor, but when you eat a lot of sulfur they stink.
 What is a downside to consuming chocolate and caffeine?relaxes esophageal sphincter which pushes what you consume back into your esophagus
 Why are simple carbohydrates considered empty calories? Where are these most problematic in children’s diets?- considered empty calories because they are high in sugar context but they are very low in nutrients

-most problematic in children's diets because the majority of consumption in juices, etc have a high volume of high fructose corn syrup
 What the big deal with high fructose corn syrup?it is in almost everything, it is high is sugar and low in nutrients
 Why are pre‐packaged foods nutritionally worse for you than fresh foods? Why is a spike in glucose levels problematic?- prepackaged foods are nutritionally worse for you because they cause a spike in blood sugar and cause you to have a higher BMI whereas non prepackaged foods have a slow release of sugars causing you to have a lower BMI

-spikes in glucose levels can cause type 2 diabetes
 macronutrients and micronutrients-macronutrients are the nutrients we need a lot of (water, carbs, proteins, fats)

-micronutrients are the nutrients we dont need a lot of (vitamins and minerals)
 How does learned behavior impact our diet?you learn to have a preference for fatty foods; animals know that if they consume foods that are more fatty, it takes less time to fill you up
 How does geography impact our diet?developed countries eat less healthy for more money (you get more for your money)
 How does the respiratory system work? What is the importance of alveoli?provides a site for gas exchange and acquires oxygen necessary for glycosis and cellular respiration, and removes carbon dioxide

alveoli consists of 300 million tiny sacs in our lungs that contain the respiratory surface of our bodies, where the tissue across which gases from inside the body are exchanged with gases in the air
 What is blood pressure? How is are a pump, hose, air, and tires analogous to blood pressure?blood pressure is created by the force of blood exerting pressure on the parts of the circulatory system, the force of blood on walls magnitudes each heart contraction.


a pump is the heart the hose is the vessels, air is blood, tires is the body
 Where is blood pressure the greatest? …the weakest?greatest in the heart because it pumps all the blood and weakest in the veins
 How does gas exchange occur within the capillary bed?simple diffusion across the thin membranes surrounding the blood vessels and the alveoli walls, carbon dioxide in high concentrations within the capillaries passes from these structures into the alveoli where it is maintained at low concentration. Oxygen is maintained by inhalation and passes from the alveoli to the deoxygenated blood in the capillaries
 what is hypertensionthe "silent killer" loss of elasticity due to cholesterol buildups, can lead to an aneurism. best thing to do is de-stress yourself
 How do muscles contribute to blood flow?muscle contractions squeeze blood toward the heart and blood pools in veins when muscles relax.
 What are the physical effects of hypertension and atherosclerosis that cause health problems?physical effects of hypertension- makes the heart work harder
atherosclerosis- accumulation of fats and other debris on the interior walls of arteries
 What are two leading causes of atherosclerosis?smoking, high cholesteral
 How does the body regulate blood pressuremakes pump work harder/less; open/closes arteries and capillaries; increase/decrease amount of blood.
 How does Lasix change blood pressure? Which part of the “diuretic loop” does it inhibit?makes you urinate more to make blood pressure go down, the excretion part (reabsorption)
 What is the effect of alcohol on the blood vessel dilation? How does this change blood pressure?makes it bigger, lowers blood pressure in a bad way
 what killed the underhills?they passed out because of blood pressure and then they drowned
 What is drowning? What are the signs of drowning? How can you tell if someone drowned?fluid prevents gas exchange

signs:
blue/pale skin, kidney failure, sputum around mouth, brain damage

-diatoms in the lungs
 What temperature is safe for spas, hot tubs, and whirlpools?104
 What is the difference in infectious and contagious?infectious is any pathogen that can take up residence in the body and grow but does not spread, contagious spreads from one organism to another.
 examples of different types of infectious agents (Bacteria, viruses, eukaryotic pathogens, prions, and allergens)?bacteria- strep throat
virus- common cold (spreads through your whole body)
eukaryotic pathogen- west nile virus (arises from a 3rd party)
prion- no cure, body already sees the protein as being normal
allergen- poison ivy, never with a fever
 Which pathogens are the most common?allergens, bacterias, viruses
 What are the physical symptoms associated with viruses, bacteria, and allergens?viruses- systemic, achiness, fever
bacteria- localized symptoms, pain
allergens- most difficult to determine symptoms, localized to systemic/internal/external, never with a fever, immediate response
 When would you use an antiviral, antibiotic, and antihistamine?antiviral- when you have a virus
antibiotic- when you have a bacterial illness
antihistamine- allergens
 Why are prions not easily recognized by the body as a foreign invader?because they are a protein and their body sees it as normal, therefore there are no cures for prions. they are just misfolded proteins that effect brain function and they lack DNA
 How are infectious diseases different from genetic disordersinfectious diseases are created by pathogens, genetic disordes are passed down through heredity
 What is the incubation period of an illness?viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying
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