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Universities » Ohio University (Ohio) » BIOS - Biological Sciences (BIOS.. » 103 - HUMAN BIOLOGY I » Flash Cards

Chapter 14 - Flashcards

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Class:BIOS 103 - HUMAN BIOLOGY I
Subject:Biological Sciences (BIOS)
University:Ohio University
Term:Spring 2010
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acetylcholine a neurotransmitter with many functions, including facilitating muscle movements; thought to be involved in the development of alzheimer's disease.
acetylcholinesterase an enzyme in the nerve cell that breaks down acetylcholine
action potential wave of depolorization in a neuron propagated to the end of an axon--also called nerve impulse
alzheimers disease progressive mental deterioration in which there is memory loss along with the loss in control of body functions, ultimatly resulting in death
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axon a long windlike portion of the neuron that inds in a terminal bouton
cell body portion of the neuron that houses the nucleus and organelles
central nervious system includes both the spinal cord and is responsible for intergrating, processing, and coordinating info taken in by senses. It is the seat of functions such as intelligence, learning, memory, and emotions
dendrite short extensions of the neuron that recieve signals from the other cells
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depolarization reductions in the charge difference across the neuronal membrane
depression disease that involves feelings of helplesnes and despair and sometimes thoughs of suicide
dopamine neurotransmitters in pathways that control emotions and complex movements
effector muscle, gland, or organstimulated by anerve
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gray matter unmyelinated axons, combined with dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons that appear gray in the cross section
integration combining multiple neural singnals into one response
interneuron neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron that functions to intergrate sensory input and motor output
motor neuron a neuron that carries information away from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
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myelin sheath protective layer that coats many axons formed by supporting cells such as schwann cells. They myelin sheath increases the speed at which the electrochemical impulse travels down the alxon.
nerve bundle of neurons nerves branch out from the brain and spinal cord to eys, ears, internal organs, skind and bones
nerve impulse electrochemical singal that controls the actives of muscles, glands, organs and organ systems.
nerve tract a bnndle of myelinated nerve fibers
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nervous system brain, spinal cord, sense organs, nad nerves that connect organs and link this system with other organ systems
neuroglia
neuron specialized message-carrying cells of the nervous system
neurotransmitter one of many chemicals relased by the presynaptic neruon into the synapes, which then difuses across the symapse and bind to receptors on the membrane of the postynaptic neuron
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node of Ranvier smallindentation seperating segments of themyelin sheath. nerve impulses "jump" sucessfully from one node of ranvier to the next
Parkinson's disease disease that results in the tremors, rigidity and slowed movements. may be due to faulty dopamine productions
peripheral nervous system network of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that links the CNS with sense organs.
postsynaptic neuron network of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that links the CNS with sense organs.
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presynaptic neuron the neuron that secretes neurotransmitters into a synapse, transmitting a signal.
refactory period the period of the rest after a n euron or muscle cell fires, before it can fire again
repolarization the restoration of a charge difference across a membrane
resting potential the charge difference between the two sides of a membrane that occurs when a nerve cell is not couducting and impulse.
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reputake in neurons, the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the neuron that secreted tem.
schwann cell glia cells that form the melin sheath along the axons of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system
sensory neuron a neuron that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system
sensory receptor cellular systems that collects imformation about the environment indside or outside the body and transmit that information to the brain
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sodium-potassium pump the protein pump in a cell membrane moves sodium out of the cell and prtassium into the cell. both against their concentratin gradients.
Synapse gap between neurons consisting of a terminal bouton of the presynaptic neuron the space between the two adjacent neurons and the membrane of the postynaptic neuron
terminal bouton knoblike structure at the end of an axon
white matter nervous system tissure, espeically in the brain and spinal cord, made of myelinated cells
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brain stem region of the brain that lies below the thalamus and hypothalamus that governs reflexes and some involuntary functions such as breathing and swallowing
caudate nuceli structure within each cerebrial hemesphere that functions as the pathway that coordinates movement patterns. learning and memory
cerebellum region of the brain that controls balance, muscles movemeents , and coordination
cerebral cortex deeply wrinkled outer surface of teh cerebrum where conscious activity and higher thought originate
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cerebrospinal fluid protective liquid bath taht surrounds the brain within the skull
cerebrum protion of the brain in which language , memory, sensations, and decision making are controlled. the cerebrum has two hemipsheres each of which has four lobes
corpus callosum bundle of nerve fibers at the base of the cerebral fissure tht provides a communication like between the cerebral hemipsheres
fissure a deep groove in the brain,such as the one that divides the cerebrum from frount to back, into the right and left cerebral hemipshere
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frontal lobe the largest and most anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
hypothalamus gland that helps regulate the body temperature infulences behaviors such as hunger, thirst, and reproduction; and secretes a hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the activities of the gonads.
medulla oblongata region of the brain stem that is a continuation of the spinal cord and conbeys information between spinal cord and otehr parts of the brain.
meninges
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midbrain
occipital lobe
partial lobe
pons
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recticular formation
spinal cord
spinal nerves
temporal lobe
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thalamus
ventricles
amygdala almond shaped structure in the brains's temporal lobe that helps regulate emotional behaviors
hippocampus part of the brain, in the temporal lobe, that consists mainly of gray matter and plasy a role in memory
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limbic system
memory
autonomic nervous system the branch of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions . subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
crainal nerve any of the 12 pairs of nerves in humans that arise from the brain stemand conncet to muscles and organs of the upper chest and head.
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ganglia group of nerve cell bodies located ourside the CNS
mixed nerve
parasympathetic division
pherioheral nervous system
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reflex
reflex arc
somatic system
sympathetic division
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sym- joined together
cortex bark of a treea
ganglion cell cell in the eye that serves as an interneuron . ganglion cells axons form the optice nerve.
Myelin- -is a protective layer that surrounds the axons of some neurons -it is formed by neuroglial cells -it gives neurongs a white appearance -it can increase the rate of nerve signal transmission
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How are ions distributed when an axons is not comducting a nerve impulse? more sodium outside the axon and more potassium inside the axon
An action potential is triggered when diffusion of__________is accelerated through voltage-gated channels in the plasma membrane. sodium ions
Which of the following mechanisms maintains a gradient across a neurons membrane? dopamine receptor
An action potential ________ is propagated as a wave of depolarization moves down the length of a neuron
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Neurotransmitters diffuse across a synapse and bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
Effects of neurotransmitter could be increased by -increasing the number of receptors on the postynaptic cell -preventing reputake -inhibiting enzymes involved in breakdown of the neurotransmitter from the synapse
True/False- Depolarization is the lessening of charge difference across the membrane of the axon? true
LABLE NEURON STRUCTURE
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True/False- cells found in nervous tissue can be categorized as either neuroglia or neurons? true
True/False The repolarization phase of an action potential cocurs when sodium ions diffuse out of the cell and the inside of the cell again becomes more negative than the outside? false
Which brain structure controls balance? cerebellum
Where is the brain in the thalamus located? between the cerebral hemispheres
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lable parts of the brain
Which of the follwing is a function of the brain stem? governs spontaneous functions such as heartbeat and swallowing
Spinal nerves conduct impulses where? both to and from the spinal cord
Integration is the summing of excitatory and inhibitory signals
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____________ are clusters of cell bodies of peripheral neurons that form swellings Ganglia
true/false bundels of axons within the CNS are called tracts while those in the PNS are called nerves true
t/f The parasympathetic sysem slows down the body and divets energy to basic housekeeping tasks true
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 acetylcholinea neurotransmitter with many functions, including facilitating muscle movements; thought to be involved in the development of alzheimer's disease.
 acetylcholinesterase an enzyme in the nerve cell that breaks down acetylcholine
 action potentialwave of depolorization in a neuron propagated to the end of an axon--also called nerve impulse
 alzheimers diseaseprogressive mental deterioration in which there is memory loss along with the loss in control of body functions, ultimatly resulting in death
 axona long windlike portion of the neuron that inds in a terminal bouton
 cell bodyportion of the neuron that houses the nucleus and organelles
 central nervious systemincludes both the spinal cord and is responsible for intergrating, processing, and coordinating info taken in by senses. It is the seat of functions such as intelligence, learning, memory, and emotions
 dendriteshort extensions of the neuron that recieve signals from the other cells
 depolarizationreductions in the charge difference across the neuronal membrane
 depressiondisease that involves feelings of helplesnes and despair and sometimes thoughs of suicide
 dopamine neurotransmitters in pathways that control emotions and complex movements
 effectormuscle, gland, or organstimulated by anerve
 gray matterunmyelinated axons, combined with dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons that appear gray in the cross section
 integrationcombining multiple neural singnals into one response
 interneuronneuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron that functions to intergrate sensory input and motor output
 motor neurona neuron that carries information away from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands.
 myelin sheathprotective layer that coats many axons formed by supporting cells such as schwann cells. They myelin sheath increases the speed at which the electrochemical impulse travels down the alxon.
 nervebundle of neurons nerves branch out from the brain and spinal cord to eys, ears, internal organs, skind and bones
 nerve impulseelectrochemical singal that controls the actives of muscles, glands, organs and organ systems.
 nerve tracta bnndle of myelinated nerve fibers
 nervous systembrain, spinal cord, sense organs, nad nerves that connect organs and link this system with other organ systems
 neuroglia 
 neuronspecialized message-carrying cells of the nervous system
 neurotransmitter one of many chemicals relased by the presynaptic neruon into the synapes, which then difuses across the symapse and bind to receptors on the membrane of the postynaptic neuron
 node of Ranviersmallindentation seperating segments of themyelin sheath. nerve impulses "jump" sucessfully from one node of ranvier to the next
 Parkinson's diseasedisease that results in the tremors, rigidity and slowed movements. may be due to faulty dopamine productions
 peripheral nervous system network of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that links the CNS with sense organs.
 postsynaptic neuronnetwork of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that links the CNS with sense organs.
 presynaptic neuronthe neuron that secretes neurotransmitters into a synapse, transmitting a signal.
 refactory periodthe period of the rest after a n euron or muscle cell fires, before it can fire again
 repolarization the restoration of a charge difference across a membrane
 resting potentialthe charge difference between the two sides of a membrane that occurs when a nerve cell is not couducting and impulse.
 reputakein neurons, the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the neuron that secreted tem.
 schwann cellglia cells that form the melin sheath along the axons of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system
 sensory neurona neuron that conducts impulses from a sense organ to the central nervous system
 sensory receptorcellular systems that collects imformation about the environment indside or outside the body and transmit that information to the brain
 sodium-potassium pumpthe protein pump in a cell membrane moves sodium out of the cell and prtassium into the cell. both against their concentratin gradients.
 Synapse gap between neurons consisting of a terminal bouton of the presynaptic neuron the space between the two adjacent neurons and the membrane of the postynaptic neuron
 terminal boutonknoblike structure at the end of an axon
 white matternervous system tissure, espeically in the brain and spinal cord, made of myelinated cells
 brain stem region of the brain that lies below the thalamus and hypothalamus that governs reflexes and some involuntary functions such as breathing and swallowing
 caudate nucelistructure within each cerebrial hemesphere that functions as the pathway that coordinates movement patterns. learning and memory
 cerebellumregion of the brain that controls balance, muscles movemeents , and coordination
 cerebral cortexdeeply wrinkled outer surface of teh cerebrum where conscious activity and higher thought originate
 cerebrospinal fluidprotective liquid bath taht surrounds the brain within the skull
 cerebrumprotion of the brain in which language , memory, sensations, and decision making are controlled. the cerebrum has two hemipsheres each of which has four lobes
 corpus callosumbundle of nerve fibers at the base of the cerebral fissure tht provides a communication like between the cerebral hemipsheres
 fissurea deep groove in the brain,such as the one that divides the cerebrum from frount to back, into the right and left cerebral hemipshere
 frontal lobethe largest and most anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere
 hypothalamusgland that helps regulate the body temperature infulences behaviors such as hunger, thirst, and reproduction; and secretes a hormone (GnRH) that stimulates the activities of the gonads.
 medulla oblongataregion of the brain stem that is a continuation of the spinal cord and conbeys information between spinal cord and otehr parts of the brain.
 meninges 
 midbrain 
 occipital lobe 
 partial lobe 
 pons 
 recticular formation 
 spinal cord 
 spinal nerves 
 temporal lobe 
 thalamus 
 ventricles 
 amygdalaalmond shaped structure in the brains's temporal lobe that helps regulate emotional behaviors
 hippocampuspart of the brain, in the temporal lobe, that consists mainly of gray matter and plasy a role in memory
 limbic system 
 memory 
 autonomic nervous systemthe branch of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions . subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
 crainal nerveany of the 12 pairs of nerves in humans that arise from the brain stemand conncet to muscles and organs of the upper chest and head.
 gangliagroup of nerve cell bodies located ourside the CNS
 mixed nerve 
 parasympathetic division 
 pherioheral nervous system 
 reflex 
 reflex arc 
 somatic system 
 sympathetic division 
 sym-joined together
 cortexbark of a treea
 ganglion cellcell in the eye that serves as an interneuron . ganglion cells axons form the optice nerve.
 Myelin--is a protective layer that surrounds the axons of some neurons
-it is formed by neuroglial cells
-it gives neurongs a white appearance
-it can increase the rate of nerve signal transmission
 How are ions distributed when an axons is not comducting a nerve impulse?more sodium outside the axon and more potassium inside the axon
 An action potential is triggered when diffusion of__________is accelerated through voltage-gated channels in the plasma membrane.sodium ions
 Which of the following mechanisms maintains a gradient across a neurons membrane?dopamine receptor
 An action potential ________is propagated as a wave of depolarization moves down the length of a neuron
 Neurotransmittersdiffuse across a synapse and bind to receptors on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
 Effects of neurotransmitter could be increased by-increasing the number of receptors on the postynaptic cell
-preventing reputake
-inhibiting enzymes involved in breakdown of the neurotransmitter from the synapse
 True/False- Depolarization is the lessening of charge difference across the membrane of the axon?true
 LABLE NEURON STRUCTURE 
 True/False- cells found in nervous tissue can be categorized as either neuroglia or neurons?true
 True/False The repolarization phase of an action potential cocurs when sodium ions diffuse out of the cell and the inside of the cell again becomes more negative than the outside?false
 Which brain structure controls balance?cerebellum
 Where is the brain in the thalamus located?between the cerebral hemispheres
 lable parts of the brain 
 Which of the follwing is a function of the brain stem?governs spontaneous functions such as heartbeat and swallowing
 Spinal nerves conduct impulses where?both to and from the spinal cord
 Integrationis the summing of excitatory and inhibitory signals
 ____________ are clusters of cell bodies of peripheral neurons that form swellingsGanglia
 true/false bundels of axons within the CNS are called tracts while those in the PNS are called nervestrue
 t/f The parasympathetic sysem slows down the body and divets energy to basic housekeeping taskstrue
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