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Universities » University of Illinois-Chicago (.. » BIOS - Biological Sciences » 101 - Biology of Populations and.. » Flash Cards

Genetics - Flashcards

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Class:	BIOS 101 - Biology of Populations and Communities
Subject:	Biological Sciences
University:	University of Illinois - Chicago
Term:	Fall 2010

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Genetics

The study of the process of how information is transmitted from one generation to the next

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Gene

A DNA sequence that codes for a single genetic instruction
It is an information entity

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Allele

A variant of a gene
There can be two, many, or several different variants of the same basic gene
Some variants of alleles do not affect an organism significantly or at all, while others cause profound changes

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Why doesn't substitutions in the 3rd codon cause significant changes?

They code for the same transfer RNA and thus the same protein is produced.

Example: CCU-->CCA

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GAG-->GUG

sickle cell anemia

causes a profound change because substitution is the second codon position--code for different things

Click Card to flip

Prokaryotes

-much smaller genomes than eukaryotes
-in the form of a single loop of DNA attached to the cell membrane
-don't reproduce sexually-->transmit information through swapping plasmids
-DNA in bacteria when stretched out can be way longer than the cell itself
-arrange like beads on a string on the chromosome
-DNA loop replicates before fission
-cell membrane splits in 2 during fission--> one loop of DNA ends up in each new "daughter cell"

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Eukaryotes and Genetics

-more DNA than a prokaryote
-arranged like beads on a string
-genes are located where they are on a chromosome based on evolutionary accident
-DNA is linear, not circular
-every cell has the same DNA, however only a fraction the genes are active; others are permanently "turned off" during development

Click Card to flip

DNA and its structure

increased amounts of DNA calls for condensing long strands to compact structures that can be sorted into separate daughter cells

loops of DNA wrap around a histone and are locked in by a second
forming a nucleosome

these are further super-coiled into a condensed figure to form the familiar shapes we see under a microscope

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Histone

an important and evolutionary conservative protein

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Mitosis

the duplication of genetic material within a eukaryote cell
It can lead to growth in a multicellular organism
It serves to give rise to cell types which ultimately "kill themselves off" by splitting and splitting again into four very different cells

It is NOT a mean of producing gametes

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Sexual Reproduction

A sharing of genetic material to form an individual with equal contributions from two parents

Female produce an egg; Males produce a sperm (Each Haploid)
They combine resulting in a zygote which is diploid (meaning two)

Many eukaryotes can produce sexually and asexually

Potential to produce enormously variable sets of genetic information that can be crucial to survival of a species

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Syngamy (Fertilization)

A combination of genetic information from two separate cells to form a diploid cell

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Diploidy

The state of having two copies of every single gene

Identical matches are homozygous
Others with subtle differences between the two copies are heterozygous

Not all organisms are diploid as adults but in order for sexual reproduction to occur, there must be both a diploid and haploid phase of the life cycle

Click Card to flip

Meiosis

The process by which a single diploid cell gives rise to four genetically different, haploid cells

Click Card to flip

Steps in Meiosis

Diploid progenitor duplicates its genetic material

Chromosomes its match to form "matching pairs" of homologous chromosomes

4 strands cluster in a structure called a tetrad in the center of the dividing cell--> Crossing over may occur

Click Card to flip

Divisions of Meiosis

First Division: homologous chromosomes separate-->spindle fibers drag them to opposite poles of the cell-->it divides-->where the chromosomes end up are completely random and not influenced by others

Second Division: Chromatids separate-->spindle fibers drag them to opposite poles of the cell and then it divides

This gives you 4 genetically different daughter cells from a single parent

Click Card to flip

Errors in Meiosis

Potential to produce unusual phenotypes in the offspring

-Non Disjunction is the most common

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Non Disjunction

An entire homologous pair migrates to the pole of a cell without splitting

In single pair: monosomy or trisomy (Down Syndrome 21)
Trisomy on chromosomes 23, 18, 13 are survivable (others are not)

In entire genome: can produce triploid or even tetraploid offspring
(

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How Meiosis and Sex produce variation

Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell with two redundant sets of DNA and produce 4 haploid cells each with a single set of DNA

These 4 cells all have different sets of alleles although they have the same genes

Produces by random selecting one or the other chromosome from a diploid cell to form a haploid set or by recombination

Click Card to flip

Recombination

A result of crossing over

new combinations of alleles on chromosomes may arise

Click Card to flip

Crossing Over

a cytological phenomenon that occurs during the first of the two meiotic divisions

2 strands of DNA from complimentary chromosomes cross over each other and a break forms-->break is quickly repaired--> switching stretches of DNA among the two compliments to create two new chromosomes--> A pair can cross once, several times, or never at all

Click Card to flip

Crossing Over creates...

New combinations of alleles on chromosomes and permits favorable alleles to combine together on the same chromosome resulting in recombination

The further apart 2 genes are on a chromosome the more likely that crossing over will create recombination b/t the 2 of them

Click Card to flip

Locus

Location

refers to the place where variation can ovvur

Click Card to flip

Segregation

Process by which a gamete comes to have only one of the two alleles its parent possesses for every gene

It is random and occurs because of the separation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division

Click Card to flip

Assortment

Accounts for the fact that most eukaryotes possess many pairs of chromosomes

Segregation at two loci simultaneously

Responsible for the variation in gametes created by the random selection of chromosome from each pair into gametes

Click Card to flip

Independent Assortment vs Linkage

Independent assortment is when the genes are on separate chromosomes

And when they are on the same chromosome they tend to be passed on as a unit which can only be broken up by recombination which is called LINKAGE

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Genetics	The study of the process of how information is transmitted from one generation to the next
Gene	A DNA sequence that codes for a single genetic instruction It is an information entity
Allele	A variant of a gene There can be two, many, or several different variants of the same basic gene Some variants of alleles do not affect an organism significantly or at all, while others cause profound changes
Why doesn't substitutions in the 3rd codon cause significant changes?	They code for the same transfer RNA and thus the same protein is produced. Example: CCU-->CCA

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GAG-->GUG	sickle cell anemia causes a profound change because substitution is the second codon position--code for different things
Prokaryotes	-much smaller genomes than eukaryotes -in the form of a single loop of DNA attached to the cell membrane -don't reproduce sexually-->transmit information through swapping plasmids -DNA in bacteria when stretched out can be way longer than the cell itself -arrange like beads on a string on the chromosome -DNA loop replicates before fission -cell membrane splits in 2 during fission--> one loop of DNA ends up in each new "daughter cell"
Eukaryotes and Genetics	-more DNA than a prokaryote -arranged like beads on a string -genes are located where they are on a chromosome based on evolutionary accident -DNA is linear, not circular -every cell has the same DNA, however only a fraction the genes are active; others are permanently "turned off" during development
DNA and its structure	increased amounts of DNA calls for condensing long strands to compact structures that can be sorted into separate daughter cells loops of DNA wrap around a histone and are locked in by a second forming a nucleosome these are further super-coiled into a condensed figure to form the familiar shapes we see under a microscope

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Histone	an important and evolutionary conservative protein
Mitosis	the duplication of genetic material within a eukaryote cell It can lead to growth in a multicellular organism It serves to give rise to cell types which ultimately "kill themselves off" by splitting and splitting again into four very different cells It is NOT a mean of producing gametes
Sexual Reproduction	A sharing of genetic material to form an individual with equal contributions from two parents Female produce an egg; Males produce a sperm (Each Haploid) They combine resulting in a zygote which is diploid (meaning two) Many eukaryotes can produce sexually and asexually Potential to produce enormously variable sets of genetic information that can be crucial to survival of a species
Syngamy (Fertilization)	A combination of genetic information from two separate cells to form a diploid cell

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Diploidy	The state of having two copies of every single gene Identical matches are homozygous Others with subtle differences between the two copies are heterozygous Not all organisms are diploid as adults but in order for sexual reproduction to occur, there must be both a diploid and haploid phase of the life cycle
Meiosis	The process by which a single diploid cell gives rise to four genetically different, haploid cells
Steps in Meiosis	Diploid progenitor duplicates its genetic material Chromosomes its match to form "matching pairs" of homologous chromosomes 4 strands cluster in a structure called a tetrad in the center of the dividing cell--> Crossing over may occur
Divisions of Meiosis	First Division: homologous chromosomes separate-->spindle fibers drag them to opposite poles of the cell-->it divides-->where the chromosomes end up are completely random and not influenced by others Second Division: Chromatids separate-->spindle fibers drag them to opposite poles of the cell and then it divides This gives you 4 genetically different daughter cells from a single parent

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Errors in Meiosis	Potential to produce unusual phenotypes in the offspring -Non Disjunction is the most common
Non Disjunction	An entire homologous pair migrates to the pole of a cell without splitting In single pair: monosomy or trisomy (Down Syndrome 21) Trisomy on chromosomes 23, 18, 13 are survivable (others are not) In entire genome: can produce triploid or even tetraploid offspring (
How Meiosis and Sex produce variation	Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell with two redundant sets of DNA and produce 4 haploid cells each with a single set of DNA These 4 cells all have different sets of alleles although they have the same genes Produces by random selecting one or the other chromosome from a diploid cell to form a haploid set or by recombination
Recombination	A result of crossing over new combinations of alleles on chromosomes may arise

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Koofers.com

Crossing Over	a cytological phenomenon that occurs during the first of the two meiotic divisions 2 strands of DNA from complimentary chromosomes cross over each other and a break forms-->break is quickly repaired--> switching stretches of DNA among the two compliments to create two new chromosomes--> A pair can cross once, several times, or never at all
Crossing Over creates...	New combinations of alleles on chromosomes and permits favorable alleles to combine together on the same chromosome resulting in recombination The further apart 2 genes are on a chromosome the more likely that crossing over will create recombination b/t the 2 of them
Locus	Location refers to the place where variation can ovvur
Segregation	Process by which a gamete comes to have only one of the two alleles its parent possesses for every gene It is random and occurs because of the separation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division

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Koofers.com

Assortment	Accounts for the fact that most eukaryotes possess many pairs of chromosomes Segregation at two loci simultaneously Responsible for the variation in gametes created by the random selection of chromosome from each pair into gametes
Independent Assortment vs Linkage	Independent assortment is when the genes are on separate chromosomes And when they are on the same chromosome they tend to be passed on as a unit which can only be broken up by recombination which is called LINKAGE

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List View: Terms & Definitions

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	Front	Back
	Genetics	The study of the process of how information is transmitted from one generation to the next
	Gene	A DNA sequence that codes for a single genetic instruction It is an information entity
	Allele	A variant of a gene There can be two, many, or several different variants of the same basic gene Some variants of alleles do not affect an organism significantly or at all, while others cause profound changes
	Why doesn't substitutions in the 3rd codon cause significant changes?	They code for the same transfer RNA and thus the same protein is produced. Example: CCU-->CCA
	GAG-->GUG	sickle cell anemia causes a profound change because substitution is the second codon position--code for different things
	Prokaryotes	-much smaller genomes than eukaryotes -in the form of a single loop of DNA attached to the cell membrane -don't reproduce sexually-->transmit information through swapping plasmids -DNA in bacteria when stretched out can be way longer than the cell itself -arrange like beads on a string on the chromosome -DNA loop replicates before fission -cell membrane splits in 2 during fission--> one loop of DNA ends up in each new "daughter cell"
	Eukaryotes and Genetics	-more DNA than a prokaryote -arranged like beads on a string -genes are located where they are on a chromosome based on evolutionary accident -DNA is linear, not circular -every cell has the same DNA, however only a fraction the genes are active; others are permanently "turned off" during development
	DNA and its structure	increased amounts of DNA calls for condensing long strands to compact structures that can be sorted into separate daughter cells loops of DNA wrap around a histone and are locked in by a second forming a nucleosome these are further super-coiled into a condensed figure to form the familiar shapes we see under a microscope
	Histone	an important and evolutionary conservative protein
	Mitosis	the duplication of genetic material within a eukaryote cell It can lead to growth in a multicellular organism It serves to give rise to cell types which ultimately "kill themselves off" by splitting and splitting again into four very different cells It is NOT a mean of producing gametes
	Sexual Reproduction	A sharing of genetic material to form an individual with equal contributions from two parents Female produce an egg; Males produce a sperm (Each Haploid) They combine resulting in a zygote which is diploid (meaning two) Many eukaryotes can produce sexually and asexually Potential to produce enormously variable sets of genetic information that can be crucial to survival of a species
	Syngamy (Fertilization)	A combination of genetic information from two separate cells to form a diploid cell
	Diploidy	The state of having two copies of every single gene Identical matches are homozygous Others with subtle differences between the two copies are heterozygous Not all organisms are diploid as adults but in order for sexual reproduction to occur, there must be both a diploid and haploid phase of the life cycle
	Meiosis	The process by which a single diploid cell gives rise to four genetically different, haploid cells
	Steps in Meiosis	Diploid progenitor duplicates its genetic material Chromosomes its match to form "matching pairs" of homologous chromosomes 4 strands cluster in a structure called a tetrad in the center of the dividing cell--> Crossing over may occur
	Divisions of Meiosis	First Division: homologous chromosomes separate-->spindle fibers drag them to opposite poles of the cell-->it divides-->where the chromosomes end up are completely random and not influenced by others Second Division: Chromatids separate-->spindle fibers drag them to opposite poles of the cell and then it divides This gives you 4 genetically different daughter cells from a single parent
	Errors in Meiosis	Potential to produce unusual phenotypes in the offspring -Non Disjunction is the most common
	Non Disjunction	An entire homologous pair migrates to the pole of a cell without splitting In single pair: monosomy or trisomy (Down Syndrome 21) Trisomy on chromosomes 23, 18, 13 are survivable (others are not) In entire genome: can produce triploid or even tetraploid offspring (
	How Meiosis and Sex produce variation	Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell with two redundant sets of DNA and produce 4 haploid cells each with a single set of DNA These 4 cells all have different sets of alleles although they have the same genes Produces by random selecting one or the other chromosome from a diploid cell to form a haploid set or by recombination
	Recombination	A result of crossing over new combinations of alleles on chromosomes may arise
	Crossing Over	a cytological phenomenon that occurs during the first of the two meiotic divisions 2 strands of DNA from complimentary chromosomes cross over each other and a break forms-->break is quickly repaired--> switching stretches of DNA among the two compliments to create two new chromosomes--> A pair can cross once, several times, or never at all
	Crossing Over creates...	New combinations of alleles on chromosomes and permits favorable alleles to combine together on the same chromosome resulting in recombination The further apart 2 genes are on a chromosome the more likely that crossing over will create recombination b/t the 2 of them
	Locus	Location refers to the place where variation can ovvur
	Segregation	Process by which a gamete comes to have only one of the two alleles its parent possesses for every gene It is random and occurs because of the separation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division
	Assortment	Accounts for the fact that most eukaryotes possess many pairs of chromosomes Segregation at two loci simultaneously Responsible for the variation in gametes created by the random selection of chromosome from each pair into gametes
	Independent Assortment vs Linkage	Independent assortment is when the genes are on separate chromosomes And when they are on the same chromosome they tend to be passed on as a unit which can only be broken up by recombination which is called LINKAGE

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