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Universities » University of California - Davis.. » BIS - Biological Sciences » 002C - Introduction to Biology » Flash Cards

BIS 2C Lec 2 - Flashcards

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Class:BIS 002C - Introduction to Biology
Subject:Biological Sciences
University:University of California - Davis
Term:Fall 2010
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Taxon a biological group (typically a species or a clade) that is given a name [taxa: multiple taxon]
Node 1. common ancestor of taxa "above" the node 2. splits branches from one lineage into more
internal node nodes after the most recent common ancestor
root node 1. common ancestor of all taxa in the tree 2. point of earliest split in the tree
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What do branches represent? represent the evolution of taxa over time
internal branches branches that lead up to the terminal branches
terminal branches branches that lead up to the modern taxa that we are studying
root or root branch branch leading up to the root node (i.e., the common ancestor of all taxa in the tree)
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Can branches be rotated around any node without changing the meaning of the tree? Yes
All traits evolved on a branch should be shared by descendants of its node? Yes
monophyletic group 1. a group of organisms consisting of a single node and ALL if the descendants of that node in a tree and nothing else 2. a group of organisms consisting of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA) and all its descendants and nothing else
clade a monophyletic group
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What is the relationship between the number of nodes in a tree and the number of monophyletic groups? number of nodes equals the number of monophyletic groups
non-monophyletic groups groups that include some but not all descendants of the most recent ancestor of that group
paraphyletic group a group of organisms consisting of their MCRA but excluding some of its descendants
polyphyletic group group of organisms that excludes the MRCA of the group
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sister groups two clades or species that are each other's closest relatives (the two descendants of a single node)
ingroup the group under study
outgroup one or more taxa (usually closely related to the ingroup) that are not members of the ingroup
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 Taxona biological group (typically a species or a clade) that is given a name [taxa: multiple taxon]
 Node1. common ancestor of taxa "above" the node 2. splits branches from one lineage into more
 internal nodenodes after the most recent common ancestor
 root node1. common ancestor of all taxa in the tree 2. point of earliest split in the tree
 What do branches represent?represent the evolution of taxa over time
 internal branchesbranches that lead up to the terminal branches
 terminal branchesbranches that lead up to the modern taxa that we are studying
 root or root branchbranch leading up to the root node (i.e., the common ancestor of all taxa in the tree)
 Can branches be rotated around any node without changing the meaning of the tree?Yes
 All traits evolved on a branch should be shared by descendants of its node?Yes
 monophyletic group1. a group of organisms consisting of a single node and ALL if the descendants of that node in a tree and nothing else 2. a group of organisms consisting of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA) and all its descendants and nothing else
 cladea monophyletic group
 What is the relationship between the number of nodes in a tree and the number of monophyletic groups?number of nodes equals the number of monophyletic groups
 non-monophyletic groupsgroups that include some but not all descendants of the most recent ancestor of that group
 paraphyletic groupa group of organisms consisting of their MCRA but excluding some of its descendants
 polyphyletic groupgroup of organisms that excludes the MRCA of the group
 sister groupstwo clades or species that are each other's closest relatives (the two descendants of a single node)
 ingroupthe group under study
 outgroupone or more taxa (usually closely related to the ingroup) that are not members of the ingroup
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