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Universities » Arizona State University (ASU) » BMI - Biomedical Informatics » 592 - Research » Flash Cards

BME 210 - Flashcards

Flashcard Deck Information

Class:	BMI 592 - Research
Subject:	Biomedical Informatics
University:	Arizona State University - Tempe
Term:	Fall 2011

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Endocrine Glands

Glands release hormones, which enter the blood and regulate the activities of organs or systems?

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Connective Tissue

Tendons that hold muscles to bones

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Epithelium

Skin

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Neural Tissue

Brain

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Muscular Tissue

Heart and skeletal muscles

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Cadherin

Membrane protein used to form cell junctions

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CAM

Membrane protein used to form cell junctions

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Collagen

Matrix protein found in connective tissue

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Connexins

Protein found in Gap Junction

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Elastin

Matrix protein found in connective tissue

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Fibrillin

Matrix protein found in connective tissue

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Fibronectin

Matrix protein found in connective tissue

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Integrin

Membrane protein used to for cell junctions

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Occulin

Membrane protein used to form Cell Junctions

Click Card to flip

Sweat Glands

Glands that secrete sweat found in skin

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Apocrine Glands

Found in skin near genitalia,, anus, axillae, and eyelids, create waxy/milky secretions in response to fear or sexual excitement.

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Sebaceous Glands

Exocrine glands the secrete a lipid mixture

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Mitchondrial Matrix

The internal compartment of a cell

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Tissue Matrix

Noncellular material found outside of cells

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Cerebrum

The part of the brain that makes us human, allowing human reasoning and cognition

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In vertebrates, what is the Central Nervous System protected by?

Skull and vertebral column

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What are the 3 meninges from bone inward

1. Dura Mater

2. Arachnoit membrane

3. Pia Mater

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Purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid?

1, Buoyancy reduces brain's weight

2. Cushion between the brain and bone

3. Chemical protection by creating a closely regulated extracellular fluid for brain cells

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Medulla Oblongata

Lower half of the brainstem, contains control centers for blood pressure and breathing

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Pons

Trnasfers information to the cerebellum

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Midbrain

Relays signals and visual reflexes, plus eye movement

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Reticular Formation

Controls arousal and sleep

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Cerebellum

Region of the brain that controls motor control or movement

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Diencephalon

The region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

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Thalamus

Relays and modifies information going to and from the cerebrum

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Hypothalamus

Contains the integrating centers for homeostasis

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Blood-Brain Barrier

Capillaries that are less leaky due to tight junctions between endothelial cells; regulate substances that are allowed into the brain tissue

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Gray Matter

Part of the central nervous system that contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. Forms nuclei or layers in the brain and spinal cord. (Information passes from neuron to neuron)

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White Matter

Part of the central nervous system that contains mostly myelinated axons; tracts carry information up and down the spinal cord

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Sensory Areas

Perception

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Motor Cortex

Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.

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Association Areas

Integrate information and direct voluntary behavior

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Cerebral Lateralization

Asymmetrical distribution of function between the the lobes of the cerebrum

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Left Brain

Controls Language and talking

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Right Brain

Spatial Skills

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Afferent Division

Carries information from the sensory receptors to the CNS

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Proprioception

The ability to tell where our body is in space and to sense the relative locations of different body parts

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Sensory Pathways

A sensor and sensory neuron on one cell or two

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Mechanoreceptors

A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion.

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Chemoreceptors

A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential.

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Photoreceptors

Photons of lights

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Thermoreceptors

A thermoreceptor is a sensory receptor, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature.

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Sensory Field

Where the receptors of each primary sensory neuron pick up information

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What part of the brain are sounds processed?

Medulla

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What part of the brain are odors processed?

Cerebrum

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What part of the brain are visual information processed?

Midbrain & cerebrum

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What part of the brain are taste processed?

Cerebrum & medulla

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What part of the brain is equilibrium processed?

Cerebellum

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Transduction

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential

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Adequete stimulus

The form of energy to which a receptor responds to

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Threshold

The minimum stimulus required to activate a receptor

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Receptor Potential

A type of graded potential; the change in membrane potential that occurs when a cell hyperpolarizes or depolarizes

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Organization of sensory regions

Preserve the topographical organization of receptors on the skin, eye, or other regions.

Exceptions- Olfaction & hearing- rely on timing of the receptor to determine location

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Lateral Inhibition

Sensory neurons surrounding a sensory field are inhibited, which enhances contrast between the stimulus and surrounding areas

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Tonic Receptors

Adapt slowly and respond to stimuli that need to be constantly monitored; heat

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Phasic Receptors

Adapt rapidly and stop responding unless the stimulus changes; smell

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Referred Pain

Referred pain is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.

Example: heart pain perceived as coming from the neck and down the left arm

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Sweet

Nutritious foods

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Salty

Na+

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Bitter

May contain many toxins

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Sour

H+

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Umami

Nutritious (savoriness)

Click Card to flip

Hertz

Unit of sound wave.

Frequency per seconds

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Loudness/Intensity

A function of the loudness of the sound waves and in measured in decibels

Click Card to flip

Range of hearing

20 to 20,000 hertz

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Acute Range of hearing

1,000 to 3,000 hertz

Click Card to flip

Semicircular canals

Tell brain about our movements through rotation; sense rotation

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Otorith Organs

Respond to linear forces

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Sequence of light passing through eye

Cornea

aqueous humor

pupil

lens

retina

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The 3 primary colors of light

Red, blue, green

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White light

Contains all of the primary colors and stimulates the cones

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Color Blindness

Lack of ability to distinguish the three primary colors

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The six types of cell that are found in retinas

Rods

Cones

Bipolar Cells

Ganglion cell

Horizontal Cells

Amacrine Cells

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The 2 division of the Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic: Motor-skeletal muscles

Autonomic: smooth and cardiac muscles, glands and some adipose tissues

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Autonomic Nervous System is also called...?

Sometimes called the visceral nervous system because it controls internal organs and functions such as heart rate and digestion

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Sympathetic Nervous System

One of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system; neurons exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions; ganglia are close to the spinal cord; fight or flight

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Neurons exit from the brain stem or sacral region ganglia are on or close to the targets; rest-and-digest

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Adrenal Medulla

Neurosecretory endocrine gland that is closely allied to the sympathetic branch

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Cholinergic

Neuron that secretes acetylchloline

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Adrenergic/noardrenergic

Nerons the secrete norepinephrine

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Sequence of neurotransmitters after being released

Diffuse away from the synapse

Digested by enzymes in the synapse

takes back into the presynaptic neuron or bind to a membrane receptor

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Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

The main enzyme responsible for catecholamine degradation

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Functions of the Cardiovascular System

1. Transport of materials entering and leaving the body

2. Defense

3. Cell-to-cell communication

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Blood Flow Sequence

Left Ventricle --> aorta --> systemic arteries --> systemic veins --> right ventricle --> pulmonary circulation

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Pressure Gradient

The primary factor causing blood to flow through the body. The value of this gradient is highest at the left ventricle and the aorta. Pressure can decrease due to friction.

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Vasodialation

Volume increase, pressure decreases

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Intercalated Disks

The specialized cell junctions between myocardial cells. These areas contain gap junctions that allow rapid conduction of electrical signals.

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Sequence of an Action Potential

SA node --> internodal pathways --> AV node --> bundle of his --> purkinje fibers --> ventricular myocardium

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Aorta

Primary artery of the systemic circulation

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Pericardium

tough memrabanous sac that encases the heart

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Semilunar Valve

Valve between ventricle and a main artery.

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Artery

A vessel the carries blood away from the heart

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Ventricle

Lower chamber of the heart

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Bicuspid Valve

Mitral valve; valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

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Myocardium

Muscular layer of the heart

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Apex

Narrow end of the heart

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AV Valve

Valve with papillary muscle, normally allows blood flow in only one direction through the heart

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Atria

Upper chambers of the heart

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"Lub" Sound

Caused by vibrations from AV closure

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"Dub" Sound

Caused by vibrations from semilunar closure

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Heart Rate

Number of heart beats per unit time (bpm)

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End-Diastole Volume

Volume or blood before heart contracts

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Stroke Volume

Volume of blood that enters the aorta

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Cardiac Output

Volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in one minute

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Blood Volume

Volume of blood in entire body (5L)

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Functions of Respiratory System

1. Gas exchange

2. Vocalization

3. pH regulation

4. Protection

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Muscles used in Quiet Inspiration

External intercostals, scalenes, and diaphragm

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Muscles used in Quiet Expiration

No significant muscle contractions

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Muscles used in Active Expiration

Internal intercostals and abdominals

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Oxygen Flow Sequence from Atmosphere to Blood

Nose & mouth --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> main bronchus --> secondary bronchi --> bronchioles --> epithelium of alveoli --> interstial fluid --> capillary endothelium

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Macrophages

Ingest foreign material

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Space between alveoli

Filled with capillaries

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When air is inspired

1. Warmed

2. Humidified

3. Filtered (cleaned)

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Inspiration

Thoracic volume change is a result of the m ovement of the diaphragm

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Surfactant

Decreases the surface tension of water and makes it easier for lungs to inflate and stay inflated

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Radius of Airways

Plays the largest role in changing the resistance in respiratory system

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Effect of Histamine on bronchioles

Bronchoconstriction

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Effect of Epinephrine on bronchioles

bronchodialation

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Effect of acetylcholine on bronchioles

Bronchoconstriction

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Effect of increases pressure of Carbon Dioxide on bronchioles

bronchodialation

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Functions of the Kidney

Regulates extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, and pH. Maintenance of ion balance, excretion of wastes and foreign substances, and production of hormones (Ca2+ & Na+)

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Percentage of cardiac output that goes to the kidneys

20-25%

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Sequence of Urinary System

Nephrons through uretes to urinary bladder (storage), leaving through urethra

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Sequence of water through the Nephron

Afferent Atriole --> glomerulus --> Bowman's Capsule --> proximal tubule --> loop of henle --> distale tubule --> collecting duct --> renal pelvis

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Filtration Barriers the solutes cross in Bowman's Capsule (3)

1. Glomerular capillary endothelium

2. Basal Lamina

3. Epithelium of Bowman's Capsule

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Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

Force that promotes glomerular filtration

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Force that opposes glomerular filtration

Fluid pressure in Bowman's Capsule and colloid osmotic pressure

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GFR

Glomerular flitration rate 125 mL/min 180 L/day

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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Found where distal tubule passes between the efferent and afferent arterioles. Composed of macula densa cells in the distal tubule and granular cells in atriole wall/ Regulates function of each neuron.

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Macula Densa

Paracrine cells control autoregulation of GFR and renin secretion

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Mesangial Cells

Alter the size of filtration slits

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Podocyte

Specialized epithelial cells that surrounded glomerular capillaries, changes in slit size alter GFR

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Where does maximum reabsorption occur?

80% of reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule

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Transportation of Na+

primary & secondary active transport

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Transportation of Glucose

Secondary active transport & facilitation diffusion

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Transportation of Urea

Secondary active transport & open channels

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Transportation of Plasma Proteins

transcytosis

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Transportation of Water

Open Channels

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Solutes that are Secreted into the Tubule Lumen (3)

1. Penicillin

2. K+

3. H+

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Endocrine Glands	Glands release hormones, which enter the blood and regulate the activities of organs or systems?
Connective Tissue	Tendons that hold muscles to bones
Epithelium	Skin
Neural Tissue	Brain

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Koofers.com

Muscular Tissue	Heart and skeletal muscles
Cadherin	Membrane protein used to form cell junctions
CAM	Membrane protein used to form cell junctions
Collagen	Matrix protein found in connective tissue

Generated by

Koofers.com

Connexins	Protein found in Gap Junction
Elastin	Matrix protein found in connective tissue
Fibrillin	Matrix protein found in connective tissue
Fibronectin	Matrix protein found in connective tissue

Generated by

Koofers.com

Integrin	Membrane protein used to for cell junctions
Occulin	Membrane protein used to form Cell Junctions
Sweat Glands	Glands that secrete sweat found in skin
Apocrine Glands	Found in skin near genitalia,, anus, axillae, and eyelids, create waxy/milky secretions in response to fear or sexual excitement.

Generated by

Koofers.com

Sebaceous Glands	Exocrine glands the secrete a lipid mixture
Mitchondrial Matrix	The internal compartment of a cell
Tissue Matrix	Noncellular material found outside of cells
Cerebrum	The part of the brain that makes us human, allowing human reasoning and cognition

Generated by

Koofers.com

In vertebrates, what is the Central Nervous System protected by?	Skull and vertebral column
What are the 3 meninges from bone inward	1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoit membrane 3. Pia Mater
Purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid?	1, Buoyancy reduces brain's weight 2. Cushion between the brain and bone 3. Chemical protection by creating a closely regulated extracellular fluid for brain cells
Medulla Oblongata	Lower half of the brainstem, contains control centers for blood pressure and breathing

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Koofers.com

Pons	Trnasfers information to the cerebellum
Midbrain	Relays signals and visual reflexes, plus eye movement
Reticular Formation	Controls arousal and sleep
Cerebellum	Region of the brain that controls motor control or movement

Generated by

Koofers.com

Diencephalon	The region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus	Relays and modifies information going to and from the cerebrum
Hypothalamus	Contains the integrating centers for homeostasis
Blood-Brain Barrier	Capillaries that are less leaky due to tight junctions between endothelial cells; regulate substances that are allowed into the brain tissue

Generated by

Koofers.com

Gray Matter	Part of the central nervous system that contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. Forms nuclei or layers in the brain and spinal cord. (Information passes from neuron to neuron)
White Matter	Part of the central nervous system that contains mostly myelinated axons; tracts carry information up and down the spinal cord
Sensory Areas	Perception
Motor Cortex	Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.

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Association Areas	Integrate information and direct voluntary behavior
Cerebral Lateralization	Asymmetrical distribution of function between the the lobes of the cerebrum
Left Brain	Controls Language and talking
Right Brain	Spatial Skills

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Koofers.com

Afferent Division	Carries information from the sensory receptors to the CNS
Proprioception	The ability to tell where our body is in space and to sense the relative locations of different body parts
Sensory Pathways	A sensor and sensory neuron on one cell or two
Mechanoreceptors	A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion.

Generated by

Koofers.com

Chemoreceptors	A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential.
Photoreceptors	Photons of lights
Thermoreceptors	A thermoreceptor is a sensory receptor, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature.
Sensory Field	Where the receptors of each primary sensory neuron pick up information

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What part of the brain are sounds processed?	Medulla
What part of the brain are odors processed?	Cerebrum
What part of the brain are visual information processed?	Midbrain & cerebrum
What part of the brain are taste processed?	Cerebrum & medulla

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What part of the brain is equilibrium processed?	Cerebellum
Transduction	The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential
Adequete stimulus	The form of energy to which a receptor responds to
Threshold	The minimum stimulus required to activate a receptor

Generated by

Koofers.com

Receptor Potential	A type of graded potential; the change in membrane potential that occurs when a cell hyperpolarizes or depolarizes
Organization of sensory regions	Preserve the topographical organization of receptors on the skin, eye, or other regions. Exceptions- Olfaction & hearing- rely on timing of the receptor to determine location
Lateral Inhibition	Sensory neurons surrounding a sensory field are inhibited, which enhances contrast between the stimulus and surrounding areas
Tonic Receptors	Adapt slowly and respond to stimuli that need to be constantly monitored; heat

Generated by

Koofers.com

Phasic Receptors	Adapt rapidly and stop responding unless the stimulus changes; smell
Referred Pain	Referred pain is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus. Example: heart pain perceived as coming from the neck and down the left arm
Sweet	Nutritious foods
Salty	Na+

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Koofers.com

Bitter	May contain many toxins
Sour	H+
Umami	Nutritious (savoriness)
Hertz	Unit of sound wave. Frequency per seconds

Generated by

Koofers.com

Loudness/Intensity	A function of the loudness of the sound waves and in measured in decibels
Range of hearing	20 to 20,000 hertz
Acute Range of hearing	1,000 to 3,000 hertz
Semicircular canals	Tell brain about our movements through rotation; sense rotation

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Koofers.com

Otorith Organs	Respond to linear forces
Sequence of light passing through eye	Cornea aqueous humor pupil lens retina
The 3 primary colors of light	Red, blue, green
White light	Contains all of the primary colors and stimulates the cones

Generated by

Koofers.com

Color Blindness	Lack of ability to distinguish the three primary colors
The six types of cell that are found in retinas	Rods Cones Bipolar Cells Ganglion cell Horizontal Cells Amacrine Cells
The 2 division of the Peripheral Nervous System	Somatic: Motor-skeletal muscles Autonomic: smooth and cardiac muscles, glands and some adipose tissues
Autonomic Nervous System is also called...?	Sometimes called the visceral nervous system because it controls internal organs and functions such as heart rate and digestion

Generated by

Koofers.com

Sympathetic Nervous System	One of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system; neurons exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions; ganglia are close to the spinal cord; fight or flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System	Neurons exit from the brain stem or sacral region ganglia are on or close to the targets; rest-and-digest
Adrenal Medulla	Neurosecretory endocrine gland that is closely allied to the sympathetic branch
Cholinergic	Neuron that secretes acetylchloline

Generated by

Koofers.com

Adrenergic/noardrenergic	Nerons the secrete norepinephrine
Sequence of neurotransmitters after being released	Diffuse away from the synapse Digested by enzymes in the synapse takes back into the presynaptic neuron or bind to a membrane receptor
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)	The main enzyme responsible for catecholamine degradation
Functions of the Cardiovascular System	1. Transport of materials entering and leaving the body 2. Defense 3. Cell-to-cell communication

Generated by

Koofers.com

Blood Flow Sequence	Left Ventricle --> aorta --> systemic arteries --> systemic veins --> right ventricle --> pulmonary circulation
Pressure Gradient	The primary factor causing blood to flow through the body. The value of this gradient is highest at the left ventricle and the aorta. Pressure can decrease due to friction.
Vasodialation	Volume increase, pressure decreases
Intercalated Disks	The specialized cell junctions between myocardial cells. These areas contain gap junctions that allow rapid conduction of electrical signals.

Generated by

Koofers.com

Sequence of an Action Potential	SA node --> internodal pathways --> AV node --> bundle of his --> purkinje fibers --> ventricular myocardium
Aorta	Primary artery of the systemic circulation
Pericardium	tough memrabanous sac that encases the heart
Semilunar Valve	Valve between ventricle and a main artery.

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Koofers.com

Artery	A vessel the carries blood away from the heart
Ventricle	Lower chamber of the heart
Bicuspid Valve	Mitral valve; valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
Myocardium	Muscular layer of the heart

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Apex	Narrow end of the heart
AV Valve	Valve with papillary muscle, normally allows blood flow in only one direction through the heart
Atria	Upper chambers of the heart
"Lub" Sound	Caused by vibrations from AV closure

Generated by

Koofers.com

"Dub" Sound	Caused by vibrations from semilunar closure
Heart Rate	Number of heart beats per unit time (bpm)
End-Diastole Volume	Volume or blood before heart contracts
Stroke Volume	Volume of blood that enters the aorta

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Koofers.com

Cardiac Output	Volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in one minute
Blood Volume	Volume of blood in entire body (5L)
Functions of Respiratory System	1. Gas exchange 2. Vocalization 3. pH regulation 4. Protection
Muscles used in Quiet Inspiration	External intercostals, scalenes, and diaphragm

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Koofers.com

Muscles used in Quiet Expiration	No significant muscle contractions
Muscles used in Active Expiration	Internal intercostals and abdominals
Oxygen Flow Sequence from Atmosphere to Blood	Nose & mouth --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> main bronchus --> secondary bronchi --> bronchioles --> epithelium of alveoli --> interstial fluid --> capillary endothelium
Macrophages	Ingest foreign material

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Koofers.com

Space between alveoli	Filled with capillaries
When air is inspired	1. Warmed 2. Humidified 3. Filtered (cleaned)
Inspiration	Thoracic volume change is a result of the m ovement of the diaphragm
Surfactant	Decreases the surface tension of water and makes it easier for lungs to inflate and stay inflated

Generated by

Koofers.com

Radius of Airways	Plays the largest role in changing the resistance in respiratory system
Effect of Histamine on bronchioles	Bronchoconstriction
Effect of Epinephrine on bronchioles	bronchodialation
Effect of acetylcholine on bronchioles	Bronchoconstriction

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Koofers.com

Effect of increases pressure of Carbon Dioxide on bronchioles	bronchodialation
Functions of the Kidney	Regulates extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, and pH. Maintenance of ion balance, excretion of wastes and foreign substances, and production of hormones (Ca2+ & Na+)
Percentage of cardiac output that goes to the kidneys	20-25%
Sequence of Urinary System	Nephrons through uretes to urinary bladder (storage), leaving through urethra

Generated by

Koofers.com

Sequence of water through the Nephron	Afferent Atriole --> glomerulus --> Bowman's Capsule --> proximal tubule --> loop of henle --> distale tubule --> collecting duct --> renal pelvis
Filtration Barriers the solutes cross in Bowman's Capsule (3)	1. Glomerular capillary endothelium 2. Basal Lamina 3. Epithelium of Bowman's Capsule
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure	Force that promotes glomerular filtration
Force that opposes glomerular filtration	Fluid pressure in Bowman's Capsule and colloid osmotic pressure

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Koofers.com

GFR	Glomerular flitration rate 125 mL/min 180 L/day
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus	Found where distal tubule passes between the efferent and afferent arterioles. Composed of macula densa cells in the distal tubule and granular cells in atriole wall/ Regulates function of each neuron.
Macula Densa	Paracrine cells control autoregulation of GFR and renin secretion
Mesangial Cells	Alter the size of filtration slits

Generated by

Koofers.com

Podocyte	Specialized epithelial cells that surrounded glomerular capillaries, changes in slit size alter GFR
Where does maximum reabsorption occur?	80% of reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule
Transportation of Na+	primary & secondary active transport
Transportation of Glucose	Secondary active transport & facilitation diffusion

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Koofers.com

Transportation of Urea	Secondary active transport & open channels
Transportation of Plasma Proteins	transcytosis
Transportation of Water	Open Channels
Solutes that are Secreted into the Tubule Lumen (3)	1. Penicillin 2. K+ 3. H+

Generated by

Koofers.com

List View: Terms & Definitions

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	Front	Back
	Endocrine Glands	Glands release hormones, which enter the blood and regulate the activities of organs or systems?
	Connective Tissue	Tendons that hold muscles to bones
	Epithelium	Skin
	Neural Tissue	Brain
	Muscular Tissue	Heart and skeletal muscles
	Cadherin	Membrane protein used to form cell junctions
	CAM	Membrane protein used to form cell junctions
	Collagen	Matrix protein found in connective tissue
	Connexins	Protein found in Gap Junction
	Elastin	Matrix protein found in connective tissue
	Fibrillin	Matrix protein found in connective tissue
	Fibronectin	Matrix protein found in connective tissue
	Integrin	Membrane protein used to for cell junctions
	Occulin	Membrane protein used to form Cell Junctions
	Sweat Glands	Glands that secrete sweat found in skin
	Apocrine Glands	Found in skin near genitalia,, anus, axillae, and eyelids, create waxy/milky secretions in response to fear or sexual excitement.
	Sebaceous Glands	Exocrine glands the secrete a lipid mixture
	Mitchondrial Matrix	The internal compartment of a cell
	Tissue Matrix	Noncellular material found outside of cells
	Cerebrum	The part of the brain that makes us human, allowing human reasoning and cognition
	In vertebrates, what is the Central Nervous System protected by?	Skull and vertebral column
	What are the 3 meninges from bone inward	1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoit membrane 3. Pia Mater
	Purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid?	1, Buoyancy reduces brain's weight 2. Cushion between the brain and bone 3. Chemical protection by creating a closely regulated extracellular fluid for brain cells
	Medulla Oblongata	Lower half of the brainstem, contains control centers for blood pressure and breathing
	Pons	Trnasfers information to the cerebellum
	Midbrain	Relays signals and visual reflexes, plus eye movement
	Reticular Formation	Controls arousal and sleep
	Cerebellum	Region of the brain that controls motor control or movement
	Diencephalon	The region of the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
	Thalamus	Relays and modifies information going to and from the cerebrum
	Hypothalamus	Contains the integrating centers for homeostasis
	Blood-Brain Barrier	Capillaries that are less leaky due to tight junctions between endothelial cells; regulate substances that are allowed into the brain tissue
	Gray Matter	Part of the central nervous system that contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. Forms nuclei or layers in the brain and spinal cord. (Information passes from neuron to neuron)
	White Matter	Part of the central nervous system that contains mostly myelinated axons; tracts carry information up and down the spinal cord
	Sensory Areas	Perception
	Motor Cortex	Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.
	Association Areas	Integrate information and direct voluntary behavior
	Cerebral Lateralization	Asymmetrical distribution of function between the the lobes of the cerebrum
	Left Brain	Controls Language and talking
	Right Brain	Spatial Skills
	Afferent Division	Carries information from the sensory receptors to the CNS
	Proprioception	The ability to tell where our body is in space and to sense the relative locations of different body parts
	Sensory Pathways	A sensor and sensory neuron on one cell or two
	Mechanoreceptors	A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion.
	Chemoreceptors	A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential.
	Photoreceptors	Photons of lights
	Thermoreceptors	A thermoreceptor is a sensory receptor, that codes absolute and relative changes in temperature.
	Sensory Field	Where the receptors of each primary sensory neuron pick up information
	What part of the brain are sounds processed?	Medulla
	What part of the brain are odors processed?	Cerebrum
	What part of the brain are visual information processed?	Midbrain & cerebrum
	What part of the brain are taste processed?	Cerebrum & medulla
	What part of the brain is equilibrium processed?	Cerebellum
	Transduction	The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential
	Adequete stimulus	The form of energy to which a receptor responds to
	Threshold	The minimum stimulus required to activate a receptor
	Receptor Potential	A type of graded potential; the change in membrane potential that occurs when a cell hyperpolarizes or depolarizes
	Organization of sensory regions	Preserve the topographical organization of receptors on the skin, eye, or other regions. Exceptions- Olfaction & hearing- rely on timing of the receptor to determine location
	Lateral Inhibition	Sensory neurons surrounding a sensory field are inhibited, which enhances contrast between the stimulus and surrounding areas
	Tonic Receptors	Adapt slowly and respond to stimuli that need to be constantly monitored; heat
	Phasic Receptors	Adapt rapidly and stop responding unless the stimulus changes; smell
	Referred Pain	Referred pain is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus. Example: heart pain perceived as coming from the neck and down the left arm
	Sweet	Nutritious foods
	Salty	Na+
	Bitter	May contain many toxins
	Sour	H+
	Umami	Nutritious (savoriness)
	Hertz	Unit of sound wave. Frequency per seconds
	Loudness/Intensity	A function of the loudness of the sound waves and in measured in decibels
	Range of hearing	20 to 20,000 hertz
	Acute Range of hearing	1,000 to 3,000 hertz
	Semicircular canals	Tell brain about our movements through rotation; sense rotation
	Otorith Organs	Respond to linear forces
	Sequence of light passing through eye	Cornea aqueous humor pupil lens retina
	The 3 primary colors of light	Red, blue, green
	White light	Contains all of the primary colors and stimulates the cones
	Color Blindness	Lack of ability to distinguish the three primary colors
	The six types of cell that are found in retinas	Rods Cones Bipolar Cells Ganglion cell Horizontal Cells Amacrine Cells
	The 2 division of the Peripheral Nervous System	Somatic: Motor-skeletal muscles Autonomic: smooth and cardiac muscles, glands and some adipose tissues
	Autonomic Nervous System is also called...?	Sometimes called the visceral nervous system because it controls internal organs and functions such as heart rate and digestion
	Sympathetic Nervous System	One of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system; neurons exit the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar regions; ganglia are close to the spinal cord; fight or flight
	Parasympathetic Nervous System	Neurons exit from the brain stem or sacral region ganglia are on or close to the targets; rest-and-digest
	Adrenal Medulla	Neurosecretory endocrine gland that is closely allied to the sympathetic branch
	Cholinergic	Neuron that secretes acetylchloline
	Adrenergic/noardrenergic	Nerons the secrete norepinephrine
	Sequence of neurotransmitters after being released	Diffuse away from the synapse Digested by enzymes in the synapse takes back into the presynaptic neuron or bind to a membrane receptor
	Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)	The main enzyme responsible for catecholamine degradation
	Functions of the Cardiovascular System	1. Transport of materials entering and leaving the body 2. Defense 3. Cell-to-cell communication
	Blood Flow Sequence	Left Ventricle --> aorta --> systemic arteries --> systemic veins --> right ventricle --> pulmonary circulation
	Pressure Gradient	The primary factor causing blood to flow through the body. The value of this gradient is highest at the left ventricle and the aorta. Pressure can decrease due to friction.
	Vasodialation	Volume increase, pressure decreases
	Intercalated Disks	The specialized cell junctions between myocardial cells. These areas contain gap junctions that allow rapid conduction of electrical signals.
	Sequence of an Action Potential	SA node --> internodal pathways --> AV node --> bundle of his --> purkinje fibers --> ventricular myocardium
	Aorta	Primary artery of the systemic circulation
	Pericardium	tough memrabanous sac that encases the heart
	Semilunar Valve	Valve between ventricle and a main artery.
	Artery	A vessel the carries blood away from the heart
	Ventricle	Lower chamber of the heart
	Bicuspid Valve	Mitral valve; valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
	Myocardium	Muscular layer of the heart
	Apex	Narrow end of the heart
	AV Valve	Valve with papillary muscle, normally allows blood flow in only one direction through the heart
	Atria	Upper chambers of the heart
	"Lub" Sound	Caused by vibrations from AV closure
	"Dub" Sound	Caused by vibrations from semilunar closure
	Heart Rate	Number of heart beats per unit time (bpm)
	End-Diastole Volume	Volume or blood before heart contracts
	Stroke Volume	Volume of blood that enters the aorta
	Cardiac Output	Volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in one minute
	Blood Volume	Volume of blood in entire body (5L)
	Functions of Respiratory System	1. Gas exchange 2. Vocalization 3. pH regulation 4. Protection
	Muscles used in Quiet Inspiration	External intercostals, scalenes, and diaphragm
	Muscles used in Quiet Expiration	No significant muscle contractions
	Muscles used in Active Expiration	Internal intercostals and abdominals
	Oxygen Flow Sequence from Atmosphere to Blood	Nose & mouth --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> main bronchus --> secondary bronchi --> bronchioles --> epithelium of alveoli --> interstial fluid --> capillary endothelium
	Macrophages	Ingest foreign material
	Space between alveoli	Filled with capillaries
	When air is inspired	1. Warmed 2. Humidified 3. Filtered (cleaned)
	Inspiration	Thoracic volume change is a result of the m ovement of the diaphragm
	Surfactant	Decreases the surface tension of water and makes it easier for lungs to inflate and stay inflated
	Radius of Airways	Plays the largest role in changing the resistance in respiratory system
	Effect of Histamine on bronchioles	Bronchoconstriction
	Effect of Epinephrine on bronchioles	bronchodialation
	Effect of acetylcholine on bronchioles	Bronchoconstriction
	Effect of increases pressure of Carbon Dioxide on bronchioles	bronchodialation
	Functions of the Kidney	Regulates extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, and pH. Maintenance of ion balance, excretion of wastes and foreign substances, and production of hormones (Ca2+ & Na+)
	Percentage of cardiac output that goes to the kidneys	20-25%
	Sequence of Urinary System	Nephrons through uretes to urinary bladder (storage), leaving through urethra
	Sequence of water through the Nephron	Afferent Atriole --> glomerulus --> Bowman's Capsule --> proximal tubule --> loop of henle --> distale tubule --> collecting duct --> renal pelvis
	Filtration Barriers the solutes cross in Bowman's Capsule (3)	1. Glomerular capillary endothelium 2. Basal Lamina 3. Epithelium of Bowman's Capsule
	Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure	Force that promotes glomerular filtration
	Force that opposes glomerular filtration	Fluid pressure in Bowman's Capsule and colloid osmotic pressure
	GFR	Glomerular flitration rate 125 mL/min 180 L/day
	Juxtaglomerular Apparatus	Found where distal tubule passes between the efferent and afferent arterioles. Composed of macula densa cells in the distal tubule and granular cells in atriole wall/ Regulates function of each neuron.
	Macula Densa	Paracrine cells control autoregulation of GFR and renin secretion
	Mesangial Cells	Alter the size of filtration slits
	Podocyte	Specialized epithelial cells that surrounded glomerular capillaries, changes in slit size alter GFR
	Where does maximum reabsorption occur?	80% of reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule
	Transportation of Na+	primary & secondary active transport
	Transportation of Glucose	Secondary active transport & facilitation diffusion
	Transportation of Urea	Secondary active transport & open channels
	Transportation of Plasma Proteins	transcytosis
	Transportation of Water	Open Channels
	Solutes that are Secreted into the Tubule Lumen (3)	1. Penicillin 2. K+ 3. H+

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