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Chapter 1,2,3,4 - Flashcards
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| Class: | CH 131 - General Chemistry I |
| Subject: | Chemistry |
| University: | University of South Alabama |
| Term: | Spring 2010 |
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Chemistry
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The study of the preoperties and behavior of matter "the central science" |
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Matter
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The physical material of the universe; it is anything that has mass and occupies space (ex: book, people, pen) |
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Energy
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a characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types |
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Element
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A substance that canot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means, composed of only one kind of atom |
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Atoms
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Small building blocks of matter. Elements are composed of atoms |
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Molecules
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formed by atoms. Two or more atoms are joined together in specific shapes |
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Composition
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element, compound, mixture |
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Gas
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has no fixed volume or shape. It conforms to the volume and shape of container |
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Liquid
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has a distinct volume independent of its container. It assumes the shape of the container it occupies |
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Solid
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Definite shape and volume |
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Pure Substance
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(Substance) matter that has the distinct properties and a coposition that does not vary from sample to sample **All substances are either elements or compounds |
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Compound
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Substance composed of two or more elements |
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Mixture
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combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity |
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________, ________, & _______ account for 90% of the mass of the human body
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Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen |
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Al
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Aluminum |
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F
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Flourine |
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P
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Phosphorus |
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Br
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Bromine |
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Cl
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Chlorine |
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He
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Helium |
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Li
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Lithium |
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Mg
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Magnesium |
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Si
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Silicon |
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Cu
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Copper |
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Fe
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Iron |
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Pb
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Lead |
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Hg
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Mercury |
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K
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Potassium |
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Ag
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Silver |
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Na
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Sodium |
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Sn
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Ar
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Argon |
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As
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Ba
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Barium |
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B
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Boron |
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Cr
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Chromium |
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Ne
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Ni
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Nickel |
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Pt
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Platinum |
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Se
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Selenium |
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U
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Uranium |
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Xe
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Xenon |
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Zn
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Zinc |
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Heterogeneous Mixture
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vary in texture and appearance ex:rocks |
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Homogeneous Mixtures
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uniform throughout called solutions, which can be a solid,liquid, or gas ex:air |
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Law of constant composition
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(Law of definite proportions) The observation that the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same |
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Components of a mixture
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substances that make up a mixture such as sugar and water in tea. |
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Phyisical Properties
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can be observed without changing the identity and composition of the substance ex: color, odor, density, meltin point, boiling point, hardness |
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Chemical Properties
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describes the way a substance may change or react, to form other substances ex: flammability |
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Intensive Properties
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Do not depend on the amount of the sample being examined. ex: temp, density, melting point |
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Extensive Properties
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Depend on the quantity of the sample ex: mass, volume |
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Physical Change
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substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition ex: water vapor in the air on a cold day forms frost |
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Chemical Change
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(Chemical Reaction) a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. Chemical changes can be dramatic ex- hydroge and oxygen forming water |
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Mass
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kilogram (kg) measure of the amount of material in an oject |
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Length
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Meter (m) |
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Time
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Second (s) |
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Temperature
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Kelvin (K) measure of the hotness or coldness of an object |
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Amount of substance
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Mole (mol) |
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Kilo
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k 10^3 |
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Deci
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d 10^-1 |
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Centi
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c 10^-2 |
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Milli
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m 10^-3 |
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Celsius
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0 freezing 100 boiling C= 5/9 (F-32) |
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kelvin
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273 freezing 373 boiling K=C+273.15 |
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Farenheit
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32 freezing 212 boiling F= 9/5 (C) +32 |
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volume
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m^3 |
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Density
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the amount of mass in a unit volume of the substance density=mass/volume density is temperature dependent since most substances change volume when they are heated or cooled |
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NEED TO KNOW!
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1kg of iron has the same mass as 1kg of iron, but the iron occupies a smaller volume, thereby giving it a higher density. If we comine two liquids that do not mix, the less dense liquid will float on the denser liquid |
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Precision
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a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another. |
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Accuracy
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How closely individual measurements agree with the correct or "true" value |
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Need to know!
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Measured quantities are generally reported in such a way that only the last digit is uncertain |
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Determining Sig Figs!! pg 22-23
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Look up chart!!!! AND WRITE DOWN ALL SIG FIG INFO |
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LOOK UP DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS pg 25
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1 inch equals __cm
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2.54 cm |
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NEED TO KNOW
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Every atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, so atoms have no net charge |
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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Mass Number
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The total number of protons plus neutrons in the atom |
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Isotope
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atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers (same number of protons nut different number of neutrons) |
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Avg Atomic Mass
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measured by using the masses of the elements various isotopes and their relative abundances |
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MASS SPECTRUM
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Page 48 |
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Metalloids
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B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te |
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Periods
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horizontal rows of the periodic table |
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Groups
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Vertical columns of the periodic table |
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Metallic Elements
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(Metals) all the elements on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table, except for Hydrogen |
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Nonmetals
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to the right of the periodic table |
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Molecule
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An assembly of two or more atoms tightly bound together |
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Diatomic Molecule
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A molecule that is made up of two atoms |
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Molecular Compounds
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Compounds that are composed of molecules and contain more than one type of atom |
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Molecular Formulas
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Chemical formulas that indicate the actual numbers and types of atom in a molecule |
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Empirical Formulas
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Chemical formulas that give only the relative number of atoms of each type in a molecule |
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Structural Formula
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Shows which atoms are atached to which within a atom |
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Law of multiple proportions
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