Final Exam - Flashcards

« Previous card

Next card »

INCORRECT CORRECT

Click Card to flip

Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -Wilderness Condition

Roderick Nash
-Nature was wild needed to be tamed, Garden of Eden was natural
-Feared because of actual danger (Indians, beasts) and moral vacuum, no laws or civilization to restrain the inherent flaws of humanity
-Had to make land useful in order to survive

Click Card to flip

Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -Reclamation Idea

John Wesley Powell
-Wanted government intervention in order to settle the west and make it inhabitable for humans
-Leads to the creation of the US Bureau of Reclamation, make use of nature for the benefit of civilized society
-Sees nature by its benefit to humanity, "natural timber lands" (Utilitarian view)
-Does note that this land cannot support huge populations because of resource limits

Click Card to flip

Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -Conservation@White House

Teddy Roosevelt
-Speech about the exploitation of natural resources in danger of exhaustion
-Fears America will lose prestige because of its dependence on fossil fuels, being "reckless"
-In reaction to Frederick Jackson Turner's The Closing of the American Frontier and his Frontier Theory.
-No more frontier, we have reached the boundaries of our country, and thus cannot simply keep moving west when we run out of resources
â€Â¢ Argues for conservation of resource, limit use to prolong their existence

Click Card to flip

Nature as Sublime -Hetch Hetchy

John Muir
-Nature = God's country/holy which he captures through his poetic descriptions
-Opposing movement to dam Hetch Hetchy in order to provide hydroelectric power for San Francisco after a fire
-His actions/death lead to the establishment of the Natural Reclamation Act in 1916 which allows the federal government to preserve certain areas of land

Click Card to flip

Nature as Sublime -Walking and Walden

Thoreau
-Founder of Transcendentalism-focus on interconnectedness of life and nature
-Nature reflects spiritual truths, humans need it to survive
-Place of freedom, away from cities

Click Card to flip

Nature as Sublime -Winter Creek

Kathleen Moore
-An escape, place for finding oneself and one's thoughts

Click Card to flip

Problems with the Sublime

Problems:
-They still see nature as separate, someplace else
-What about ordinary nature? Only worrying about sublime views, not everyday grasses and trees.
-People "escape" into nature
-Essentially, Cronon's arguments

Click Card to flip

Anthropocentrism v Ecocentrism

o (Human centered vs Environment centered)/ Judeo-Christian vs Native American
-Book of Genesis- "Go forth and conquer", be "stewards of the land", "masters"
-Separation of humans from nature, duality
-Idea of superiority
-Native Americans are one with nature, harmonious balance as part of a greater whole
-They are just one of the world's species and they actively seek to remain at peace with their surroundings

Click Card to flip

Nature as a Commodity

o Sea World, using nature to sell products (advertising)
-Ex; Images of nature presentations
-Nature as sublime

Click Card to flip

Limits to Growth/Carrying Capacity/Exponential Growth -Meadows

Limits to Growth (1972)
-Ran computer simulations with the Club of Rome
-5 factors "population, food production, industrialization, pollution, consumption of non renewable resources, analyzed to run simulators
-Exponential growth in a finite system -> (Limits will be reached in 100 years, leading to a decline in population and industrial capacity)
-Possible to alter these, but we need to change now -> Trade-offs b/w present and future benefits

Click Card to flip

Limits to Growth/Carrying Capacity/Exponential Growth -Overpopulation

Paul Ehrlich
-Author of Population Bomb in 1968
-Based off trip to India, sight of overpopulated cities and the problems it caused
-Predicts famine and massive die off within the next 20 years, wars over limited resources, very bleak outlook

Click Card to flip

Limits to Growth/Carrying Capacity/Exponential Growth -Carrying Capacity

Sandra Postel
-Decline of fish, rising affluence, more fish consumption
-Arable land isn't as fertile, lower production, less yield or more fertilizer
-Not helped by housing development
-Pollution and environmental destruction affect carrying capacity

Click Card to flip

Problems with Limits to Growth

-Doesn't happen
-Humans aren't limited by geological boundaries
-Development of Green Revolution technologies (increased agricultural production, also needs more resource input, especially water)

Click Card to flip

Faustian Bargain/Alternative Technologies/Bioremediation -Causes of Pollution

Barry Commoner
-Uses IPAT- Environmental Impact (Pollution)=Population x Affluence x Technology developed by Paul Ehrlich, who believed population was the problem
-According to Commoner, TECHNOLOGY IS THE PROBLEM
-Increase in pollution is not proportional to increase in population or affluence
-Change in production to synthetics-fabric, plastic
-Petroleum based products
-Mode of transportation, cars v mass transit
â€Â¢ Non-biodegradable waste, larger input of energy into production

Click Card to flip

Faustian Bargain/Alternative Technologies -Bioremediation

Von Wedel
-Technology is the way to save the environment
-Bioremediation- using bacteria to biodegrade contaminants
-Biofuels- plant based, clean fuels
-Biosolvents- chemicals from vegetable oils instead of petroleum

Click Card to flip

Problems with Faustian Bargain/Alternative Technologies/Bioremediation

-Extremely expensive, not yet widely available
-Ethanol/biofuels- plant based fuels that require more input than they produce
-Example of a Faustian Bargain- you are losing more than gaining (technology)
-selling your soul for infinite knowledge

Click Card to flip

Tragedy of the Commons

Garrett Hardin
-Selfishness and laissez faire lead to a destruction of common property
-Ex; overfishing in the ocean, pollution of the air, waste in the waters
-Deal by gov't stepping in to make public, or privatize land
-Common property resources- classes of resources for which exclusion is difficult to control access (excludability characteristic)
-Joint use involves subtractability- each user is capable of subtracting from other users
â€Â¢ Population is key contributor to this problem

Click Card to flip

Problems with Tragedy of the Commons

-Assumes market economy
-Assumes high population
-British land was not destroyed until it was fenced off and divided
-Mongolia's cashmere industry, worked fine until forced to privatize
-Native Americans

Click Card to flip

Scarcity Society

-Politics of Scarcity- by William Ophuls
-Scarcity is root of all political evil, need authoritative political action
-Democracy is too slow to deal with problems (Laissez faire capitalism)
-Problems of collective action- strong individualism makes us weak as group
-No sense of collective good, only self-interest
-Ecological mandarins- highly educated gov't officials to make environmental decisions

Click Card to flip

Problems w/ Scarcity Society

-Not possible to remove democracy in America
-People are inherently suspicious of large government and gov't intervention

Click Card to flip

Administrative Management (EPA)

o Regulatory agency spanning the gov't, use of experts, designed to be apolitical
-Instruments Used:
-Environmental impact assessment- statement of environmental impact for new projects or expansion of gov't agencies
-Ban use of certain materials, specify which materials can be used
-Standards (fines to enforce compliance)
-Requiring the use of certain types of equipment/technology
â€Â¢ Mandating certain practices be implemented, ex; EIS

Click Card to flip

problems w/ Admin. Management

-Biased, slow, no clear goals
-Benefits of long term goals vs need for short term results
-Panglossian principle vs. precautionary principle
-When activity raises threat of harm to human health or environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if relationships aren'tt fully established
-Burden on producer, not victim

Click Card to flip

Cost-Benefit Analysis

o Principle framework used to make public spending decisions
-Maximize net benefits (seen in monetary terms) by comparing the costs of benefits
o Problems:
-Doesnt factor externalities- (environmental costs, human health costs)
-Damage/Costs that are not factored into the production costs of a variety of manufacturing processes (prices dont reflect ecological truth)

Click Card to flip

Environmental Economics (Cap and trade, tax, contingent valuation) + Ecological Economics (GNP v ANP, steady state society)

o Major concern of economists is maximizing output by optimizing efficiency
-Creation of honest market to internalize externalities, prices tell "ecological truth"
-Mechanisms:
o Market incentives- taxes, subsidies
-Discharge fees (pay for emitting), congestion fees (pay to enter city to cut down on traffic), rebates (cash for clunkers)
o Privatization-people take better care of it if its theirs
-Tradable permit system/cap and trade

Click Card to flip

Contingent Valuation

determine values/costs of environmental damages/practices
-Cost of air pollution- factor in medical costs, lost workdays to asthma, cost of smog, cost of rising temperatures

Click Card to flip

Environmental Justice/Racism

by Bullard
-Minority areas are targeted because rich white areas will not tolerate that
-In search of money and jobs, will take it even if it involves health risks
-Grassroots organizations developed, gain support from larger NGO's, gain regional success
o Benefit of democracy (right to organize)
-Environmental movement shaped by upper class (Cronon)

Click Card to flip

Enviro Justice -Mountaintop Removal

Julia Fox
-Coal has influence in politics
-Downside of democracy (lobbying)
-Environmental destruction and pollution and people can do nothing because coal controls the government and its laws and policies
-Externalities are not factored into the "cheap"electricity provided by coal
-Failure of market incentives
-Hurts poor classes, (environmental injustice)

Click Card to flip

ACES

o Combat global warming (cap and trade on greenhouse gases)
o Promote clean energy (renewable energy + "clean coal")
o Increase energy efficiency (buildings and appliances)
o Transitioning economy (Creation of jobs, protecting consumer)

Click Card to flip

Consumerism/Affluenza

o Focus on constantly buying new things
-Many of our products are designed to be obsolete or worn down in a few years
-Petroleum based products (plastics) or fossil fuels used in production
-Non biodegradable
-Mall is a cultural ritual, "more malls than high schools"
-Advertising and marketing targeted toward age groups
-Overexposure in schools, television, everywhere from a young age

Click Card to flip

Ecological Footprint

o Analysis of daily object revealed our enormous ecological impact from consumption and production
o American society is responsible for a large portion of our footprint simply because of the average lifestyle

      Mode:   CARDS LIST       ? pages   PRINT EXIT

Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -Wilderness Condition	Roderick Nash -Nature was wild needed to be tamed, Garden of Eden was natural -Feared because of actual danger (Indians, beasts) and moral vacuum, no laws or civilization to restrain the inherent flaws of humanity -Had to make land useful in order to survive
Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -Reclamation Idea	John Wesley Powell -Wanted government intervention in order to settle the west and make it inhabitable for humans -Leads to the creation of the US Bureau of Reclamation, make use of nature for the benefit of civilized society -Sees nature by its benefit to humanity, "natural timber lands" (Utilitarian view) -Does note that this land cannot support huge populations because of resource limits
Utilitarianism/Nature as a resource -Conservation@White House	Teddy Roosevelt -Speech about the exploitation of natural resources in danger of exhaustion -Fears America will lose prestige because of its dependence on fossil fuels, being "reckless" -In reaction to Frederick Jackson Turner's The Closing of the American Frontier and his Frontier Theory. -No more frontier, we have reached the boundaries of our country, and thus cannot simply keep moving west when we run out of resources â€Â¢ Argues for conservation of resource, limit use to prolong their existence
Nature as Sublime -Hetch Hetchy	John Muir -Nature = God's country/holy which he captures through his poetic descriptions -Opposing movement to dam Hetch Hetchy in order to provide hydroelectric power for San Francisco after a fire -His actions/death lead to the establishment of the Natural Reclamation Act in 1916 which allows the federal government to preserve certain areas of land

Generated by Koofers.com

Nature as Sublime -Walking and Walden	Thoreau -Founder of Transcendentalism-focus on interconnectedness of life and nature -Nature reflects spiritual truths, humans need it to survive -Place of freedom, away from cities
Nature as Sublime -Winter Creek	Kathleen Moore -An escape, place for finding oneself and one's thoughts
Problems with the Sublime	Problems: -They still see nature as separate, someplace else -What about ordinary nature? Only worrying about sublime views, not everyday grasses and trees. -People "escape" into nature -Essentially, Cronon's arguments
Anthropocentrism v Ecocentrism	o (Human centered vs Environment centered)/ Judeo-Christian vs Native American -Book of Genesis- "Go forth and conquer", be "stewards of the land", "masters" -Separation of humans from nature, duality -Idea of superiority -Native Americans are one with nature, harmonious balance as part of a greater whole -They are just one of the world's species and they actively seek to remain at peace with their surroundings

Generated by Koofers.com

Nature as a Commodity	o Sea World, using nature to sell products (advertising) -Ex; Images of nature presentations -Nature as sublime
Limits to Growth/Carrying Capacity/Exponential Growth -Meadows	Limits to Growth (1972) -Ran computer simulations with the Club of Rome -5 factors "population, food production, industrialization, pollution, consumption of non renewable resources, analyzed to run simulators -Exponential growth in a finite system -> (Limits will be reached in 100 years, leading to a decline in population and industrial capacity) -Possible to alter these, but we need to change now -> Trade-offs b/w present and future benefits
Limits to Growth/Carrying Capacity/Exponential Growth -Overpopulation	Paul Ehrlich -Author of Population Bomb in 1968 -Based off trip to India, sight of overpopulated cities and the problems it caused -Predicts famine and massive die off within the next 20 years, wars over limited resources, very bleak outlook
Limits to Growth/Carrying Capacity/Exponential Growth -Carrying Capacity	Sandra Postel -Decline of fish, rising affluence, more fish consumption -Arable land isn't as fertile, lower production, less yield or more fertilizer -Not helped by housing development -Pollution and environmental destruction affect carrying capacity

Generated by Koofers.com

Problems with Limits to Growth	-Doesn't happen -Humans aren't limited by geological boundaries -Development of Green Revolution technologies (increased agricultural production, also needs more resource input, especially water)
Faustian Bargain/Alternative Technologies/Bioremediation -Causes of Pollution	Barry Commoner -Uses IPAT- Environmental Impact (Pollution)=Population x Affluence x Technology developed by Paul Ehrlich, who believed population was the problem -According to Commoner, TECHNOLOGY IS THE PROBLEM -Increase in pollution is not proportional to increase in population or affluence -Change in production to synthetics-fabric, plastic -Petroleum based products -Mode of transportation, cars v mass transit â€Â¢ Non-biodegradable waste, larger input of energy into production
Faustian Bargain/Alternative Technologies -Bioremediation	Von Wedel -Technology is the way to save the environment -Bioremediation- using bacteria to biodegrade contaminants -Biofuels- plant based, clean fuels -Biosolvents- chemicals from vegetable oils instead of petroleum
Problems with Faustian Bargain/Alternative Technologies/Bioremediation	-Extremely expensive, not yet widely available -Ethanol/biofuels- plant based fuels that require more input than they produce -Example of a Faustian Bargain- you are losing more than gaining (technology) -selling your soul for infinite knowledge

Generated by Koofers.com

Tragedy of the Commons	Garrett Hardin -Selfishness and laissez faire lead to a destruction of common property -Ex; overfishing in the ocean, pollution of the air, waste in the waters -Deal by gov't stepping in to make public, or privatize land -Common property resources- classes of resources for which exclusion is difficult to control access (excludability characteristic) -Joint use involves subtractability- each user is capable of subtracting from other users â€Â¢ Population is key contributor to this problem
Problems with Tragedy of the Commons	-Assumes market economy -Assumes high population -British land was not destroyed until it was fenced off and divided -Mongolia's cashmere industry, worked fine until forced to privatize -Native Americans
Scarcity Society	-Politics of Scarcity- by William Ophuls -Scarcity is root of all political evil, need authoritative political action -Democracy is too slow to deal with problems (Laissez faire capitalism) -Problems of collective action- strong individualism makes us weak as group -No sense of collective good, only self-interest -Ecological mandarins- highly educated gov't officials to make environmental decisions
Problems w/ Scarcity Society	-Not possible to remove democracy in America -People are inherently suspicious of large government and gov't intervention

Generated by Koofers.com

Administrative Management (EPA)	o Regulatory agency spanning the gov't, use of experts, designed to be apolitical -Instruments Used: -Environmental impact assessment- statement of environmental impact for new projects or expansion of gov't agencies -Ban use of certain materials, specify which materials can be used -Standards (fines to enforce compliance) -Requiring the use of certain types of equipment/technology â€Â¢ Mandating certain practices be implemented, ex; EIS
problems w/ Admin. Management	-Biased, slow, no clear goals -Benefits of long term goals vs need for short term results -Panglossian principle vs. precautionary principle -When activity raises threat of harm to human health or environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if relationships aren'tt fully established -Burden on producer, not victim
Cost-Benefit Analysis	o Principle framework used to make public spending decisions -Maximize net benefits (seen in monetary terms) by comparing the costs of benefits o Problems: -Doesnt factor externalities- (environmental costs, human health costs) -Damage/Costs that are not factored into the production costs of a variety of manufacturing processes (prices dont reflect ecological truth)
Environmental Economics (Cap and trade, tax, contingent valuation) + Ecological Economics (GNP v ANP, steady state society)	o Major concern of economists is maximizing output by optimizing efficiency -Creation of honest market to internalize externalities, prices tell "ecological truth" -Mechanisms: o Market incentives- taxes, subsidies -Discharge fees (pay for emitting), congestion fees (pay to enter city to cut down on traffic), rebates (cash for clunkers) o Privatization-people take better care of it if its theirs -Tradable permit system/cap and trade

Generated by Koofers.com

Contingent Valuation	determine values/costs of environmental damages/practices -Cost of air pollution- factor in medical costs, lost workdays to asthma, cost of smog, cost of rising temperatures
Environmental Justice/Racism	by Bullard -Minority areas are targeted because rich white areas will not tolerate that -In search of money and jobs, will take it even if it involves health risks -Grassroots organizations developed, gain support from larger NGO's, gain regional success o Benefit of democracy (right to organize) -Environmental movement shaped by upper class (Cronon)
Enviro Justice -Mountaintop Removal	Julia Fox -Coal has influence in politics -Downside of democracy (lobbying) -Environmental destruction and pollution and people can do nothing because coal controls the government and its laws and policies -Externalities are not factored into the "cheap"electricity provided by coal -Failure of market incentives -Hurts poor classes, (environmental injustice)
ACES	o Combat global warming (cap and trade on greenhouse gases) o Promote clean energy (renewable energy + "clean coal") o Increase energy efficiency (buildings and appliances) o Transitioning economy (Creation of jobs, protecting consumer)

Generated by Koofers.com

Consumerism/Affluenza	o Focus on constantly buying new things -Many of our products are designed to be obsolete or worn down in a few years -Petroleum based products (plastics) or fossil fuels used in production -Non biodegradable -Mall is a cultural ritual, "more malls than high schools" -Advertising and marketing targeted toward age groups -Overexposure in schools, television, everywhere from a young age
Ecological Footprint	o Analysis of daily object revealed our enormous ecological impact from consumption and production o American society is responsible for a large portion of our footprint simply because of the average lifestyle

Generated by Koofers.com

© Copyright 2012 , Koofers, Inc. All rights reserved.

The information provided on this site is protected by U.S. and International copyright law, and other applicable intellectual property laws, including laws covering data access and data compilations. This information is provided exclusively for the personal and academic use of students, instructors and other university personnel. Use of this information for any commercial purpose, or by any commercial entity, is expressly prohibited. This information may not, under any circumstances, be copied, modified, reused, or incorporated into any derivative works or compilations, without the prior written approval of Koofers, Inc.