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Lab Final for Schauble - Flashcards
Flashcard Deck Information
| Class: | E&S SCI 15 - Blue Planet: Introduction to Oceanography |
| Subject: | Earth and Space Sciences |
| University: | University of California - Los Angeles |
| Term: | Spring 2011 |
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Map
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Representation of information about the surface of an object. Can represent all types of data like temperature and depth |
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Spherical Coordinates
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Used to define a grid on the surface of the earth. Latitude and logitude |
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Equator
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great circle around the earth that includes all points equally distant from the poles |
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Parallels of Latitude
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small circles parallel to the equator. East-west circle marking angels measured form the center of the Earth to points above and below the equator. |
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Meridians of Longitude
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Great circles perpendicular to the equator. Measure angles east-west of the prime meridian (0 longitude) set to intersect city of Greenwich, England |
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Latitude and Longitude Combined
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Make a grid that can be used to define the location of points on the Earth's surface |
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Cross Sections
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Projects that are slices perpendicular to the surface of the earth. Allow us to view profiles of the Earth's surface from the side. Describe geological structures in the interior of Earth and illustrating water properties across ocean basins. |
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Vertical Exaggeration
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Vertical scale stretched out relative to horizontal scale. Horizontal scale divided by vertical scale |
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Extrapolation
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Predicting values outside the range of plotted points on a graph |
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Interpolation
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Use line on graph to predict values between the plotted points |
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Contours
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Lines drawn on a figure that connect data of equal value Examples: temperature, depth, height, pressure |
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Isotherms
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Equal temperature |
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Plate Tectonics
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Describes large scale motion of the Earth's lithosphere. Thick continental and thin oceanic plates. |
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Lithospheric Plates
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Cool and rigid that are in constant motion. Driven by internal heat of the Earth. 100km thick and float on hotter plastic region of the upper mantel |
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Asthenosphere
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Hotter more plastic region of the upper mantel |
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Oceanic Ridge and Rise System
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Where new lithospheric plates. Mountain features on the seafloor where plates move apart. as sea floor spreads apart, basaltic magma derived from partial melting of the asthenosphere rises to the surface, solidifies, and becomes new crust at the edge of the lithospheric plates. Associate with "Rift Valleys" |
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Diverge
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Plates move apart |
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Basaltic Magma
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Comes from partial melting of the asthenosphere, rises to surface, solidifies, and becomes new crust at the edge of the lithospheric plates |
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Ocean ridge system has ___ heat flow, ___ volcanic activity, and ___ earth quakes
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High High High |
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Why are earthquakes shallow in the Oceanic Ridge System?
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The rising asthenosphere and magma bring heat close to the surface allowing rocks below the crust to flow instead of breaking |
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Process of Subduction
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Destroys new lithospheric material |
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Plates Converge
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one lithospheric plate forced down into the mantel beneath the other plate. Visible on sea floor and deep ocean trenches. |
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Plate convergence in deep sea ocean trenches are characterized by ___ earthquakes
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shallow, intermediate, and deep focus |
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Why are deep-focus earthquakes possible in deep ocean trenches?
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the cold brittle lithosphere is being pushed deep into the mantle |
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Magmatic Arcs
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consequence of subduction chains of volcanoes that lie parallel to trenches and above subducted slabs of lithosphere |
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Types of magma produced at subduction zone:
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Andesites (diorites) and Rhyolites (granites) more siliceous in composition than basalts produced at mid-oceanic ridges |
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Heat flow is __ in trenches but __ in adjacent magmatic arcs
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low, high |
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Shallow Earthquake
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0-30 km below surface |
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Intermediate Earthquake
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30-400km below surface |
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Deep Eathquake
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400-700km below surface |
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Transform Fault
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two plates are moving in parallel but opposing directions sliding past each other observed on seafloor as offsets in the axis of ocean ridges |
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Transform faults are characterized by __ earthquakes
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shallow |
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Heat flow is __ at transform margins
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low |
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Young/Incipient Ocean Basins
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similar to mid-ocean ridges but more limited in extent. Represent intermediate stages of continental rifting and ocean-basin formation. Examples: Gult of California and the Red Sea |
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Oceanic-Oceanic Plate Convergence
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Subduction of denser plate forming deep ocean trenches and volcanic island arcs Examples: Aleutians, Puerto Rico-lesser Antilles, and Tonga |
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Oceanic-Continental Plate Convergence
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High density oceanic plate subducted under contenental plate leading to the formation of an ocean trench adjacent to the continent with a chain of volcanic mounts on the continent Examples: Andes, Cascade Range, Peninsular Ranges of Central America |
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Continental-Continental Plate Convergence
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Neither of the low density plates can be subducted into the dense mantle. Intense compression of pre-existing continental rocks create mountains along the boundary Examples: Zargros, Himalayas, and Alps |
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Mid-Atlantic Ridge is split down the middle by ___
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A central rift valley that isn't a continuous line of mountains. Broken by offsets along linear zones of fracturing and extend for long distances away from the ridge axis at right angels to the central rift valley. |
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Fracture Zone
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Active faulting along ridges likely to occur in only a portion of the zone lying between offset ridge segments. This is called the transform fault. |
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Ridge Transformations
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faults oriented perpendicular ro the axes of mid-ocean ridges, offsetting the ridge axes |
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Ridge Transforms are associated with ___ earthquakes
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shallow |
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On-Land Transforms
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Develop where two continental blocks slide past each other Example: San Andres Fault |
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Volcanic and earthquake activity are ____ within the interiors of plates
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not typical |
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Intraplate Regions
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Low volcanic activity. Interiors of plates. |
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Exception to Intraplate Regions
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large pulses/plumes of basaltic magmas rise up from deep mantle sources |
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Hotspots
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Mantle plumes rising from deep mantle sources that produce stationary source of volcanism for millions of years accompanied by numerous shallow earthquakes Example: Hawaiian Island cain and Emperor Seamount |
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Hotspot Formation
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form sa lithosphere passes over the stationary volcanic source |
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What two major areas can the Earth be divided into?
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Ocean basins and continents |
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Oceans cover __% of the Earth?
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71% |
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A large fraction of ocean is underlain by relatively shallow
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Continental Margins |
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Average depth of the ocean is ___m
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3700m |
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Continents have an average elevation of ___m above sea level
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840m |
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Theory of Isostasy
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Suggests that Earth consists of blocks of rigid lithosphere which are floating in isostatic equilibrium on a plastic region of the Earth's mantel called the asthenosphere |
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Buoyancy
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Rigid body floating on a fluid will sink into the fluid until the mass of the displaced fluid exactly equals the total mass of the rigid body |
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____ is essential to understanding isostasy
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Buoyancy |
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Density of ice
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0.92g/cm^3 |
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Water is 1.00gm/cm^3 at ___ degrees celsius
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5 degrees celsius |
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Why do larger blocks of wood float higher than smaller ones?
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Displace a larger volume of water and the buoyant force is greater density is a constant volume is a variable. Wooden blocks of the same shape and volume float at different depths in water depending on their density |
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Describe Earth's interior
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deformable high viscosity fluid |
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Materials of the ocean basins are ____ and _____ than the materials composing the continents
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Denser Thinner |
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Thickness of continental crust
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35km |
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Composition of continental crust and density
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granite 2.8g/cm^3 |
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Thickness of oceanic crust
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5km |
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Composition of oceanic crust and density
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basalt 3.0g?cm^3 |
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Due to ____ the continents stand at a higher elevation because they are composed of ____ masses of ___ density materials
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isostasy thick low |
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Why do land mountain ranges stand high compared to oceanic ones?
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Land are composed of thick granite up to 70km thick Ocean mountains stand high because the lithosphere is hot and has a lower density than the lithosphere of the deeper ocean basins |
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Reminder of upper mantle material has density of _____
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3.3 g?cm^3 |
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2 Types of Continental Margins
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Atlantic and Pacific |
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Atlantic Continental Margin
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wide gently sloping continental shelf, steep continental slope descending to the deep sea and flatter continental rise at base of the slope formed by accumulation of sedimentary materials |
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Pacific Continental Margin
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narrow shelf and slope descending into a deep marginal trough/trench parallel to the continental margin Examples: Area off Chile and Peru |
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Island Arcs are a characteristic of ____ continental margins
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Pacific |
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Where do sediments comprising continental margins come from
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rivers that deposit materials in nearshore environment or coastal erosion |
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How are sediments redistributed in the nearshore environment
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Current sand gravity processes |
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Turbidity Currents
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Gravity process that helps transport sediments down the continental slope and onto the continental rise or abyssal plains |
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Primary means by which terrigenous sediment is transported from shallow to deep water
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Turbidity Currents |
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Submarine Canyons
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Steep walled V shaped valleys on the sea floor of the continental slope and open out at a depth onto the continental rise |
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Submarine canyons are most associated with what geographical feature
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Mouths of large rivers |
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Why are submarine canyons important
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serve as major unit which funnel turbidity currents and sediments from the continental shelf onto the deep ocean floor |
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Submarine fans
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large lobes of sediment associated with submarine canyons |
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Mid-Ocean Ridge and Rise System
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60,000km long Has central rift valley and rugged topography on flanks. Stands 1-3 km above the deeper ocean basin |
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What normally cuts off the mid-ocean ridge and rise system
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Fracture Zones |
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Fracture Zones
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Linear zones of irregular topography on the sea floor 10-100km wide and up to 3500km long. |
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What characterizes fracture zones
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escarpments that can be from 100-4000m high and separate regions of the seafloor of different depths |
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Abyssal Hills
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typically 5km deep gently rolling hills due to large sediment covering common in Pacific continental margins |
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Abyssal Plains
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common in Atlantic continental margins sediments from turbidity currents have flowed off the continental rise and spread over ocean floor producing extremely flat stretches of ocean floor |
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seamounts
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mountain from ocean floor that does not reach surface, often extinct volcanoes. form large chain with active volcano at one end |
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2 2 classifications of marine sediments
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genetic and descriptive |
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Genetic Classifications
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distinguish sediments according to the process by which they originate |
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3 processes marine sediments originate by
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biological, chemical, or physical |
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Descriptive classifications
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distinguish sediments by differences in texture or composition |
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4 common genetic classifications
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Terrigenous, Biogenous, Hydrogenous, Cosmogenous |
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Terrigenous sediments
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Derived from weathering of continents, volcanic activity, and erosion found near continental margins and deeper ocean basins |
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Biogenous Sediments
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originate from secretion of skeletal materials by marine organisms. mostly biologically produced inorganic matter like skeletal remains |
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Hydrogenous Sediment
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Inorganic sediments that originates by the precipitation of minerals from seawater |
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Cosmogenous Sediment
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From space impact deposits or spherules that are sand-sized due to burning in the upper atmosphere |
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Boulder
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greater than 25cm |
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Cobble
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6.4-25cm |
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Pebble
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4mm-6.4cm |
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Granule
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2mm-4mm |
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Sand
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1/16mm - 2mm |
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Silt
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1/256mm to 1/16mm |
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Clay
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1/4096mm - 1/256mm |
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Collodial
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smaller than 1/4096mm |
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Small grains sink ___
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slowly |
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Small grains accumulate under what water conditions
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water is not flowing rapidly |
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Large grains sink ___
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quickly |
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Large grains are pushed by _____ flowing water
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fast flowing |
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Terrigenous sediments on deep sea floor are _____ transported by _____
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fine grained transported by wind |
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Hydrogenous sediments are commonly ___ nodules
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Manganese nodules |
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Manganese nodules
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black lightweight objects that show concentric layers |
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Composition of nodules
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64% manganese 33% iron 3% mixed |
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Hydrothermal Sediment are produced at ___
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mid ocean ridges |
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Process of hydrothermal sediment formation
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cold seawater goes through fissures near the ridge crest. water is then heated by hot rocks under the ridge and it sucks metals out of the basaltic oceanic crust |
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Hydrothermal Fluids
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fluid formed when metals are extracted from the basaltic oceanic crust that flow ack out of the ridge through fissures and vents |
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Tests
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single-celled microscopic organisms skeletons |
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Plankton
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floating organisms that inhabit pelagic zone of oceans |
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oozes
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deposits of the deep sea by animals must be over 30% biogenous material |
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Siliceous Oozes
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Opal is the biogenic form |
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Calcerous Oozes
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any marine organism constructed by skeleton of calcium carbonate mineral calcite found in shallow parts of ocean floor |
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Pteropods
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shells of planktonic molluses |
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Argonite Oozes
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polymorph of calcerous oozes easily dissolves in sea water and found in shallow, warm, tropical waters |
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Phosphates
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common skeletal mineral of bones is apatite component of deep sea sediments |
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Plankton live in the _____ zone
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photic |
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Photic zone is ___ to ___ deep in the ocean
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100m-300m |
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Algea
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mostly phytoplankton that form base of the food chain use photosynthesis |
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Diatoms
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pillbox tests of opal |
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Coccolithophores
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Phytoplankton diatom Calcerous in nature less than 5micrometers Chalk |
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Zooplankton
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Common microscopic animals contributing to deep-sea oozes |
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Foraminiferans
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zooplankton calcerous ooze coiled chambers |
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Globigerina
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bulbous chambers type of foraminiferan calcerous ooze |
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Radiolarians
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small spherical tests silicious ooze |
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3 processes controlling distribution of marine sediments
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production dilution destruction (preservation) |
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Distribution of calcerous ooze is controlled by ____
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preservation/destruction |
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CCD
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calcite compensation depth cannot survive in deep cold water not preserved past depths of 4500m |
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Where are siliceous oozes found and why
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only preserved when buried found underneath regions of high surface productivity where biogenic opal accumulates rapidly enough to bury itself before it dissolves found under Antarctic Divergence, upwelling Equatorial regions an dNorth Pacific |
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Abyssal Clays
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Terrigenous defaul sediment of deep ocean basins fine grained and accumulate slowly found where other sediments do not occur found far from continental margins at great depths far from siliceous ooze |
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Plate tectonics and marine sedimentation
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highly influence distribution pattern Mid-ocean ridges poke above CCD. Sediment near ridge are dominated by calcerous oozes. moving away from the ridge, older oceanic lithosphere cools and becomes more dense. Eventually the ocean floor spreads away from the crest and sinks below CCD where abyssal clays are preserved. Abyssal clays in turn may be buried by siliceous oozes. |
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Because of the ___ of water, oceans store large amounts of energy
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heat capacity |
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Salinity of water
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3.47% |
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Principle of Constant Proportions
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Though salinity of seawater may change, the proportion of ions does not change |
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Salinity % =
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1.80555 x Chlorinity % |
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Salinometers
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used to tests the conductivity of water relationship between electrical conductivity and ion concentration |
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Sources of dissolved salts
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river water, gasses from volcanity activity, fluids from hydrothermal vents |
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Sinks
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Way salt is removed |
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2 main sinks
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biological or inogranic processes |
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Density is affected by
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temperature, depth, and salinity |
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Carbon Dioxide in sea water
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reacts with water to produce carbonic acid carbonic acid dissociates to form hydrogen and bicarbonate ions fundamental for photosynthesis |
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pH =
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acidity or alkalinity of solution H+ = hydrogen ion acidic OH- hydroxyl ion basic |
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Carbonate Buffer System
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pH of sea water stays around 7.5-8.4 because it is buffered by bicarbonate ions. if carbon dioxide concentration of sea water increases, some will react with water and become bicarbonate. This however produced a hydrogen ion causing the process to reverse to keep from becoming to acidic. |
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Major constituents of seawater
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Chloride Sodium Sulfate Magnesium Calcium Potassium |
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Wind Driven Circulation
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winds blow of surface of ocean creating frictional drag between the atmosphere and the ocean making surface water move |
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Ekman Transport
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Masses of water moved by wind are deflected by the Coriolis effect so they move in a different direction from the wind up to 90 degrees |
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Subtropical Gyers
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Dominant components of surface circulation. Equatorial driven by Trade Winds 30-60 degrees driven by Prevailing Westerlies Polar driven by Polar Winds |
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Western boundary currents transport ___ water to ___latitudes
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warm high |
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Eastern boundary currents transport ___ water to ____
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cold equatorial regions |
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In North Atlantic and North Pacific, sub-polar gyres flow ____
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counterclockwise |
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Antarctic Circumpolar Current
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In southern hemisphere there are no continents to block surface currents so it flows all the way around Antarctica. Primary connection between Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Largest and strongest surface currents in the oceans. |
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Deep circulation is primarily driven by ____
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gravity |
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Thermohaline
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Deep ocean circulation driven by density created by surface heat and salinity |
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Most important source of deep water
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North Atlantic Deep Water |
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Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
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surface waters cooled until ice forms causing water to be dense and sink. |
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North Atlantic Deep Water
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low temperature and high rates of evaporation make surface water high in density. Flows to bottom and mixes with water in Antarctica |
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Surface waters are ___ in oxygen and ___ in nutrients like N, P, and Si
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high low |
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Chemical Evolution of water throughout time
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NADW rich in oxygen begins to flow to Antarctica and oxygen is consumed by organisms which in turn produce carbon dioxide which raises the acidity of seawter. deep waters accumulate with nutrients, depleted of oxygen, high in carbon dioxide in Antarctica. |
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Intermediate Water Masses
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new high latitude ends of subpolar gyres, surface waters converge and mix creating an intermediate density that sinks below the surface but is not dense enough to sink below NADW or AABW. Important in forming pycnocline waters. Also comes from warm Mediterranean Sea as it pours into salty North Atlantic |
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Phytoplankton
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photosynthesize, original source of food. produce oxygen rich atmosphere. Single celled organisms |
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Most important phytoplankton
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coccoid cyanobacteria diatoms dinoflagellates coccolithophores |
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Coccoid Cyanobacteria
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blue green algae 0.2-2.0 micrometers most abundant photosynthesizers |
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Diatoms
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45% of total oceanic production behind coccoid cyanobacteria at 50% produce siliceous ooze up to 2mm in length no flagella, rely on turbulent mixing of surface waters |
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Dinoflagellates
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partially zooplankton heterotrophs tough cell wall 0.1-2 mm in size have 2 flagella create red tides/agal blooms because they glow |
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Coccolithophores
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covered with calcareous plates 2-20 micrometers |
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Zooplankton
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primary and secondary consumers |
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Primary Zooplankton
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copepods krill dinoflagellates radiolarians foraminiferans |
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Copepods
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small crustaceans, most important primary consumer covered in armored skeleton composed of chitin and transparent 1-2mm |
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Krill
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shrimp like crustaceans 1-2 cm long dense swarms to attack use vertical migration almost nekton because they can slightly swim against currents |
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Radiolarians
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amoeboid protozoa silica skeleton, produce siliceous ooze spherical cone form with latticwork patterns |
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Foraminiferans
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amoeboid protozoa globular or spiraled calcareous test 0.1-1.5 mm Catch foods with fine strands of cytoplasm like a net |
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Make up of biotic community
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producers, consumers, decomposers |
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Autotrophs
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producers in the food chain which produce complex organic compounds with inorganic compounds and an external source of energy |
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Heterotrophs
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consumers in food chain with feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophs for chemical organic energy and organic carbon compounds |
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Saprotrophs
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detritivores are heterotrophs that are the decomposers and recyclers in the food chain. obtain energy from waste or dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment |
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The food web is divided into trophic levels composed of:
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Primary Producers (autotrophs) Primary Consumers (heterotrophs) Secondary Consumers -- eat the primary consumers |
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Primary Productivity
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rate of synthesis of organic matter from inorganic materials by photosynthesis |
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Chlorophyll
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used by most photosynthesizers to absorb sunlight |
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Glucose
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C6H12O6 organic material produced by photosynthesis |
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Factors that limit phytoplankton growth
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Sunlight and nutrients |
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Red Field Ratio
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106C to 16N to 1P used to predict amount of C02 for conversion into organic matter |
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Important source for nutrient replenishment in oceans
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upwelling found along eastern boundaries of oceans |
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The Intertidal Zone/ Littoral Zone
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narrow belt along the shoreline lying between the lowest and highest tide marks |
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4 Vertical zones based on the amount of time the zone is submerged and species dominate
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Supratidal/Spray Upper Middle Lower |
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The subtidal/sublittoral zone is ___ submerged
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permanently |
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Physical Factors which set the upper limit for each zone
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tidal range wave exposure type of substrate relative time exposed to air |
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Biological factors wich set the lower limit of each zone
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predation competition for space adaptation to biological or physical factors of the environment |
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Physical Factors: Tides
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affect organisms by periodically subermging and then exposing them to the sun and air |
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Physical Factors: Waves
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Keep organisms moist, increase dissolved oxygen, bring food, and remove wastes |
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Physical Factor: Substrate
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different substrates support different communities with varying diversity and population abundances sand or mud support species capable of living in turbid water. low diversity cobbles support support species hardy enough to resist the collision due to surf. low diversity Rocks support most diverse species |
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Biological Factor: Predation
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Predators control the lowest depth at which their prey can live. Eat those that live too close to the top of the predator's zone. Species that can adapt to the harsher physical conditions of higher zones escape. |
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Biological Factor: Competition for Space
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some may live on top of other species if there is no space available or kill each other for space. |
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3 reasons why coastline of western North America is especially diverse
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upwelling freedom from winter ice low diversity of herbivorous-fish species allows algae to grow in abundance |
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Periwinkle Snail (Littorina)
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Upper intertidal zone large shell volume to store water when exposed, secretes mucus which cements it to the substrate rigid attachment |
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Blue Mussels and Gooseneck Barnacles (Bivalves)
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Avoid desiccation with tight closing valves that prevent water loss and large internal body cavities to hold sea water during exposure flexible attachment using organic threads and cement. lowers wave shock. some are rigid. |
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Limpets (Acmaea)
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molluscs that create suction against the substrate using their muscular foot and mucus to form a watertight seal |
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Crabs (pachygrapsus)
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Store water in grill chambers protected by hard shell rigid attachment |
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Sea Anemones (Anthopleura) and Sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus)
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secret mucus and cover themselves with shells, sand grains, or dead algae to slow desiccation and reflect sun light. Retract tentacles and mouths to reduce surface area. dig into rocks for attachment or crawl into crevices |
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Crustaceans (Ligia) Rock Lice
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actively seek cool, shaded, moist environments during the day under boulders or within crevices dig into rocks for attachment or crawl into crevices |
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Macroalgae (Laminaria) Benthic
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flexible attachment cements whip-like stalks with massive holdfast |
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3 Types pf macro algae
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Chlorophyta green algae Phaeophyta brown algae Thodophyta red algae |
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Green Algae
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no pigment masking the chlorophyll common in upper intertidal zones has cell walls build from cellulose can kill coral reefs |
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Brown Algae
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largest and most structurally complex kelp using gas bladders (pneumatocysts) to float support 800 distinct species of marine life |
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Red Algae
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diverse species pigments in cells promotes for efficient absorption of blue light which penetrates deeper into the water column allowing it to survive at greater depths than green and brown counterparts. Some deposit calcium into cell walls for strength major contributors to coral reefs some are parasitic |
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Splash/Supratidal Zone
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Highest tide, wet from spay, can extent 10m above high tide mark Plants: cyanobacteria, green algae, and black lichen Animals: periwinkle snail, rock louse, limpet |
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Upper Intertidal Zone
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Submerged for several hours each high tide. may not get submerged during a neap tide. Extensive wave action Plants: red algae, rock weed, sea lettuce, sea felt, algal films Animals: barnacles, anemones, limpet |
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Middle Intertidal Zone
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Submerged and exposed twice per day. Most organisms have adapted to this cycle. Predation becomes more important. Habitats vary. Plants: Brown Algae Animals: mussel, barnacle, crab, turban snail |
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Lower Intertidal Zone
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Exposed at minus tides only. Greatest diversity and abundance. organisms adapted to slight exposure only. Deep tidepools. Plants: coralline algae, kelp, brown alga, surf grass, diatom films Animals: sea star, urchin, hare, abalone, chitons, snail |
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Subtidal Zone
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Always submerged. Gradation to deep tide pools. Plants: Elk and giant kelp Animals: Red urchin, octopus, lobsters, scallops, otters |
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Pelagic Zone
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Area of water that is not close to the bottom or near the shore |
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Benthic Zone
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Area of water directly related to bottom of seafloor |
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