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Universities » SUNY College of Technology at Ca.. » ESCI - Environmental Science » 101 - INTRO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENC.. » Flash Cards

Economic, Politics, and Laws - Flashcards

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Class:ESCI 101 - INTRO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Subject:Environmental Science
University:SUNY College of Technology at Canton
Term:Fall 2011
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Corporation An entity whose sole function is the generation of profit on an annual basis for the owner(s) and or the investors.
Meoclassical Economic Theory Natural resources are inportant, however they are not vital because of man's demonstrated ability to find subsitutes for scarce resourses.
Ecological Economic Theory Economic Systems are substytems of the environment and are heavily dependent on the planet's resources. Neoclassical economic theory is unsustainable.
Environmental Economic Theory This is the middle ground between the Neoclassical and Ecological theories.  This approach is in agreement with the ecological Theory, however it is willing to change policies to protect the environment through the existing economic structure.
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Centrally Planned Economy Characterized by little or no goverment intervention in economic commodities
Free Market Economy characterized by little or no government intervention in economic activity.
Supply/Demand Economics the price of a commodity is determined by the relationship between the demand for a commodity and its availability
Profit = Price - Cost of Production
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Internal Costs direct cost associated with the production, distribution, and sale of a commodity
External Costs cost associated with the production of a commodity and/or the use of commodity for which the value is difficult to determine. This category includes the damage costs to the environment. Neoclassical economic theory does not include external costs while ecological and environmental Economic Theories include external costs.
Marginal Cost of Pollution Abatement (control) the dollar value associated with controlling the discharge of pollutants to the environment. This is an internal cost.
Economicallly Optimum level of Pollution the intersection of pollution damage and pollution damage and pollution control costs graphically represented. It is economically favorable to reduce pollution to the right of the intersection and economically unfavorable to left of the intersection.
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Common Law a law based on legal precedent or custom.
Statutory Law laws passed by national/state/local legislative bodies that have passed the legal review process and resulted from a dramatic event or through the proposal by a member of legislative body. State and local laws may be stricter than national laws but not converse.
General Mining Act of 1872 defined the extraction of mineral resources on federal lands. Any person 18 years or older has the right to locate a lode (hard rock) or placer (gravel) mining claim on federal lands open for mining extraction.
National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) of 1969 created the national environmental protection agency (EPA)
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Federal Water Pollution Control Acts (1948-1972) restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Later approved versions addressed the administrative issues consolidating all authority to the USEPA.
Clean Water Act of 1977 addressed surface water pollution
Water Quality Act of 1987 addressed storm water issues
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 Established drinking water standards
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Endagered Species Act of 1974  Provides protection and an identification methodology for species at risk or extinction.
Resource Concervation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980- created the fun (superfund) for the remediation of hazardsous waste sites.
Clean Air Act (1970- Present) the clean air act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emission from stationary and mobile sources.  Among other things this law uthorized EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect the public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.  In 1990 established first cap and trade pollution control policy. In 2010 EPA recieved authorization to regulate "greenhouse" gases over the obection of many Republican state and federal officials. The authorization has been upheld by the US Supreme Court.
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 CorporationAn entity whose sole function is the generation of profit on an annual basis for the owner(s) and or the investors.
 Meoclassical Economic TheoryNatural resources are inportant, however they are not vital because of man's demonstrated ability to find subsitutes for scarce resourses.
 Ecological Economic TheoryEconomic Systems are substytems of the environment and are heavily dependent on the planet's resources. Neoclassical economic theory is unsustainable.
 Environmental Economic TheoryThis is the middle ground between the Neoclassical and Ecological theories.  This approach is in agreement with the ecological Theory, however it is willing to change policies to protect the environment through the existing economic structure.
 Centrally Planned EconomyCharacterized by little or no goverment intervention in economic commodities
 Free Market Economycharacterized by little or no government intervention in economic activity.
 Supply/Demand Economicsthe price of a commodity is determined by the relationship between the demand for a commodity and its availability
 Profit = Price - Cost of Production 
 Internal Costsdirect cost associated with the production, distribution, and sale of a commodity
 External Costscost associated with the production of a commodity and/or the use of commodity for which the value is difficult to determine. This category includes the damage costs to the environment. Neoclassical economic theory does not include external costs while ecological and environmental Economic Theories include external costs.
 Marginal Cost of Pollution Abatement (control)the dollar value associated with controlling the discharge of pollutants to the environment. This is an internal cost.
 Economicallly Optimum level of Pollutionthe intersection of pollution damage and pollution damage and pollution control costs graphically represented. It is economically favorable to reduce pollution to the right of the intersection and economically unfavorable to left of the intersection.
 Common Lawa law based on legal precedent or custom.
 Statutory Lawlaws passed by national/state/local legislative bodies that have passed the legal review process and resulted from a dramatic event or through the proposal by a member of legislative body. State and local laws may be stricter than national laws but not converse.
 General Mining Act of 1872defined the extraction of mineral resources on federal lands. Any person 18 years or older has the right to locate a lode (hard rock) or placer (gravel) mining claim on federal lands open for mining extraction.
 National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) of 1969created the national environmental protection agency (EPA)
 Federal Water Pollution Control Acts (1948-1972)restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Later approved versions addressed the administrative issues consolidating all authority to the USEPA.
 Clean Water Act of 1977addressed surface water pollution
 Water Quality Act of 1987addressed storm water issues
 Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974Established drinking water standards
 Endagered Species Act of 1974 Provides protection and an identification methodology for species at risk or extinction.
 Resource Concervation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA)Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980- created the fun (superfund) for the remediation of hazardsous waste sites.
 Clean Air Act (1970- Present)the clean air act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emission from stationary and mobile sources.  Among other things this law uthorized EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect the public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants.  In 1990 established first cap and trade pollution control policy. In 2010 EPA recieved authorization to regulate "greenhouse" gases over the obection of many Republican state and federal officials. The authorization has been upheld by the US Supreme Court.
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