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Final Study Guide - Flashcards
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| Class: | GCOM 123 - FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN COMMUNICATION: GROUP PRESENTATIONS [C1HC] |
| Subject: | General Education Human Communication |
| University: | James Madison University |
| Term: | Fall 2010 |
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common myths about communication
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1 - a cure-all 2 - common sense 3 - more is better |
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linear model of communication
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sender sends a message it goes through a channel to a receiver, noise |
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interactive model of communication
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adds feedback, two-way communication, also adds fields of experiencce |
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transactional model of communication
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both people are sending and recieving; content (what is actually said and done) and relation (how the message defines or redefines the association between individuals) |
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sender
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initiator and encoder |
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message
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stimulus that produces meaning |
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channel
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medium through which a message travels, such as oral or written |
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recieve
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decoder of message |
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noise
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interference with effective transmission and reception of message |
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feedback
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the reciever's verbal and nonverbal responses to the message |
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fields of experience
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our cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of a lifetime |
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contructive communication climate
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openess, sharing, we-oriented |
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destructive communication climate
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closedness, defensiveness |
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perceptual process
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selecting, organizing, and interpreting |
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perceptual schema
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mental frameworks that creat meaningful patterns from stimuli - prototypes, stereotypes, and script |
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prototypes
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most representative or "best" example of something; ideal |
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stereotypes
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a generalization about a group or category; |
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script
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a predictable sequence of events that indicated what we are expected to do in a given situation |
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self-concept developed
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reflected appraisal - message you receive from others that assess your self concept significant others society |
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influences on perception
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gender, culture, past experiences, mood, and context |
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self - disclosure
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is the process of purposefully revealing to others personal information about yourself that is significant and that others would not know unless you told them |
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depth and breadth in terms of self-disclosure
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breadth is range of topics depth is how personal you become |
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offering and receiving self-disclosure
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trust reciprocity cultural appropriateness situational appropriateness incremental disclosure |
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reciprocal sharing important...
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trust and risk-taking are shared |
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self-serving bias
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tendency to attribute our successful behavior to ourselves |
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self-fufilling prophecy
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acting on and erroneous expectation that produces the expected behavior and confirms the original impression |
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process of attribution
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attribute motives or reasons why to other people. Normally blame other people. fundamental attribution error gives ourselves all doubt |
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empathy
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perspective talking (understanding) emotional understanding (experience the feelings of others) concern for others (you care) |
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culture
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a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices shared by large groups of people |
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culture influences communication
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appropriate in one culture in rude in another, very common |
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ethnocentrism
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one's culture is superior to any other |
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cultural relativism
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cultures are merely different |
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multiculturism
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movement that insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect as equals, diversity helps us |
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individualist culture
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individuals are loosley linked to each other and chiefly motivated by one's own preferences, needs, and goals |
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collectivist culture
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closely linked |
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low-power distance
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encourages equal power sharing and discourages attention to status differences. Challenge authority to reduce status difference ex. US - democracy |
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high-power distance
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strong emphasis on power differences, authorities are rarely challenged ex: India's caste system |
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feminine cultures
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blending of roles, more equality affectionate sensitive express emotions less rigid and more overlapping |
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masculine cultures
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dominant, assertive competitive more rigid and distinct |
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phonemes
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In a language or dialect, a phoneme (from the , phnma, "a sound uttered") is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. |
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morphemes
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In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest component of word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic meaning. |
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syntax
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In linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek "arrangement" from syn, "together", and txis, "an ordering") is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. |
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semantics
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set of rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences |
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four essential elements of all languages
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structure productivity displacement self-relexivness |
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structure
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set of rules that specify how the units of language can be meaningfully combined |
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productivity
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the capacity of language to transform a small number of phonemes into whatever words, phrases, and sentences you require to communicate |
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displacement
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your ability to use language to talk about objects, ideas, events, and relations that don't just exist in the physical here nad now |
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self reflexiveness
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the ability to use language to talk about language |
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abstracting process
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we formulate increasingly vague conceptions of our world by leaving out details associated with objects, events, and ideas sense experience description inference judgment |
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sense experience
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physical world, what you experience on a day to day basis |
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description
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verbal reports that sketch what we perceive from our senses |
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inference
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conclusions about the unknown based on the known, guesses |
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judgement
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subjective evaluations of objects, events, or ideas |
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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lingusitic determination linguistic relativity |
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linguistic determination
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prisoners of our native language, unable to think or perceive things b/c our our language strong form - live in a box weak form - shapes view but doesn't totally control it |
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linguistic relativity
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grammer and lexicon of our native language powerfully influences but does not imprison our thinking |
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connotative
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suggested meaning based on past experiences |
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denotative
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literal meaning, dictionary definition |
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fact vs inference
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fact - can be directly observed by the 5 senses inference - guesses about the unknown based on the known |
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jargon
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Jargon is terminology which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. |
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verbal
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single channel verbal direct clear discrete |
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nonverbal
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multichannel indirect can be unclear continuous |
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functions of nonverbal communication
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repetition substitution regulation contradiction accentuation |
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repetition
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saying things with words and repeating them with out body language |
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substitution
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show what we our thinking without words |
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regulation
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conversation is guided by nonverbal clues |
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contradiction
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saying one thing and doing another |
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accentuation
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using voice accents or gestures to make a message clear and show importance |
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major types of nonverbal communication
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kinesics paralanguage proxemics - territoriality haptics |
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kinesics
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the study of facial communication and gesture - smiling, no smiling, "facial feedback hypothesis", "display rules" - manipulators: one part of body messes with another - illustrators: pointing, showing - emblems: having exact meanings, ex: waving hello |
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paralanguage
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everything dont with the voice besides words - characterizers: laughing, yelling - qualifiers: tone, volume, pitch - segregates: uhhh, shh |
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proxemics
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space communication - intimate, personal, social, public - territoriality: predisposition to defend a fixed geographic area as one's exclusive domain |
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haptics
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the study of touch - functional/professional - social/polite - friendship/warmth - love/intimacy - sexual |
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basic elements of listening
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comprehending - shared meaning between or among parties in a transaction, ex: wrong song lyrics retaining - remembering information, regulary repeat, relevant, motivated to remember responding - showing people you are listening |
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three types of listening
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informational - attempts to comprehend the message of the speaker; facts, content critical - process of evaluation merits and claims as they are heard; skeptic empathetic - take the perspective of the other person, to listen for what the person needs and wants |
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common problems of informational listening
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conversational narcissism - tendency for listeners to turn the conversation to themselves competitive interrupting - when we dominate the conversation by seizing the floor glazing over - attention wanders pseudo-listening - pretending ambushing - when we listen for weakness and ignore strengths of a speaker's message; not open, something we can call them on |
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listener response styles used in empathic listening
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probing response - asking questions supporting response - bolstering others understanding response - paraphrasing and perception checking |
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power
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the ability to influence the attainment of goals sought by you or others |
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assertiveness
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"the ability to communicate the full range of our thoughts and emotions with confidence and skill" |
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aggressiveness
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any physical or verbal communication intended to inflict harm |
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major power resources
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legitimate authority expertise reward and punishment personal qualities |
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legitimate authority
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someone who is perceived to have a high right to direct others' behavior because of his or her position, title, role, experience, or knowledge |
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expertise
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An expert () is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by their peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain. |
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reward and punishment
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can be used to positively change behavior from antisocial to prosocial; coercive and reinforces dominance. Reward as a power resource tends to induce rewarding behavior |
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personal qualities
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charisma, good looks, persuasive skills, charm |
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power indicated verbally
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have the ability to define things/label say what you want b/c its the end of a relationship shape reality talking more use of titles language choices |
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conflict
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The expressed struggle of interconnected parties who perceive incompatible goals and interference from one or more parties in attaining those goals. |
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destructive conflict
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characterized by escalation, retaliation, domination, competition, defensiveness, and inflexibility |
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constructive conflict
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characterized by communication that is cooperative, supportive, and flexible |
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5 most common conflict negotiation strategies
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collaborating - working together to maximize the attainment of goals for all parties in a conflict accommodating - yield to the needs and desires of others during a conflict compromising - give up something to get something avoiding - sidestep or turn our back to a conflict controlling - ?? |
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define small group
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Small as long as each individual on the group can recognize and interact with every other member in the group, 3 or more people |
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advantages and disadvantages of a small group
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a. Advantages – less complex and factionized, more efficient b. Disadvantages – conflict, need reliable knowledge, factions |
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cohesion
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the goal of the social dimension; the extent of the group’s cohesiveness depends on the degree to which members identify with the group and wish to remain in the group. |
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cohesion is developed by...
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i. encouraging compatible membership when possible ii. developing shared goals that members find challenging and exciting to achieve iii. accomplishing important tasks that meet these shared goals iv. developing a positive group history of cooperation v. promoting acceptance of all group members by making each feel valued and welcome in the group |
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how cohesion influences task and social dimensions of the group
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a. When groups lack cohesiveness their productivity suffers, also when groups focus on being SO cohesive they don’t tell each other what they are thinking which is bad. |
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group norms
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rules that indicate how group members should interact, behave, and perform - explicit - stated - implicit - implied |
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small group role
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patterns of expected behavior associated with parts that you play in the group |
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formal vs. informal roles
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a. Formal roles assign a position; ex: “president” b. Informal roles identify functions not positions; ex: “member initiates group discussion” |
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types of informal group roles
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maintenance task disruptive |
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maintenance
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address the social dimension of small groups; gain and maintain group cohesiveness; supporter-encourager, gatekeeper |
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task
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advance attainment of group goals; information giver, clarifier, elaborator |
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disruptive
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Me-oriented; serve individual needs at the exprense of group needs and goals; isolate, stagehog, clown |
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leadership
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a. Defined as a leader-follower influence process with the goal of producing change that is largely accomplished through competent communication. |
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different approaches to leadership
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a. Traits – “leaders are born, not made”; enduring characteristics of a person that highlight differences between people and that are displayed in most situations. b. Styles – directive, participative, and laissez-faire c. Situational - |
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major leadership styles
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a. Directive/autocratic – heavy emphasis on task dimension and slight attention to the social dimensions; leaders tell what to do b. Participative/democratic – emphasis on both task and social dimensions; group members are encouraged to participate c. Laissez-faire/situational – no leadership at all |
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brainstorming
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a. A creative problem-solving method characterized by encouragement of even zany ideas, freedom from initial evaluation of potential solutions, and energetic participation from all group members. b. Come prepared with initial ideas, no criticizing, encouraging freewheeling idea generation, don’t clarify or discuss ideas, piggyback on other ideas, record all ideas for future reference, encourage participation from all team members, wait to evaluate ideas until brainstorm is complete. |
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Standard Agenda
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identify goal analyze the problem establish criteria generate solution |
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forms of decision making
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majority rule - take a vote minority rule - refer to another person consensus - unanimous decision |
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Advantages and disadvantages of majority rule
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a. Advantages of majority rule: i. Efficient and can provide rapid closure on relatively unimportant issues ii. Break a deadlock b. Disadvantages of majority rule: i. supports preposterous, unethical positions ii. dominance power dynamic within the group iii. majorities may be tempted to decide too quickly |
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advantages and disadvantages of consensus
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c. advantages of consensus i. full decisions of issues ii. those who disagree cannot be ignored iii. team members are likely to be committed to the final decision and will defend the decision when challenged by outsiders iv. produces group satisfication d. disadvantages of consensus i. difficult to achieve ii. unlikely as groups grow larger |
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advantages and disadvantages of minority rule
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e. advantages of minority rule i. ii. f. disadvantages of minority rule i. a designated expert can ignore group input, or simply not seek it ii. members may engage in power plays to seek favor with the authority figure who makes the decision iii. group members will likely have weak commitment to the final decision |
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groupthink
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A process of group members stressing cohesiveness and agreement instead of skepticism and optimum decision making. Can be avoided by... Consult an impartial outsider, group leader could withhold his or her point of view during early discussions, assign devil’s advocate role to a specific member, group climate that encourages robust discussion of opposing view points. |
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components of audience analysis
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demographics - age, gender, culture, ethnicity attitude - a "learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude object" values - as the most deeply felt beliefs - what a person thinks is true or probably values and beliefs can't change |
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types of audiences
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captive - cynical committed - primed for a push to take action contrary - waiting to catch flaws in your reasoning concerned - information seeking casual - willing to give you a fw seconds to hook them |
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elements of speech making that are influenced by audience analysis
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who are they why are they here demographics what they want to hear |
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general purpose statement
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identifies the overall goal of your speech INTENT |
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central idea
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identifies the main concept, point, issue, or conclusion that you want the audience to understand, believe, and feel |
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specific purpose statement
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encompasses the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what the speaker is trying to ACCOMPLISH with the speech |
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addressed when choosing a topic
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speaker, audience, event |
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plagiarism
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using someone else's DIRECT words, or using facts without citing them |
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supporting materials used in speeches
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examples statistics testimony of authorityies |
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evaluate supporting material by
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author, date, organization |
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basic elements of competent outline
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symbols coherence - flow from your purpose statement; clarity completeness - complete sentences balance - devote same time to each main point division - main points divide into subpoints |
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organizational patterns used in speeches
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topical - shapes info according to types, classifications, or parts of a whole spatial - according to space chronological - according to time problem - solution - meetings needs casual - who or what in responsible; cause/effect Monroe's motivated sequence |
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Monroe's motivated Sequence
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attention need satisfaction visualization action |
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informative vs. persuasive
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informative - teaching something persuasive - change something (actual behavior or attitudes) |
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Difference between oral and written
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oral is less formal and highly interactive |
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guidlines for managing speech anxiety
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prepare and practice gain proper perspective visulalization positive self-talk |
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elements of an introduction
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gain attention clearly indicate your intent - purpose statement make your audience care - relevent preview the main points |
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elements of a conclusion
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connect to intro end memorably don't add new material stay with audience till very end |
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impact of delivery considerations on audience
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eye contact - gain and maintain the attention of your audience vocal variety - influence mood of audience verbal fluency poise dynamism - active |
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major delivery styles
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manuscript - written out word for word memorized extemporaneous impromptu |
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transitions vs. signposts
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transitions tie one topic to another signposts tells where you are going - not effective |
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types of visual aids
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objects, models, graphs, maps, tables, photographs, drawings |
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guidelines for visual aids
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keep simple make visible neat and attractive do not block view od aids keep close |
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persuasion
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a communication of converting, modifying, or maintaining the attitudes or behaviors of others |
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primary dimensions of credibility
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competence - audience's perception of the speaker's knowledge and experience on a topic trustworthiness - how truthful and honest we perceive the speaker to be dynamism - enthusiasm and energy composure - emotionally stable, appear confident and in control of themselves |
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Aristotelin modes of proof
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ethos - credibility logos - logic pathos - emotion |
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fact, value, policy
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fact - truth value - judgement of worth or merit policy - something must change |
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