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Exam 2 - Flashcards

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Class:GEOG 1100 - Regions and Nations of the World I
Subject:Geography
University:University of Missouri - Columbia
Term:Fall 2010
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delta a landform resulting from the deposition of great quantities of sediment when a stream empties into a larger body of water
Protestant reformation The Protestant Reformation, also called the Protestant Revolt, was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity.
devolution process in which soverign countries release or lose more political and economic control to its constitutent elements, such as states and providences
Islam fastest growing number of adherts of any world religion and is the fastest growing religion in europe
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Silk Road 5000 mile long link; longest; an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.
nationalism the quest by colonies and ehnic groups to possess their own homelands; brought the European colonial empires to an end
postindustrial move from heavy industry to service, banking, high-tech industry
deindustrialization shifting by choice and by force away from energy-hungry, labor-costly, and polluting industries toward an economy based on production of high tech goods and on services
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tariffs tax penalities imposed on imports
subsidies payments made on domestic producers
supranational organziations member countries are united beyond the authority of ay single national govt and are planned and controlled by a group of nations
cold war The Cold War (, 1947-1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939-1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.
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Iron Curtain As churchill described, The concept of the Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:
Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary program, 1947-51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
Warsaw Pact an alliance of the soviet union and its easter european satellites
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European greenbelt a mosaic of national parks and pther protected areas stretching across 18 countries, fromt he barents sea to the black sea
European Economic Community The European Economic Community (EEC) (also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking world, renamed the European Community (EC) in 1993) was an international organisation which was created with a view to bring about economic integration (including a single market) among the Inner Six of European integration; the Western European countries of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
European Economic and Monetary Union Major energy focused on the implemantation of a single EU currency , the uro as the centerpiece for EMU. A monetary union is an arrangement where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves.
big bang of 2004 Ten eastern european nations joined the European Union at all at once Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Lativia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus
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Schenegen agreement allows free circulation of people between the 1 nations that signed the agreement; these are the old EU countries
Schengenland The Schengen Area comprises the territories of twenty-five European countries that have implemented the eponymous agreement signed in the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, in 1985. The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel purposes with border controls for travellers travelling in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls.
major cluster of continous settlement all habitations lie no more than 3 miles from other habitations in at least six different diretions. In addition, roads or railroads lie no farther than 10 to 20 miles away in at least three directions
commonwealth of nations a volunatry association of 53 countries that nominally recognizes the british monarch as its head. Its strong alliance in US is another of britians characteristic traits on the international stage.
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hedgerow a long trailing land-use boundary consisting of shrubs and trees or of cleared fieldstones overgrown with heather.
Enclosure Movement of the 18th and 19th centuries when large landowners appropriated local "commons", or unfenced land tilled by villagers, and enclosed them with hedges for sheep breeding
arable relates to the growing of crops: arable land-land u can farm
Celtic Tiger The size of the conomy doubled in Ireleand in the 1990s and was nicknamed this and placed the economy on par with the UK in per capita GNI PPP
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potato famine a crop diesease known as blight caused this from 1845-1851. Nearly 10 % of Ireleands prefamine propulation of 8 million died of starvation or diesease during these years
viticulture Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard.
primate city A primate city is the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.
head of navigation the farthest inland a ship can go on a river
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piedmont foothills
buffer state a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them.
core subregion that has long played a dominant role in the continents poltical, economic, and cultural developement the focus of population, trade, and power,
"city of light" Paris maintains its international reputation as the romantic and monument-studded City of Light
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colonialism Colonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory.
immigration the introduction of new people into a habitat or population.
ecological regions an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem.
Columbian Exchange a dramatically widespread exchange of the animals, plants, culture and human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Like the triangular exchange, Columbian exchange traded livestock, plants and animals, and disease. It killed a lot of people, culture and languages were spread across the world, set the base for the world economy today, also set borders and languages all over the world.
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geopolitical issues in the past 100 years, europes geoplolitical situation changed more profoundly and violently of any other wold region. WW1 and 2 left them in great devistation. But for the amount of damge, they have recovered drastically
welfare states using the resources collected through high taxation rates to provide generous social services to citizens
What is the size and location of Europe's area and population? over 531 million (nearly twice USA population) Average country is 50,000 sq miles. Europe is the second smallest continent in the world(half of usa), covering 2% of the planet’s surface. It is located partially in the canadian region and partially in USA only on the other side of the ocean It is an appendage or subcontinent of the worlds greatest landmass (EuropeAsia)Eurasia.
How does the demographic transition model explain Europes patterns? Models population change in the world's wealthier countries. note how the population surged in the wake of the Industrial revolution as death rates fell while birth rates remained high bt then leveled out and began to decline as economic development advanced
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What are some of the immigration concerns of europe? In combination with Europe's demographic decline and guilt-laden multiculturalism unchecked immigration has created a massive and growing population of unassimilated Muslims, hostile to their own countries and determined to transform Europe beyond all recognition, through a combination of violent and non-violent means a large percentage worrying that it can bring crime and displace workers, even though a majority agree that it does not increase the risk of terrorism,
How would one explain the various phyical geography characteristics of Europe Northerly location, temperate climate, varied topography. Irregular shape, high latitude, temperate climate, gagged coastal outline. Numerous islands offshore. Much of Europe lies north of the USA.
What are the typical landscapes of Europe and how do they relate to the climate and ecological regions? Rolling plains, plateaus, hill lands, mountains, and water bodies. The waters bring in warm currents which affect eh climate. Also, dense population extends along the southern edge of the plain in northestern france. It coincides with fertile sils formed from deposits of loess provideing an importan natural transportion route.
The Chunnel The Channel Tunnel (), known colloquially as the Chunnel, is a undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent near Dover in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. • Crossing the english chananel 16 miles • Technological phenomenon at time built • Also was most costly marvel • Three hours to paris… links England and Europe
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What is the importance of rivers to the character and development of Europe? Europe has many river systems important for transport, water supply, electricity generation, and recreation.
What are the prominent linguistic and ethnic groups of Europe? o Romance o Germanic, and slavic germans, poles, dutch, national minorities, french, italian, saami, ladin, brentons, jews, basques and catalans
Why did european colonialism make such an impact on the world? There was transfer of wealth from the colonies to Europe, movement of great numbers of indigenous laborers to serve european interest in other lands, the settlement of Europeans in agriculturally productive colonies, and the attempted subjugation of indigenous cultures to european ones
What is the economic geography of europe? Europe remains highly dependent on imported middle eastern oil after its leadership was weakened by a new dependence on outside sources of energy
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What were the periods of surpremacy and decline in european economic geo history DECLINE• Manufacturing relocation (wealthier they got, instead of pay wages, send manufacturing somewhere else, like asia) • Wars (Europe was devastated by both world wars) • Nationalism • Competion with USA, USSR, and now Asia • Energy dependence SURPREMACY- 1900's, europe was about 90% of worlds manufacturing output, foundations of modern science in 1500 and 1900, age of discovery, middle ages and the colonial era saw rapid development of economic enterprise
To what degree is there a postindustrial era in Europe Europe's economy today is postindustrial. Since 1960, the region has experienced deindustrialization. neither high tech nor service industries employ as many people as the old manufacturing sector did, the european countries are grappling with problems resulting from industrial unemployment.
What patterns indicates Europe as being postindustrial? The "social model" of the European state is increaingly being subjected to scrutiny and reform as the forces of globalization, stagnant economies, unemployment , and immigration place increasing burdens on national treasuries
What are some of the current geopolical issues? Europe is under pressure from international trade agreements to reduce its trade barriers and subsidies that protect its domestic agriculture and other industries?
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What kind of seriousness is bing applied to enviornmental pollution, economic and military cooperation? addressing industiral waste in seas: river and wetland magement controlling atmospheric pollution (including acid precipitation cleaning up toxic waste. Particulary in E Europe addressing issues such as genetically modified foods (they wont tak our GM foods) NATO is focusing on this alot
What is the European Union and why is it important? an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members It established very strong bonds and relationships between countries thus reducing the risk of war. It has allowed the easier movement of EU citizens from country to country and is continually working for a common ground for laws and regulations.
Why is France described as "Natural Fortress" It has an internal coherence and several national borders made up of rivers, mountains, and seacoasts.
How do the agricultural regions of France fit with the physical geo of France? Some 35% of the french landscape is agricultrual, and another 25% woodedFrances physical assets include superior topographic, climatic, and soil conditions. The main topgraphic advantage is a large area, especially north and west, level enough for cultivation
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What factors contribute to making Paris a primate city? it is the greatest urban and industrial center of france, overshadowing other cities in population and economic activity
What economic development is shifting power from Paris to the periphery? Recent growth of port traffic and manufacturing in Marsille area has been associated with increasingly large oil imports and the related petrochemical industry
What is reunified Germany It is Europes dominant country. Much higher population than any other state. Politically, it is seen as the cornerstone of the EU. Econmomic- german has the worlds third largest economy and it its among the top three with exports of goods as well.
How do german cities contribute to the industrial economy of germany? Major cities tend to be located near rivers. A string of major metropolitan areas is locatied in the western part of German along Rhine River and this waterway has been a major route since prehistoric times
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Why might the Benelux countries be described as overachievers? They are small countries with great trade, highly industrialized, and very productive agriculturally
How do ports and industrial patterns in Benelux indicate them being overachievers? More oil imports now enter Europe via Rotterdams Eurooport than any other access point Dutch leads in food processing, electrical machinery, textiles, appareal, and electraical and electronic industries
What are the overall ag patterns in benelux? Netherlands and Belgium are very productive agriculturally with high yields per unit of land. Parts of each country have very fertil soils. They specialize in labor intenxive farm commodities such as commercial flowers and dairy products
What is the Polderland? An area reclaimed from the sea and enclosed within dikes in the Netherlands and other countries. Polder soils tend to be very fertile
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How do Switzerland and Austria compare and contrast Simalar- geo features, economic potential,partly in Alps, toursist destinations, hydroelectric for electricities,neither has abundeant natural resources difference- Switz is more prosperous, has gained more stablity with neutrality. Austria has hd its fate tied more closely to Germany and its battles. Swiss is famous for banking and high tech instrumentation industries. Austria is a member of the EU, swiss isnt
What provides for Swiss unity? Peace.
What is the European Periphery? northern eastern and southern europe. Most of thses are members or seeking membership EU and NATO
What makes for the northern distinctiveness of Northern Europe? Northern Euro countries are the worlds most northerly region that is highly settled and economiccaly developed. human activity is possible at usch a high latitiue because of the warming waters of the N.Atlantic drift.
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Why are the countries of N. Europe so prosperous while having a degree of isolation from the rest of Europe. Historical interconnectios and cultural similarities are important factors in the regional unity of northern europe. Historically, each country has been more closely related to others of the group than to any outside power. Their relationships are close and peaceful. Also, they have high standards of healthy, education, individual security, and creative achievment.
What are some of the major country traits? iceland- volcanic activity Sweden- Stockholm Norway-Geiranger Fjord Poland- soil and ag,NATO slovakia-detroit of europe Austria- crystals and glass Belgium- dimond cutting,linens germany-autobahns,guest workers italy-autostada,appeline mountains netherlands- cheese and diamond cutting france-viticulture, central massif, vosges, mount blanc,highest pop of muslims switzerland-alps,watches, clocks,banking czech-plateau of bohemia Denmark-Dairy
How does the Mediterranean region compare and contrast to N.Europe in the natural enviornment and population? • Mediterranenan- wet summers, dry winters North Europe- Highly settled(especially in southern sections), high latitudes, westerly winds
Why is eastern europe described as a shatterbelt? • Rising and falling empires: Holocaust • Caused dislocation of people • Consequences of soviets and ww2 has continued pattern of moving people here and there, so really, Europe is still a shatterbelt • We use Soviets satellites term to refer to countries of E Europe that were independent but were dominated by soviet influence… • Ethnic distribution- holocaust, soviet union moving Russians into postions of power at random places • Slavs and minorities, E.g the Roma countries caught between rival states with conflicting desires
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Why does Eastern Europe have a checkerboard physical geo? • Plains o Northern o Danubian, Hungarian • Mountain zones o Centreal • Carpathians, and west o Southern; Balkans (Balkan peninsula) • Climates and ag o Humid continenal and Mediterranean • Mediterranenan- wet summers, dry winters checkerboard refers to the idea u can divide land into distinct areas
What is balkanization profound and violent process; political-geographic shorthand for fragmention into ethnicaly based, contentious units that took its name from the characteristic disharmony of this religion...
outsourcing putting industries into other countries for cheaper labor, location Europe did to much of this...
4 main industries of Industrial rev Coal, Textiles, Iron and Steel, Ship Building, now service industries, high-tech, alternative energy, still oil in the North Sea
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Irelands nickname Emerald isle, celtic tiger
Tiger country not an LDC or MDC, but in between, it is hitting its own industrial surge. Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal
cultural diffusion the spread of culture through colonialism, wars, following routes of migration.
ethnic cleansing purging a society of or area of certain ethnic groups by forcing exile
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transhumance agricultural practice when livestock are moved up or down a mountain depending on the time of year. also known as vertical migration.
Westerlies the wind current that heats Europe from the west and helps regulate the climate to a much warmer temperature than it should be.
site physical conditions around you
situation nature of economy, population, and culture
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Core of Europe Germany, France, Great Britain. The surrounding countries are peripheries, like most of Eastern Europe
Primate City larger than second and third cities combined, centers of trade, population.
Loess good farmed soil moved by wind to the land it is in, on Northern European Plains
Artificial islands made in Netherlands, made by dams, dikes, pumping out water, and filling in with dirt to make more land.
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Fjords Branches of the sea into land with steep sides a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley carved by glacial activity.
The Gulf Stream Feeds into the n.atlantic drift, influences climate of w. europe
Western Europe Population decreasing, more high-tech technologies, birth rate is being overrun by the death rate, they can't compete with their previous colonies in heavy industry so they are switching to high-tech, light industry.
Western vs. Eastern wealthiness Western Europe is more wealthy than Eastern Europe and is more industrialized, more trade routes, opens on the Atlantic, because of wars tearing the East apart.
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demographic transition used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
brain drain Net loss of a countries highly trained and skilled manpower through migration -more individual opportunities -most moving to US Educated people leaving there homeland for more money and better job opportunities. America is draining Europe of all of their smart people
How is balkanization applied to other parts of the world? The term is also used to describe other forms of disintegration, including, for instance, the subdivision of the Internet into separate enclaves,[4] the division of subfields and the creation of new fields from sociology, and the breakdown of cooperative arrangements due to the rise of independent competitive entities engaged in "beggar thy neighbour" bidding wars. -sometimes used to refer to the divergence over time of programming languages and data file formats (particularly XML). The term has been used in American urban planning to describe the process of creating gated communities.
What ecology and development factors contribute to the geo character of S. Europe? Irrigation has been an important factor. Important crops are winter wheat, olives, figs, citrus, grapes and winemaking, and vegetables
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What is the "Slavic Realm" area where the slavic countries are located
Who are the Roma? They are being identifyed and being asked to leave France non slavics an ethnic group with origins in South Asia gypsies speak Romany in the Indc branch of the Indo European languages
What were the economic tranistions at the end of the 20th century for E. Europe? Post WW1,WW2, and cold war they are now post industrial
West The shorthand term for the countries of the world that have been most influenced by Western civilization and that link most closely with the United States and Western Europe.
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western civilization The sum of values, practices, and achievements that had roots in ancient Mesopotamia, as well as Palestine, Greece, and Rome, and that subsequently flowered in western and southern Europe.
capital goods goods used to produce other goods
collectivization process of forming collective farms in communist countries
common market EUs original name
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cultural hearth area where innovations develop with subsequent diffustion to other areas
ecology study of interrelationships of organisms to one another and to the environment
european community governs EU
Moor rainy deforest land or muslims in spain
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OECD or OEEC organized and facilitated response to Marshall plan
Service sector most likely to increase employment significance in post industrial society
why is europe usually treated as a seperate region? it is not a distinct landmass, rather a subcontinet
Why is immigration so critical to Europes demographic future and what problems does immigration pose immigration is enriching europes ethnic mosaic but also presenting economic and security dileemmas for countries
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what is unusual about europes coastline it is jagged with numerous peninsulas and islands and estuaries
What are the dominant religions? Roman catholic, lutheran, eastern orthodox, church of england
what factors led to Europes global dominance in economic and political affairs? The Silk Road Age of Discovery Industrial Revolution
What impacts did their dominance have on other peoples environments In the columbian exchange, there was transfer of plants, humans, animals, and diesease which highly affected others envrionments
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What happened to Europe to in the 20th century WW2, afterward, e. European countries were in effect colnized by the soviet union, serving as vassal states that gave up human and material resources to service the motherland.
What are the main goals and principals of the EU To secure the benefits of large scale production by pooling resources-natural, human, and financial-and markets of its members
what are some of the differences between Europeans and Americans We view the world in different perspectives ex:Iraq war
What is the significane of the Oresund fixed link It is the longest highway and railroad bridge in Europe
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What are the countries, microstates, and islands of S. Europe Portugal,Spain, italy, Greece Microstates and islands- san Marino, Vatican City, Gibraltar, Malta, Corsica, and Cyprus
How did communism shape ag and industry in Eastern europe Communist liquidated the remaing large private holdings and in their place introduced programs of collectivized ag on the soviet model. Some farmland was placed in large state owned farms on which workers were paid, but was organized into collectiv farms
What are the main forces behind the breakup of Yugoslavia> Ethnic warfare was a cause of the breakup of Yugoslavia, as well as deal making the west in which serbia was called on to surrender more suspecs for war crimes trials, in return, the west would nto support independence of montenegro.
supranationalism what happens when countries decide they cant do as much on their own as if they partner with another. Must surrender some of their ability so everyone gets more product
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 deltaa landform resulting from the deposition of great quantities of sediment when a stream empties into a larger body of water
 Protestant reformationThe Protestant Reformation, also called the Protestant Revolt, was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity.
 devolutionprocess in which soverign countries release or lose more political and economic control to its constitutent elements, such as states and providences
 Islamfastest growing number of adherts of any world religion and is the fastest growing religion in europe
 Silk Road5000 mile long link; longest; an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.
 nationalismthe quest by colonies and ehnic groups to possess their own homelands; brought the European colonial empires to an end
 postindustrialmove from heavy industry to service, banking, high-tech industry
 deindustrializationshifting by choice and by force away from energy-hungry, labor-costly, and polluting industries toward an economy based on production of high tech goods and on services
 tariffstax penalities imposed on imports
 subsidiespayments made on domestic producers
 supranational organziationsmember countries are united beyond the authority of ay single national govt and are planned and controlled by a group of nations
 cold warThe Cold War (, 1947-1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939-1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.
 Iron CurtainAs churchill described, The concept of the Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:
 Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary program, 1947-51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe.
 North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
 Warsaw Pactan alliance of the soviet union and its easter european satellites
 European greenbelta mosaic of national parks and pther protected areas stretching across 18 countries, fromt he barents sea to the black sea
 European Economic CommunityThe European Economic Community (EEC) (also known as the Common Market in the English-speaking world, renamed the European Community (EC) in 1993) was an international organisation which was created with a view to bring about economic integration (including a single market) among the Inner Six of European integration; the Western European countries of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
 European Economic and Monetary UnionMajor energy focused on the implemantation of a single EU currency , the uro as the centerpiece for EMU. A monetary union is an arrangement where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves.
 big bang of 2004Ten eastern european nations joined the European Union at all at once
Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Lativia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus
 Schenegen agreementallows free circulation of people between the 1 nations that signed the agreement; these are the old EU countries
 SchengenlandThe Schengen Area comprises the territories of twenty-five European countries that have implemented the eponymous agreement signed in the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, in 1985. The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel purposes with border controls for travellers travelling in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls.
 major cluster of continous settlementall habitations lie no more than 3 miles from other habitations in at least six different diretions. In addition, roads or railroads lie no farther than 10 to 20 miles away in at least three directions
 commonwealth of nationsa volunatry association of 53 countries that nominally recognizes the british monarch as its head. Its strong alliance in US is another of britians characteristic traits on the international stage.
 hedgerowa long trailing land-use boundary consisting of shrubs and trees or of cleared fieldstones overgrown with heather.
 Enclosure Movementof the 18th and 19th centuries when large landowners appropriated local "commons", or unfenced land tilled by villagers, and enclosed them with hedges for sheep breeding
 arable relates to the growing of crops:

arable land-land u can farm
 Celtic TigerThe size of the conomy doubled in Ireleand in the 1990s and was nicknamed this and placed the economy on par with the UK in per capita GNI PPP
 potato faminea crop diesease known as blight caused this from 1845-1851. Nearly 10 % of Ireleands prefamine propulation of 8 million died of starvation or diesease during these years
 viticultureViticulture (from the Latin word for vine) is the science, production and study of grapes which deals with the series of events that occur in the vineyard.
 primate cityA primate city is the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy.
 head of navigationthe farthest inland a ship can go on a river
 piedmontfoothills
 buffer statea country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them.
 coresubregion that has long played a dominant role in the continents poltical, economic, and cultural developement

the focus of population, trade, and power,
 "city of light"Paris maintains its international reputation as the romantic and monument-studded City of Light
 colonialismColonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory.
 immigration the introduction of new people into a habitat or population.
 ecological regionsan ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem.
 Columbian Exchangea dramatically widespread exchange of the animals, plants, culture and human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Like the triangular exchange, Columbian exchange traded livestock, plants and animals, and disease. It killed a lot of people, culture and languages were spread across the world, set the base for the world economy today, also set borders and languages all over the world.
 geopolitical issuesin the past 100 years, europes geoplolitical situation changed more profoundly and violently of any other wold region. WW1 and 2 left them in great devistation. But for the amount of damge, they have recovered drastically
 welfare statesusing the resources collected through high taxation rates to provide generous social services to citizens
 What is the size and location of Europe's area and population?over 531 million (nearly twice USA population)
Average country is 50,000 sq miles. Europe is the second smallest continent in the world(half of usa), covering 2% of the planet’s surface.

It is located partially in the canadian region and partially in USA only on the other side of the ocean

It is an appendage or subcontinent of the worlds greatest landmass (EuropeAsia)Eurasia.
 How does the demographic transition model explain Europes patterns?Models population change in the world's wealthier countries. note how the population surged in the wake of the Industrial revolution as death rates fell while birth rates remained high bt then leveled out and began to decline as economic development advanced

 What are some of the immigration concerns of europe?In combination with Europe's demographic decline and guilt-laden multiculturalism unchecked immigration has created a massive and growing population of unassimilated Muslims, hostile to their own countries and determined to transform Europe beyond all recognition, through a combination of violent and non-violent means

a large percentage worrying that it can bring crime and displace workers, even though a majority agree that it does not increase the risk of terrorism,
 How would one explain the various phyical geography characteristics of Europe Northerly location, temperate climate, varied topography. Irregular shape, high latitude, temperate climate, gagged coastal outline. Numerous islands offshore. Much of Europe lies north of the USA.
 What are the typical landscapes of Europe and how do they relate to the climate and ecological regions?Rolling plains, plateaus, hill lands, mountains, and water bodies. The waters bring in warm currents which affect eh climate. Also, dense population extends along the southern edge of the plain in northestern france. It coincides with fertile sils formed from deposits of loess provideing an importan natural transportion route.
 The ChunnelThe Channel Tunnel (), known colloquially as the Chunnel, is a undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent near Dover in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.

• Crossing the english chananel 16 miles
• Technological phenomenon at time built
• Also was most costly marvel
• Three hours to paris…
links England and Europe
 What is the importance of rivers to the character and development of Europe?Europe has many river systems important for transport, water supply, electricity generation, and recreation.
 What are the prominent linguistic and ethnic groups of Europe?o Romance
o Germanic, and slavic
germans, poles, dutch, national minorities, french, italian, saami, ladin, brentons, jews, basques and catalans
 Why did european colonialism make such an impact on the world?There was transfer of wealth from the colonies to Europe, movement of great numbers of indigenous laborers to serve european interest in other lands, the settlement of Europeans in agriculturally productive colonies, and the attempted subjugation of indigenous cultures to european ones
 What is the economic geography of europe?Europe remains highly dependent on imported middle eastern oil after its leadership was weakened by a new dependence on outside sources of energy
 What were the periods of surpremacy and decline in european economic geo historyDECLINE• Manufacturing relocation (wealthier they got, instead of pay wages, send manufacturing somewhere else, like asia)
• Wars (Europe was devastated by both world wars)
• Nationalism
• Competion with USA, USSR, and now Asia
• Energy dependence
SURPREMACY- 1900's, europe was about 90% of worlds manufacturing output, foundations of modern science in 1500 and 1900, age of discovery, middle ages and the colonial era saw rapid development of economic enterprise
 To what degree is there a postindustrial era in EuropeEurope's economy today is postindustrial. Since 1960, the region has experienced deindustrialization. neither high tech nor service industries employ as many people as the old manufacturing sector did, the european countries are grappling with problems resulting from industrial unemployment.
 What patterns indicates Europe as being postindustrial? The "social model" of the European state is increaingly being subjected to scrutiny and reform as the forces of globalization, stagnant economies, unemployment , and immigration place increasing burdens on national treasuries
 What are some of the current geopolical issues?Europe is under pressure from international trade agreements to reduce its trade barriers and subsidies that protect its domestic agriculture and other industries?
 What kind of seriousness is bing applied to enviornmental pollution, economic and military cooperation?addressing industiral waste in seas: river and wetland magement
controlling atmospheric pollution (including acid precipitation
cleaning up toxic waste. Particulary in E Europe
addressing issues such as genetically modified foods (they wont tak our GM foods)

NATO is focusing on this alot
 What is the European Union and why is it important?an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

It established very strong bonds and relationships between countries thus reducing the risk of war. It has allowed the easier movement of EU citizens from country to country and is continually working for a common ground for laws and regulations.
 Why is France described as "Natural Fortress"It has an internal coherence and several national borders made up of rivers, mountains, and seacoasts.
 How do the agricultural regions of France fit with the physical geo of France?Some 35% of the french landscape is agricultrual, and another 25% woodedFrances physical assets include superior topographic, climatic, and soil conditions. The main topgraphic advantage is a large area, especially north and west, level enough for cultivation
 What factors contribute to making Paris a primate city?it is the greatest urban and industrial center of france, overshadowing other cities in population and economic activity
 What economic development is shifting power from Paris to the periphery?Recent growth of port traffic and manufacturing in Marsille area has been associated with increasingly large oil imports and the related petrochemical industry
 What is reunified GermanyIt is Europes dominant country. Much higher population than any other state. Politically, it is seen as the cornerstone of the EU. Econmomic- german has the worlds third largest economy and it its among the top three with exports of goods as well.
 How do german cities contribute to the industrial economy of germany?Major cities tend to be located near rivers. A string of major metropolitan areas is locatied in the western part of German along Rhine River and this waterway has been a major route since prehistoric times
 Why might the Benelux countries be described as overachievers?They are small countries with great trade, highly industrialized, and very productive agriculturally
 How do ports and industrial patterns in Benelux indicate them being overachievers?More oil imports now enter Europe via Rotterdams Eurooport than any other access point
Dutch leads in food processing, electrical machinery, textiles, appareal, and electraical and electronic industries
 What are the overall ag patterns in benelux?Netherlands and Belgium are very productive agriculturally with high yields per unit of land. Parts of each country have very fertil soils. They specialize in labor intenxive farm commodities such as commercial flowers and dairy products
 What is the Polderland?An area reclaimed from the sea and enclosed within dikes in the Netherlands and other countries. Polder soils tend to be very fertile
 How do Switzerland and Austria compare and contrastSimalar- geo features, economic potential,partly in Alps, toursist destinations, hydroelectric for electricities,neither has abundeant natural resources
difference- Switz is more prosperous, has gained more stablity with neutrality. Austria has hd its fate tied more closely to Germany and its battles. Swiss is famous for banking and high tech instrumentation industries. Austria is a member of the EU, swiss isnt
 What provides for Swiss unity?Peace.
 What is the European Periphery?northern eastern and southern europe. Most of thses are members or seeking membership EU and NATO
 What makes for the northern distinctiveness of Northern Europe?Northern Euro countries are the worlds most northerly region that is highly settled and economiccaly developed. human activity is possible at usch a high latitiue because of the warming waters of the N.Atlantic drift.
 Why are the countries of N. Europe so prosperous while having a degree of isolation from the rest of Europe. Historical interconnectios and cultural similarities are important factors in the regional unity of northern europe. Historically, each country has been more closely related to others of the group than to any outside power. Their relationships are close and peaceful.

Also, they have high standards of healthy, education, individual security, and creative achievment.
 What are some of the major country traits?iceland- volcanic activity Sweden- Stockholm Norway-Geiranger Fjord Poland- soil and ag,NATO slovakia-detroit of europe
Austria- crystals and glass Belgium- dimond cutting,linens germany-autobahns,guest workers italy-autostada,appeline mountains netherlands- cheese and diamond cutting france-viticulture, central massif, vosges, mount blanc,highest pop of muslims switzerland-alps,watches, clocks,banking
czech-plateau of bohemia Denmark-Dairy
 How does the Mediterranean region compare and contrast to N.Europe in the natural enviornment and population?• Mediterranenan- wet summers, dry winters


North Europe- Highly settled(especially in southern sections), high latitudes, westerly winds
 Why is eastern europe described as a shatterbelt?• Rising and falling empires: Holocaust
• Caused dislocation of people
• Consequences of soviets and ww2 has continued pattern of moving people here and there, so really, Europe is still a shatterbelt
• We use Soviets satellites term to refer to countries of E Europe that were independent but were dominated by soviet influence…
• Ethnic distribution- holocaust, soviet union moving Russians into postions of power at random places
• Slavs and minorities, E.g the Roma
countries caught between rival states with conflicting desires
 Why does Eastern Europe have a checkerboard physical geo?• Plains
o Northern
o Danubian, Hungarian
• Mountain zones
o Centreal
• Carpathians, and west
o Southern; Balkans (Balkan peninsula)
• Climates and ag
o Humid continenal and Mediterranean
• Mediterranenan- wet summers, dry winters
checkerboard refers to the idea u can divide land into distinct areas
 What is balkanizationprofound and violent process; political-geographic shorthand for fragmention into ethnicaly based, contentious units that took its name from the characteristic disharmony of this religion...
 outsourcingputting industries into other countries for cheaper labor, location

Europe did to much of this...
 4 main industries of Industrial revCoal, Textiles, Iron and Steel, Ship Building, now service industries, high-tech, alternative energy, still oil in the North Sea
 Irelands nicknameEmerald isle, celtic tiger
 Tiger countrynot an LDC or MDC, but in between, it is hitting its own industrial surge.
Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal
 cultural diffusionthe spread of culture through colonialism, wars, following routes of migration.
 ethnic cleansing purging a society of or area of certain ethnic groups by forcing exile
 transhumanceagricultural practice when livestock are moved up or down a mountain depending on the time of year.
also known as vertical migration.
 Westerliesthe wind current that heats Europe from the west and helps regulate the climate to a much warmer temperature than it should be.
 sitephysical conditions around you
 situationnature of economy, population, and culture
 Core of EuropeGermany, France, Great Britain. The surrounding countries are peripheries, like most of Eastern Europe
 Primate Citylarger than second and third cities combined, centers of trade, population.
 Loessgood farmed soil moved by wind to the land it is in, on Northern European Plains
 Artificial islandsmade in Netherlands, made by dams, dikes, pumping out water, and filling in with dirt to make more land.
 FjordsBranches of the sea into land with steep sides

a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley carved by glacial activity.
 The Gulf StreamFeeds into the n.atlantic drift, influences climate of w. europe
 Western Europe Populationdecreasing, more high-tech technologies, birth rate is being overrun by the death rate, they can't compete with their previous colonies in heavy industry so they are switching to high-tech, light industry.
 Western vs. Eastern wealthinessWestern Europe is more wealthy than Eastern Europe and is more industrialized, more trade routes, opens on the Atlantic, because of wars tearing the East apart.
 demographic transitionused to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
 brain drainNet loss of a countries highly trained and skilled manpower through migration
-more individual opportunities
-most moving to US

Educated people leaving there homeland for more money and better job opportunities. America is draining Europe of all of their smart people
 How is balkanization applied to other parts of the world?The term is also used to describe other forms of disintegration, including, for instance, the subdivision of the Internet into separate enclaves,[4] the division of subfields and the creation of new fields from sociology, and the breakdown of cooperative arrangements due to the rise of independent competitive entities engaged in "beggar thy neighbour" bidding wars.
-sometimes used to refer to the divergence over time of programming languages and data file formats (particularly XML). The term has been used in American urban planning to describe the process of creating gated communities.
 What ecology and development factors contribute to the geo character of S. Europe?Irrigation has been an important factor. Important crops are winter wheat, olives, figs, citrus, grapes and winemaking, and vegetables
 What is the "Slavic Realm"area where the slavic countries are located
 Who are the Roma? They are being identifyed and being asked to leave France

non slavics

an ethnic group with origins in South Asia

gypsies

speak Romany in the Indc branch of the Indo European languages
 What were the economic tranistions at the end of the 20th century for E. Europe?Post WW1,WW2, and cold war

they are now post industrial
 WestThe shorthand term for the countries of the world that have been most influenced by Western civilization and that link most closely with the United States and Western Europe.
 western civilizationThe sum of values, practices, and achievements that had roots in ancient Mesopotamia, as well as Palestine, Greece, and Rome, and that subsequently flowered in western and southern Europe.
 capital goodsgoods used to produce other goods
 collectivization process of forming collective farms in communist countries
 common marketEUs original name
 cultural heartharea where innovations develop with subsequent diffustion to other areas
 ecologystudy of interrelationships of organisms to one another and to the environment
 european communitygoverns EU
 Moorrainy deforest land

or

muslims in spain
 OECD or OEECorganized and facilitated response to Marshall plan
 Service sectormost likely to increase employment significance in post industrial society
 why is europe usually treated as a seperate region?it is not a distinct landmass, rather a subcontinet
 Why is immigration so critical to Europes demographic future and what problems does immigration poseimmigration is enriching europes ethnic mosaic but also presenting economic and security dileemmas for countries
 what is unusual about europes coastlineit is jagged with numerous peninsulas and islands and estuaries
 What are the dominant religions?Roman catholic, lutheran, eastern orthodox, church of england
 what factors led to Europes global dominance in economic and political affairs?The Silk Road

Age of Discovery

Industrial Revolution
 What impacts did their dominance have on other peoples environmentsIn the columbian exchange, there was transfer of plants, humans, animals, and diesease which highly affected others envrionments
 What happened to Europe to in the 20th centuryWW2, afterward, e. European countries were in effect colnized by the soviet union, serving as vassal states that gave up human and material resources to service the motherland.
 What are the main goals and principals of the EUTo secure the benefits of large scale production by pooling resources-natural, human, and financial-and markets of its members
 what are some of the differences between Europeans and AmericansWe view the world in different perspectives
ex:Iraq war
 What is the significane of the Oresund fixed linkIt is the longest highway and railroad bridge in Europe
 What are the countries, microstates, and islands of S. EuropePortugal,Spain, italy, Greece
Microstates and islands- san Marino, Vatican City, Gibraltar, Malta, Corsica, and Cyprus
 How did communism shape ag and industry in Eastern europeCommunist liquidated the remaing large private holdings and in their place introduced programs of collectivized ag on the soviet model. Some farmland was placed in large state owned farms on which workers were paid, but was organized into collectiv farms
 What are the main forces behind the breakup of Yugoslavia>Ethnic warfare was a cause of the breakup of Yugoslavia, as well as deal making the west in which serbia was called on to surrender more suspecs for war crimes trials, in return, the west would nto support independence of montenegro.
 supranationalismwhat happens when countries decide they cant do as much on their own as if they partner with another. Must surrender some of their ability so everyone gets more product
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