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Class:HIST 1510 - World Civilizations
Subject:History
University:Bowling Green State University
Term:Fall 2011
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Trajan
Trajan (; ; 18 September 53 - 9 August 117), was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD.
Managed to defeat the Dacians and to turn the province into a productive part of the empire. These people remained under Roman rule from circa 100 to circa 275 B.C.E. and became thoroughly latinized, so much so that the Dacian culture and language diead out.
Septimius Severus Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 - 4 February 211), also known as Severus, was Roman Emperor from 193 to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa.
Severus was the first emperor of the troubled Severan dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of the Roman principate before the Crisis of the Third Century.
Caracalla
Caracalla (; 4 April 188 - 8 April 217),Caracalla born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. The eldest son of Septimius Severus, he ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta until he murdered the latter in 211. Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated throughout the Empire.
Constitutio Antoniniana The Constitutio Antoniniana (also called the Edict of Caracalla) was an edict issued in 212 AD, by the Roman Emperor Caracalla.
The law declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women in Empire were given the same rights as Roman women were.
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Diocletian Instigated the longest and most systematic campaign against the Christians, who made up one-tenth of the population in the early fourth century from 303-311.
Tetrarchy
Constatine I Continued Diocletion's attempts to ensure the production of essential goods and services as well as a collection of taxes. He imposed decrees tying people and their children to the same occupation in the same place. Moved capital to the site of old Greek colony Byzantium, renaming in Constantinople.
Arianism Relative position of the three persons of the Trinity:God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Father and Son being equal is denied by Arius(256-336) a priest from Alexandria.
Christ logically could not fully be God because he was not of a substance identical with God and, as a created being, was not coeternal with his creator.
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Council of Nicaea Found the Arian position of be a heresy-an opinion or doctrine contrary to the official teaching of the church-Christ was declared to be of the same substance as God
Monophysitism Monophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one, alone' and physis meaning 'nature'), or Monophysiticism, is the Christological position that Christ has only one nature, his humanity being absorbed by his Deity, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ maintains two natures, one divine and one human.
Julian the Apostate Flavius Claudius Iulianus, known also as Julianus, Julian, Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher (331/332 - 26 June 363, ), was Roman Emperor last of the Constantinian dynasty.
Visigoths The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other.
These tribes were among the Germans who spread through the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. Initially emerging as a distinct people in the 4th century in the Balkans, the Visigoths defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378, and under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.
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Vandals The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century.
The Vandals under king Genseric entered Africa in 429 and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics. In 455, they sacked the city of Rome. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the Africa province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
Theoderic King of the Germanic tribe of the Ostogoths who was commissioned by the emperor of Constantinople to lead his people into Italy and establish order.
Ostrogoths The Ostrogoths were a branch of the Goths (the other branch being the Visigoths), a Germanic tribe who developed a vast empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century AD and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established a Kingdom in Italy.
Augustine Augustine of Hippo (; ;) (November 13, 354 - August 28, 430), Bishop of Hippo Regius, also known as Augustine, St.
When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God
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Justinian Justinian I; , ; 483- 13 or 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.
;Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (, Phlbios Petros Sabbatios Ioustininos); AD 483 - 13 or 14 November 565, known in English as Justinian I or Justinian the Great, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death.
Theodora Theodora (Greek: Θεοδώρα) (c. 500 – June 28, 548), was empress of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I.
Clovis I Of the Merovingian dynasty became ruler of one of the small Frankish Kingdoms, by the time of his death he had united the Franks into a single kingdom that stretched south to the Pyrenees.
;Clovis (c. 466–511) (Ch-)Leuthwig (Ludwig, Louis) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs[1]. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul (France). He was the son of Childeric I and Basina. In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father.[2] Clovis was not only a Frankish king, he was also a Roman official[3].
Merovingians The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin) largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the 5th century.
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Franks The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River.
Charles Martel A brilliant general, he is considered to be a founding figure of the Middle Ages, often credited with a seminal role in the development of feudalism and knighthood, and laying the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire.[8][9] He was also the father of Pepin the Short and grandfather of Charlemagne.
In 739 he was offered the title of Consul by the Pope, but he refused.[6] He is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours (also known as the Battle of Poitiers) in 732
Carolingians The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century.
Donation of Pippin The "Donation of Pepin", the first in 754 CE, and second in 756 CE, provided a legal basis for the formal organizing of the Papal States, which inaugurated papal temporal rule over civil authorities.
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Pope Leo III Pope Saint Leo III (750 - June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor.
Charlemagne The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I.Charlemagne ( meaning Charles the Great; (possibly (742-28) -January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe.
Missi Dominici A missus dominicus (plural missi dominici), Latin for "envoy of the lord [ruler]", also known in Dutch as Zendgraaf (German: Sendgraf), meaning "sent Graf", was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or emperor to supervise the administration, mainly of justice, in parts of his dominions.
Louis I the Pious Louis the Pious (778 - 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833-34, during which he was deposed.
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Treaty of Verdun (843) The Treaty of Verdun (Verdun-sur-Meuse, 843) was a treaty of the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the territories of the Carolingian Empire to three kingdoms.
fief
Feudalism Feudalism is a decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm through reciprocal agreements with regional leaders.
;Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
Three-field system Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped.
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Hugh Capet Successor of the Carolingian monarch, major accomplishment of the first four Capetian kings was there success at keeping the French crown within their own family and at slowly expanding their influence, largely through marriage alliances and the efficiency of royal courts.
Capetians Successor of the Carolingian monarch, major accomplishment of the first four Capetian kings was there success at keeping the French crown within their own family and at slowly expanding their influence, largely through marriage alliances and the efficiency of royal courts.
Otto I Otto I the Great (23 November 912 in Wallhausen - 7 May 973 in Memleben), son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan.
Ottonians
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Holy Roman Empire
Henry IV & Gregory VII Under Henry IV the monarchy reached the height of its power but also experienced a major reverse. The disagreement between state and church culminated in Henry's begging the pope's forgiveness at Conossa in 1077. THe Investiture Controversy resulted in the loss of the monarchy's major sources of strength.
Investiture Investiture, from the Latin is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent
Iconoclasm Iconoclasm is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives.
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Irene Best known woman who ruled in her own right as the Empress. She resisted attempts to overthrow her and her son and consolidated their power. In addition, she slowly worked to reverse the iconoclastic policies of her predecessors.
Vladimir I of Kiev (d.1015) The most important ruler in the Kievan phase of Russian history. Learned political lessons dealing with Byzantines and consolidated his power in Kiev. Based his rule on the pagan religion and erected statues such as Perun (god of thunder) and Volos (god of wealth). Made peace with Volga Bulgars to the east and worked with the Byzantines against the Bulgarians in pursuit of his diplomatic and political goals.
Saljuqids (Saljug Turks)
Manzikert (battle)
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Reconquista The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest"; Arabic: ', "Recapturing") was a period of nearly 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking (and repopulating) the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus Province.
Alexios I Komneneos (d.1118) Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (, 1056 - 15 August 1118), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and the founder of the Komnenian dynasty.
Urban II (Pope) Pope Blessed Urban II (ca.1035 - 29 July 1099), born Otho de Lagery (alternatively: Otto, Odo or Eudes), was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death.
Council (Synod) of Clermont 1095 The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 at Clermont, France.
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Crusades The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
Crusader States
Templar Order (Templars) The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (), commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple (), were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders.
Saladin
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Ayyubids The Ayyubids (Kurdish:) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, centered in Cairo and Damascus that ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE.
Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III (1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death.
Pope Innocent is notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful.
Latin Empire The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name: Imperium Romaniae, "Empire of Romania") is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire.
Frederick II (Emperor) d.1250 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen ( 26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250) was Holy Roman Emperor (King of the Romans) from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy.
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(Saint) Louis IX d. 1270 Louis IX (25 April 1214 - 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death.
he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.
Mamluks (Egypt)  was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam.
Guilds A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade.
Abelard and Heloise Peter Abelard  (1079 - April 21, 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician.
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Thomas Aquinas
Scholasticism Scholasticism is derived from the Latin word scholasticus (Greek: ), which means "that [which] belongs to the school," and was a method of learning taught by the academics (scholastics, school people, or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100-1500. Scholasticism refers to the attempt made by medieval Christians to reconcile ancient classical philosophy with the Christianity of medieval times.The synthesis of Greek Philosophy and medieval Christian Doctrine is the heart of scholasticism.
William I the Conqueror d. 1087 Duke of Normandy, crossed the English Channel with 5000 men and claimed the throne
Domesday Book 1086 The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.
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Henry II (of England) d. 1189 Henry III (1 October 1207 - 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death.
Eleanor of Aquitaine d. 1204 Eleanor of Aquitaine (in French: Alinor d-Aquitaine, lonore de Guyenne) (1122 - 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages.
Thomas Becket d.1170
Magna Carta 1215 Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum (the Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name.
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Phillip II Augustus d. 1223 Philip II Augustus (; 21 August 1165 - 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death.
Albigensians Catharism was a name given to a Christian religious sect with dualistic and gnostic elements that appeared in the Languedoc region of France and other parts of Europe in the 11th century and flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries.
Albigensian crusades
Edward I (of England) d. 1307 Edward I (17 June 1239 - 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of HenryIII, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English Barons.
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Dominicans
Inquisition The term Inquisition can apply to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics (or other offenders against canon law) within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church.
Phillip IV the Fair d. 1314 Philip IV of France (April-June 1268 - 29 November 1314), called the Fair (), son and successor of Philip III, reigned as King of France from 1285 until his death.
Parliament A parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom.
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Estates General
Pope Boniface VIII
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 Trajan
Trajan (; ; 18 September 53 - 9 August 117), was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD.
Managed to defeat the Dacians and to turn the province into a productive part of the empire. These people remained under Roman rule from circa 100 to circa 275 B.C.E. and became thoroughly latinized, so much so that the Dacian culture and language diead out.
 Septimius SeverusSeptimius Severus (; 11 April 145 - 4 February 211), also known as Severus, was Roman Emperor from 193 to 211. Severus was born in Leptis Magna in the province of Africa.
Severus was the first emperor of the troubled Severan dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of the Roman principate before the Crisis of the Third Century.
 Caracalla
Caracalla (; 4 April 188 - 8 April 217),Caracalla born Lucius Septimius Bassianus and later called Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. The eldest son of Septimius Severus, he ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta until he murdered the latter in 211. Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated throughout the Empire.
 Constitutio AntoninianaThe Constitutio Antoniniana (also called the Edict of Caracalla) was an edict issued in 212 AD, by the Roman Emperor Caracalla.
The law declared that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women in Empire were given the same rights as Roman women were.
 DiocletianInstigated the longest and most systematic campaign against the Christians, who made up one-tenth of the population in the early fourth century from 303-311.
 Tetrarchy
 Constatine IContinued Diocletion's attempts to ensure the production of essential goods and services as well as a collection of taxes. He imposed decrees tying people and their children to the same occupation in the same place. Moved capital to the site of old Greek colony Byzantium, renaming in Constantinople.
 ArianismRelative position of the three persons of the Trinity:God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Father and Son being equal is denied by Arius(256-336) a priest from Alexandria.
Christ logically could not fully be God because he was not of a substance identical with God and, as a created being, was not coeternal with his creator.

 Council of NicaeaFound the Arian position of be a heresy-an opinion or doctrine contrary to the official teaching of the church-Christ was declared to be of the same substance as God
 MonophysitismMonophysitism (from the Greek monos meaning 'one, alone' and physis meaning 'nature'), or Monophysiticism, is the Christological position that Christ has only one nature, his humanity being absorbed by his Deity, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ maintains two natures, one divine and one human.
 Julian the ApostateFlavius Claudius Iulianus, known also as Julianus, Julian, Julian the Apostate or Julian the Philosopher (331/332 - 26 June 363, ), was Roman Emperor last of the Constantinian dynasty.
 VisigothsThe Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other.
These tribes were among the Germans who spread through the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. Initially emerging as a distinct people in the 4th century in the Balkans, the Visigoths defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378, and under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.

 VandalsThe Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century.
The Vandals under king Genseric entered Africa in 429 and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics. In 455, they sacked the city of Rome. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–4, in which Justinian I managed to reconquer the Africa province for the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
 TheodericKing of the Germanic tribe of the Ostogoths who was commissioned by the emperor of Constantinople to lead his people into Italy and establish order.
 OstrogothsThe Ostrogoths were a branch of the Goths (the other branch being the Visigoths), a Germanic tribe who developed a vast empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century AD and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established a Kingdom in Italy.

 AugustineAugustine of Hippo (; ;) (November 13, 354 - August 28, 430), Bishop of Hippo Regius, also known as Augustine, St.
When the Western Roman Empire was starting to disintegrate, Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual City of God
 JustinianJustinian I; , ; 483- 13 or 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.
;Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (, Phlbios Petros Sabbatios Ioustininos); AD 483 - 13 or 14 November 565, known in English as Justinian I or Justinian the Great, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death.
 TheodoraTheodora (Greek: Θεοδώρα) (c. 500 – June 28, 548), was empress of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I.
 Clovis IOf the Merovingian dynasty became ruler of one of the small Frankish Kingdoms, by the time of his death he had united the Franks into a single kingdom that stretched south to the Pyrenees.
;Clovis (c. 466–511) (Ch-)Leuthwig (Ludwig, Louis) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs[1]. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul (France). He was the son of Childeric I and Basina. In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father.[2] Clovis was not only a Frankish king, he was also a Roman official[3].
 MerovingiansThe Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin) largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the 5th century.
 FranksThe Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River.
 Charles MartelA brilliant general, he is considered to be a founding figure of the Middle Ages, often credited with a seminal role in the development of feudalism and knighthood, and laying the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire.[8][9] He was also the father of Pepin the Short and grandfather of Charlemagne.
In 739 he was offered the title of Consul by the Pope, but he refused.[6] He is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours (also known as the Battle of Poitiers) in 732
 CarolingiansThe Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century.
 Donation of PippinThe "Donation of Pepin", the first in 754 CE, and second in 756 CE, provided a legal basis for the formal organizing of the Papal States, which inaugurated papal temporal rule over civil authorities.
 Pope Leo IIIPope Saint Leo III (750 - June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor.
 CharlemagneThe son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I.Charlemagne ( meaning Charles the Great; (possibly (742-28) -January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe.
 Missi DominiciA missus dominicus (plural missi dominici), Latin for "envoy of the lord [ruler]", also known in Dutch as Zendgraaf (German: Sendgraf), meaning "sent Graf", was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or emperor to supervise the administration, mainly of justice, in parts of his dominions.
 Louis I the PiousLouis the Pious (778 - 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833-34, during which he was deposed.
 Treaty of Verdun (843)The Treaty of Verdun (Verdun-sur-Meuse, 843) was a treaty of the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the territories of the Carolingian Empire to three kingdoms.
 fief
 FeudalismFeudalism is a decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak monarchy attempts to control the lands of the realm through reciprocal agreements with regional leaders.
;Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
 Three-field systemCrop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to avoid the build up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one species is continuously cropped.
 Hugh CapetSuccessor of the Carolingian monarch, major accomplishment of the first four Capetian kings was there success at keeping the French crown within their own family and at slowly expanding their influence, largely through marriage alliances and the efficiency of royal courts.
 CapetiansSuccessor of the Carolingian monarch, major accomplishment of the first four Capetian kings was there success at keeping the French crown within their own family and at slowly expanding their influence, largely through marriage alliances and the efficiency of royal courts.
 Otto IOtto I the Great (23 November 912 in Wallhausen - 7 May 973 in Memleben), son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of Saxony, King of Germany, King of Italy, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to Arnulf of Milan.
 Ottonians
 Holy Roman Empire
 Henry IV & Gregory VIIUnder Henry IV the monarchy reached the height of its power but also experienced a major reverse. The disagreement between state and church culminated in Henry's begging the pope's forgiveness at Conossa in 1077. THe Investiture Controversy resulted in the loss of the monarchy's major sources of strength.
 InvestitureInvestiture, from the Latin is a rather general term for the formal installation of an incumbent
 IconoclasmIconoclasm is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives.
 IreneBest known woman who ruled in her own right as the Empress. She resisted attempts to overthrow her and her son and consolidated their power. In addition, she slowly worked to reverse the iconoclastic policies of her predecessors.
 Vladimir I of Kiev (d.1015)The most important ruler in the Kievan phase of Russian history. Learned political lessons dealing with Byzantines and consolidated his power in Kiev. Based his rule on the pagan religion and erected statues such as Perun (god of thunder) and Volos (god of wealth). Made peace with Volga Bulgars to the east and worked with the Byzantines against the Bulgarians in pursuit of his diplomatic and political goals.
 Saljuqids (Saljug Turks)
 Manzikert (battle)
 ReconquistaThe Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest"; Arabic: ', "Recapturing") was a period of nearly 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking (and repopulating) the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus Province.
 Alexios I Komneneos (d.1118)Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (, 1056 - 15 August 1118), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and the founder of the Komnenian dynasty.
 Urban II (Pope)Pope Blessed Urban II (ca.1035 - 29 July 1099), born Otho de Lagery (alternatively: Otto, Odo or Eudes), was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death.
 Council (Synod) of Clermont 1095The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, which was held from November 18 to November 28, 1095 at Clermont, France.
 CrusadesThe Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
 Crusader States
 Templar Order (Templars)The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (), commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple (), were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders.
 Saladin
 AyyubidsThe Ayyubids (Kurdish:) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, centered in Cairo and Damascus that ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE.
 Pope Innocent IIIPope Innocent III (1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death.
Pope Innocent is notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful.
 Latin EmpireThe Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople (original Latin name: Imperium Romaniae, "Empire of Romania") is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire.
 Frederick II (Emperor) d.1250Frederick II of Hohenstaufen ( 26 December 1194 - 13 December 1250) was Holy Roman Emperor (King of the Romans) from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy.
 (Saint) Louis IX d. 1270Louis IX (25 April 1214 - 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death.
he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.
 Mamluks (Egypt) was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam.
 GuildsA guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade.
 Abelard and HeloisePeter Abelard  (1079 - April 21, 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician.
 Thomas Aquinas
 ScholasticismScholasticism is derived from the Latin word scholasticus (Greek: ), which means "that [which] belongs to the school," and was a method of learning taught by the academics (scholastics, school people, or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100-1500. Scholasticism refers to the attempt made by medieval Christians to reconcile ancient classical philosophy with the Christianity of medieval times.The synthesis of Greek Philosophy and medieval Christian Doctrine is the heart of scholasticism.
 William I the Conqueror d. 1087Duke of Normandy, crossed the English Channel with 5000 men and claimed the throne
 Domesday Book 1086The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.
 Henry II (of England) d. 1189Henry III (1 October 1207 - 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for fifty-six years from 1216 to his death.
 Eleanor of Aquitaine d. 1204Eleanor of Aquitaine (in French: Alinor d-Aquitaine, lonore de Guyenne) (1122 - 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages.
 Thomas Becket d.1170
 Magna Carta 1215Magna Carta, also called Magna Carta Libertatum (the Great Charter of Freedoms), is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name.
 Phillip II Augustus d. 1223Philip II Augustus (; 21 August 1165 - 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death.
 AlbigensiansCatharism was a name given to a Christian religious sect with dualistic and gnostic elements that appeared in the Languedoc region of France and other parts of Europe in the 11th century and flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries.
 Albigensian crusades
 Edward I (of England) d. 1307Edward I (17 June 1239 - 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of HenryIII, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English Barons.
 Dominicans
 InquisitionThe term Inquisition can apply to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics (or other offenders against canon law) within the justice-system of the Roman Catholic Church.
 Phillip IV the Fair d. 1314Philip IV of France (April-June 1268 - 29 November 1314), called the Fair (), son and successor of Philip III, reigned as King of France from 1285 until his death.
 ParliamentA parliament is a legislature, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system modeled after that of the United Kingdom.
 Estates General
 Pope Boniface VIII
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