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Final Exam Fall '10 - Flashcards

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Class:HIST 152 - Growth-American Nation to 1865
Subject:History
University:West Virginia University
Term:Fall 2010
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Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States and specified how the Federal government was to operate, including adoption of an official name for the new nation, United States of America.
constitutional convention The United States Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain.
virginia & new jersey plans va- 2 chamber legislation. 3 branch government, powerful executive and a judiciary. eliminated smaller states rights. nj- each state had one vote, single house congress like the articles of confederation
3/5ths compromise The Three-Fifths compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.
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checks and balances It guarantees that no part of the government becomes too powerful. For example, the legislative branch is in charge of making laws. The executive branch can veto the law, thus making it harder for the legislative branch to pass the law. The judicial branch may also say that the law is unconstitutional and thus make sure it is not a law. Again, the branches check and balance each other so that no one branch has too much power.
difference between democracy and republic not only dissimilar but antithetical, reflecting the sharp contrast between (a) The Majority Unlimited, in a Democracy, lacking any legal safeguard of the rights of The Individual and The Minority, and (b) The Majority Limited, in a Republic under a written Constitution safeguarding the rights of The Individual and The Minority;
what victory meant for the peoples of america to be independent from britian and establish a free country with equal representation
why democracy was abandoned they couldnt tax or establish an army. they werent ready for it yet.
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goals of the constitution to be able to tax. to establish a legislation. to ensure domestic tranuility. freedoms. perfect union
3 branches of government executive, legislative, judicial.
republican features of the constitution rights to be represented. natural rights and freedom.
bill of rights A bill of rights is a list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights against infringement by the government.
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alexander hamilton Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 - July 12, 1804) was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.
whiskey rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion, less commonly known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in Pennsylvania in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington.
cotton gin A cotton gin (short for cotton engine) is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand.
war hawks War Hawk is a term originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization.
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hartford convention The Hartford Convention was an event spanning from December 15, 1814-January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.
election of 1824 In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives.
challenges faced by washington whiskey rebellion. neutrality (french and british war xyz affair).
argument between federalists and anti federalists federalists wanted to ratify the constitution and the anti federalists didnt. the anti federalists wanted a bill of rights instead.
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andrew jackson Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837).
temperance A temperance movement is a social movement urging reduced use of alcoholic beverages.
nativism favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.[1] It may also include the re-establishment or perpetuation of such individuals or their culture.
abolition abolitionism is a movement to end slavery
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anti slavery Opposed to the practice or institution of slavery.
expansion of franchise railroads, industry.
industrialization and its effects changed the us. cloth cotton immigration transportation.
social or reform movements feminism, temperance, nativism, abolition. - 1820s.
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manifest destiny Manifest Destiny was the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean.
louisiana purchase The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane "Sale of Louisiana") was the acquisition by the United States of America of of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. The U.S.
monroe doctrine The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S.
texas revolution The Texas Revolution or Texas War of Independence was a military conflict between Mexico and settlers in the Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas.
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mexican-american war The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S.
free labor ideology A set of beliefs and ideas that presented slavery as a threat to a white male economic independence. It was central to the Republican party's attack on slavery. Asserted that the ability of working men to achieve econom,ic independence was the basis of northern superiority.
free soil ideology Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.
political transformations in the antebellum period whigs in the north were against slavery and for free soil and free labor. democrats in the south were for slavery.
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northern racial viewpoints slavery and racism were evil- blacks deserve freedom.
southern perceptions or northerners industrialization is evil not safe. take care of slaves boss doesnt take care of worker.
paternalism Paternalism refers to an attitude or a policy reminiscent of the hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy.
role of cotton in the souths economy cash crop. relied on it.
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stratification of southern economy classes: PATERNALISM. Planter Elite-10 or more slaves Small Time Slave Owners- few slaves Yeoman Farmers- No Slaves Free African Americans Slaves
why westward expansion was even more critical for the south the south found it critical to expand west because they wanted to keep slavery legal in the states and stop the north from getting it illegalized forever.
justifications for slavery slaves would be worse off without white man. freed slaves will cause social disorder. free labor is worse the white man takes care of the slaves. slavery is acceptable in the bible. slavery has always existed.
missouri compromise The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
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wilmot proviso The Wilmot Proviso, one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande.
popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose following the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).
stephen douglas one of the writers of the compromise of 1850.
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henry clay leader of the war hawks. one of the original proposers of the compromise of 1850.
why territories created such a problem for the federal government couldnt decide if they were to be slave states or free states. popular sovereignty.
how the west led to regional competition in washington competition between the south and the north to claim the territories as theirs and to declare the territories either slave states or free states.
kansas- nebraska act The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
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lawrence, ks bleeding kansas occured here.
potawatomie creek massacre 5 proslavery men slaughtered by john brown and 7 other men.
charles sumner Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 March 11, 1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts.
preston brooks Preston Smith Brooks (August 5, 1819 - January 27, 1857) was a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina, known for severely beating Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate with a cane in response to an insult.
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john brown abolitionist. convinced the south that the north would do anything to get the south to be free. even violence.
harpers ferry Harpers Ferry is a historic town in Jefferson County, West Virginia.
ulysses grant general of the north; introduced the idea of constant warfare.
emancipation proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War under his war powers. It attempted to free slaves in rebellious states.
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civil war amendments The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War.
northern advantages and disadvantages ADVANTAGES- Factories(Industry), Numbers (Immigrants), Rail roads (transportation of troops +materials), Navy. DISADVANTAGES- Not Outdoorsy, Instable w/ generals and strategies.
southern advantages and disadvantages ADVANTAGES- Outdoor experience(weapons,hunting) More veterans(leadership experience), trade (cotton), home field advantage. DISADVANTAGES- Little industry, no transportation
strategies for victory North- Anaconda.. surround south from all directions. grant- constant warfare South- survive.
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nature of the war North- Save the union South- keep slavery
physical results of the war south- loss of property. destroyed land both-- 1.3 million casualties.
how lincoln made the war "mean more" men at war said they fought the war to "save the union". lincoln wanted it to mean more so he made it about ending slavery.
womans role nursing. more jobs open up to women. more then just housewives.
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 Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States and specified how the Federal government was to operate, including adoption of an official name for the new nation, United States of America.
 constitutional conventionThe United States Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain.
 virginia & new jersey plansva- 2 chamber legislation. 3 branch government, powerful executive and a judiciary. eliminated smaller states rights.
nj- each state had one vote, single house congress like the articles of confederation
 3/5ths compromiseThe Three-Fifths compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.
 checks and balances It guarantees that no part of the government becomes too powerful. For example, the legislative branch is in charge of making laws. The executive branch can veto the law, thus making it harder for the legislative branch to pass the law. The judicial branch may also say that the law is unconstitutional and thus make sure it is not a law. Again, the branches check and balance each other so that no one branch has too much power.
 difference between democracy and republicnot only dissimilar but antithetical, reflecting the sharp contrast between (a) The Majority Unlimited, in a Democracy, lacking any legal safeguard of the rights of The Individual and The Minority, and (b) The Majority Limited, in a Republic under a written Constitution safeguarding the rights of The Individual and The Minority;
 what victory meant for the peoples of americato be independent from britian and establish a free country with equal representation
 why democracy was abandonedthey couldnt tax or establish an army. they werent ready for it yet.
 goals of the constitutionto be able to tax. to establish a legislation. to ensure domestic tranuility. freedoms. perfect union
 3 branches of governmentexecutive, legislative, judicial.
 republican features of the constitutionrights to be represented. natural rights and freedom.
 bill of rightsA bill of rights is a list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights against infringement by the government.
 alexander hamiltonAlexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757 - July 12, 1804) was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.
 whiskey rebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion, less commonly known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in Pennsylvania in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington.
 cotton ginA cotton gin (short for cotton engine) is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand.
 war hawksWar Hawk is a term originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the British in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means, against others to improve the standing of their own government, country, or organization.
 hartford conventionThe Hartford Convention was an event spanning from December 15, 1814-January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.
 election of 1824In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives.
 challenges faced by washingtonwhiskey rebellion. neutrality (french and british war xyz affair).
 argument between federalists and anti federalistsfederalists wanted to ratify the constitution and the anti federalists didnt. the anti federalists wanted a bill of rights instead.
 andrew jacksonAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845) was the seventh President of the United States (1829-1837).
 temperanceA temperance movement is a social movement urging reduced use of alcoholic beverages.
 nativismfavors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.[1] It may also include the re-establishment or perpetuation of such individuals or their culture.
 abolitionabolitionism is a movement to end slavery
 anti slaveryOpposed to the practice or institution of slavery.
 expansion of franchiserailroads, industry.
 industrialization and its effectschanged the us. cloth cotton immigration transportation.
 social or reform movementsfeminism, temperance, nativism, abolition. - 1820s.
 manifest destinyManifest Destiny was the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean.
 louisiana purchaseThe Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane "Sale of Louisiana") was the acquisition by the United States of America of of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. The U.S.
 monroe doctrineThe Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S.
 texas revolutionThe Texas Revolution or Texas War of Independence was a military conflict between Mexico and settlers in the Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas.
 mexican-american warThe Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S.
 free labor ideologyA set of beliefs and ideas that presented slavery as a threat to a white male economic independence. It was central to the Republican party's attack on slavery. Asserted that the ability of working men to achieve econom,ic independence was the basis of northern superiority.
 free soil ideologyIts main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.
 political transformations in the antebellum periodwhigs in the north were against slavery and for free soil and free labor. democrats in the south were for slavery.
 northern racial viewpointsslavery and racism were evil- blacks deserve freedom.
 southern perceptions or northernersindustrialization is evil not safe. take care of slaves boss doesnt take care of worker.
 paternalismPaternalism refers to an attitude or a policy reminiscent of the hierarchic pattern of a family based on patriarchy.
 role of cotton in the souths economycash crop. relied on it.
 stratification of southern economyclasses: PATERNALISM.
Planter Elite-10 or more slaves
Small Time Slave Owners- few slaves
Yeoman Farmers- No Slaves
Free African Americans
Slaves
 why westward expansion was even more critical for the souththe south found it critical to expand west because they wanted to keep slavery legal in the states and stop the north from getting it illegalized forever.
 justifications for slaveryslaves would be worse off without white man. freed slaves will cause social disorder. free labor is worse the white man takes care of the slaves. slavery is acceptable in the bible. slavery has always existed.
 missouri compromiseThe Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
 wilmot provisoThe Wilmot Proviso, one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande.
 popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people is the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.
 compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed in September 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North that arose following the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).
 stephen douglasone of the writers of the compromise of 1850.
 henry clayleader of the war hawks. one of the original proposers of the compromise of 1850.
 why territories created such a problem for the federal governmentcouldnt decide if they were to be slave states or free states. popular sovereignty.
 how the west led to regional competition in washingtoncompetition between the south and the north to claim the territories as theirs and to declare the territories either slave states or free states.
 kansas- nebraska actThe Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
 lawrence, ksbleeding kansas occured here.
 potawatomie creek massacre5 proslavery men slaughtered by john brown and 7 other men.
 charles sumnerCharles Sumner (January 6, 1811 March 11, 1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts.
 preston brooksPreston Smith Brooks (August 5, 1819 - January 27, 1857) was a Democratic Congressman from South Carolina, known for severely beating Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate with a cane in response to an insult.
 john brownabolitionist. convinced the south that the north would do anything to get the south to be free. even violence.
 harpers ferryHarpers Ferry is a historic town in Jefferson County, West Virginia.
 ulysses grantgeneral of the north; introduced the idea of constant warfare.
 emancipation proclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War under his war powers. It attempted to free slaves in rebellious states.
 civil war amendmentsThe Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War.
 northern advantages and disadvantagesADVANTAGES- Factories(Industry), Numbers (Immigrants), Rail roads (transportation of troops +materials), Navy.
DISADVANTAGES- Not Outdoorsy, Instable w/ generals and strategies.
 southern advantages and disadvantagesADVANTAGES- Outdoor experience(weapons,hunting) More veterans(leadership experience), trade (cotton), home field advantage.
DISADVANTAGES- Little industry, no transportation
 strategies for victoryNorth- Anaconda.. surround south from all directions. grant- constant warfare
South- survive.
 nature of the war North- Save the union
South- keep slavery
 physical results of the warsouth- loss of property. destroyed land
both-- 1.3 million casualties.
 how lincoln made the war "mean more"men at war said they fought the war to "save the union". lincoln wanted it to mean more so he made it about ending slavery.
 womans rolenursing. more jobs open up to women. more then just housewives.
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