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Test 2 - Flashcards

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Class:HIST 102 - World Civilization: 1500-1815
Subject:History
University:Central Washington University
Term:Fall 2009
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Jerusalem 1517 Ottomans effect peaceful takeover of Jerusalem 1537-1541 Unwalled since 1219, Sultan Suleiman ("The Magnificent"), rebuilds the city walls including the present day 7 gates and the "Tower of David." The Damascus gate in 1542. 1700
Latin Kingdom The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks.
factories (per-industrial) origin comes from the term factor. areas for trade with a dork or wharf there are a number of warehouse in the area In the black sea by Italian cites. 1550-60
Mamluk Empire The Mamluk Sultanate was a regime composed of mamluks who ruled Egypt and Syria from the mid-1200s to the early 1500s.
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Spice Trade The spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium.
Champagne fairs The Champagne fairs were an annual cycle of trading fairs held in towns in the Champagne and Brie regions of France in the Middle Ages.
Dukes of Burgundy Protected the Champagne fairs
Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic (), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
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Caravel A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, two- or three-masted lateen-rigged ship, created by the Portuguese and used by them as well as by the Spanish for long voyages of exploration from the 15th century.
Henry the Navigator Henry the Navigator ( 1394 - 1460 ) was an infante (prince) of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations.
Ceuta Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the Mediterranean, which separates it from the Spanish mainland.
Kingdom of preacher John legion of a group of people either African or Asian cut of by Muslims. 1540 most likely Ethiopia
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Gold Coast Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa that became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957.
Fernando Po and Sao Tome Fernando Po 1470–1975 São Tomé 1474–1778 Volcanic Islands, With Great Soil No disease more use for slaves on new sugar plantations
Kingdom of the Kong The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 - 1914) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa
Bartolomeu Diaz Bartolomeu Dias portages explorer in1488 he leads an expedition that gets around Cape Good hope of Africa
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Vasco de Gama Vasco da Gama, in 1498 takes 2 years to get to India and back 4 ships. portages explorer
treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).
Cabral Expedition Cabral's 13 ships left on March 9, 1500, following the route of Vasco da Gama. On April 22, 1500, he sighted land (Brazil), claiming it for Portugal and naming it the "Island of the True Cross." King Manuel renamed this land Holy Cross; it was later renamed once again, to Brazil, after a kind of dyewood found there, called pau-brasil. Cabral stayed in Brazil for 10 days and then continued on his way to India,
Swahili Coast The Swahili Coast refers to the coast or coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, at the time in 1498 ruled by Muslims Trading cities to exploit the middle of Africa
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Calicut on the Malibar Coast of India.here in 1498 City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices
Affonzo de Albuquerque Portuguese soldier, conqueror of Goa (1510) and of Melaka (1511). He gained military experience as a soldier in North Africa for 10 years but made his reputation fighting in Asia. He paved the way for Portuguese domination in Southeast Asia through efforts to gain control of all the main maritime trade routes of the East and to build permanent fortresses with settled populations
Goa is India's smallest state by area conquered by affonzo de albuquerque in 1510
Hormuz Hormuz is distorted from the Persian Ohrmuzd, meaning Ahura Mazda.
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Aden Aden is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometres east of Bab-el-Mandeb.
Malacca Malacca (, dubbed The Historical State or Negeri Bersejarah amongst locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang.
Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas.
Christopher Columbus 1451 – 1506) was a navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Establishes Ft. in Hispaniola
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Ferdinand and Isabella The Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. 1492 financed Christoper Columbus voyage to find a easten route to India.
Reconquista The Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. Grenada is the last muslin kingdom to fall. 1492
Antwerp is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium.
Hispaniola Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Espaola) is a major island in the Caribbean, comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
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sugar 2 products for export back to main land Molasses and the other is Rum1600's
syphilis Brought back from the Americas in 1495 by Christoper Columbus's men. Sexually transmitted disease no treatment at the time would lead to madness.
Hernando Cortez Hernn Corts (; 1485 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the King of Castile, in the early 16th century.
Aztec Empire During the same period as the Inca Empire, the Aztec Empire dominated Mesoamerica from Mexico and Guatemala to the territories of Salvador and Honduras for nearly 100 years(1427-1521) blood thursty
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Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan () (sometimes paired with Mexico as Mexico Tenochtitlan or Tenochtitlan Mexico) was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico.
Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and has the meaning of "feathered-serpent".
"Flower wars" A flower war or flowery war () is the name given to the battles fought between the Aztec Triple Alliance and some of their enemies:
Montezuma reigning from 1502 to 1520. It was during Moctezuma's reign that the episode known as the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began.
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Francisco Pizzaro born(1476 – died154)was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.
Inca The Inca Empire from 1438 to 1533 was the largest empire in Pre-Colombian America. They would be defeated by the Spanish led by Francisco Pizarro with their armor and metal weapons the Inca had little chance and the disease the Spanish brought with them spreads destroying Inca population
Atahualpa Atahualpa, ( 1497 Quito - Cajamarca, 1533), was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire.
Encomienda system The encomienda is a trusteeship labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines.
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Spanish land grants Land grants were made to individuals and communities during the Spanish (1598-1821) and Mexican (1821-1846) periods of New Mexico's history. Because the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 destroyed nearly all of the Spanish documents in New Mexico, we can only be certain of land grants that were made after the Spanish Reconquest of New Mexico in 1693. The two major types of land grants were private grants made to individuals, and communal grants made to groups of individuals for the purpose of establishing settlements.
Virgin of Guadalupe On December 12th, 1531, the Virgin of Guadalupe is said to have appeared to Juan Diego on Tepeyac Hill, bridging two worlds, that of the Aztec who saw her and that of the Spanish conquerors who now ruled his land. She has since become the patron and symbol of Mexico, a country born of this fusion of cultures.
Juan Diego Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin or Juan Diego (1474-May 30, 1548) was, according to Mexican Catholic tradition, an indigenous Mexican who reported a Marian apparition, Our Lady of Guadalupe, in 1531. The apparition has had a significant impact on the spread of the Catholic faith within Mexico.
Creole The Creoles were people of pure Spanish descent who had been born in the Americas. Creoles did not occupy the top administrative posts, but they dominated the Catholic church and political bureaucracies, owned land and mines 21% of population late 1700's Early 1800's
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peninsular spanish Peninsular Spanish, also known as European Spanish, refers to the 1% of the population 70,000 Europeans running thins by the 1700's
seville Seville ( ; see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain.
Council of the Indies The Council of the Indies, officially, the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (In Spanish "el Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias"), was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in the Americas and in Asia, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions.
Lima began with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. The city was established on the valley of the Rímac River in an area populated by the Ychsma polity. Lima also became an important religious center, a Roman Catholic diocese was established in 1541
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Zacatacas On September 8, 1546, with the discovery of its mines, the present city of Zacatecas was founded. It was originally baptized "Mines of the Zacatecas". Its rich mineral wealth gave the Spanish Crown a great amount of income (the silver mines in Zacatecas and Potosi, Bolivia, were the Spanish crown's largest sources of income during colonialism),
Potosi The discovery of ore in silver-rich Cerro Rico (rich hill) by Indian Diego Huallpa in 1544 prompted the foundation of the city of Potosí on April 10th, 1545 at the foot of the hill
Mexico City The city now known as Mexico City was founded by the Aztecs, in 1325. The old city is now referred to as Tenochtitlan. August 1521 Cortez has Tenochtitlan rebuilt as Mexico city
Casa da Contratacion founded by Queen Isabella of Castile in 1503, just eleven years after the discovery of the Americas The House of Trade) was a government agency under the Spanish Empire from the 16th to the 18th centuries, which attempted to control all Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Viceroy A viceroy is a royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch.3 years of ruling
fleet system 1526 every year huge Spanish fleets of 70-100 sailed together for protection against pirates. fleet would split at Havana,dropping off people and picking up goods to take back to Spain. sailed in late fall
Manila Galleon The Manila galleons or Manila-Acapulco galleons () were Spanish trading ships that sailed once per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines, and Acapulco, New Spain (present-day Mexico).
John Hawkins (1532-1595) First English Pirate. had unofficial ties to the Queen of england
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Captain Henry Morgan (1635-1688) A pirate who takes part in the failed attempt to conquer Hispaniola and the subsequent invasion of Jamaica latter 1681 Invested heavily into sugar plantations.
Sugar Islands they included St. Kitts, Barbados, Nevis, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. These sugar islands became extremely valuable after sugar was established.
Lesser Antilles The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and Greater Antilles form the West Indies.
Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles are one of four island groups in the Caribbean.
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Privateers A privateer was a private warship authorized by a country's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping.
Port Royal southern coast of Jamaica. It was founded by the British, who after gaining control of the island from the Spanish in 1655 pirates and buccaneers ran wild hear drunken lawlessness hookers and more in 1692, when a massive earthquake and following tidal wave brought widespread destruction. Port royal is destroyed
pirates Piracy is a war-like act committed by private parties (not affiliated with any government) that engaged in acts of robbery and/or criminal violence at sea.
Jamestown located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607. It is commonly regarded as the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke.
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Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral (1540 - 1596), was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, a renowned pirate, and politician of the Elizabethan era.
mercantilism Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable." Economic assets or capital, are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports).
China China is isolated,all under the same government stared to the North edge of china around the Yellow river. The people look backwards for examples to move forward.
Yellow River Valley The Yellow River is the second-longest river in China the center of china's early agriculture areas.
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loess Loess is very fine silt soil very fertile.
pictographic writing characters instead of letters one character=one idea 1500-1100Bc
Scholars (mandarins) They are Educated but cannot read or write Rise to the top. They run china for 2,000 years In a Confucian manner
Qin Dynasty (The Qin Dynasty () was the ruling Chinese dynasty between 221 and 206 BCE.
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Qin Shi Huangdi Qin Shi Huang (259 BCE - 210 BCE), personal name Ying Zheng was king of the Chinese State of Qin Durring the Warring states dynasties.
Great wall of China The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during various successive dynasties.
Dynastic cycle dynasties rise and fall in a 300 year cycle. founding (youth) things are put together. Time for living100 years. 3rd is old age emperor is not being a good leader leads to rebellion.
Mandate of heaven (tien) Out of warring states dynasties comes the Chinese physiology of tien a universal whole when everything is working right. (heaven)
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Dao (Tao) Everything is running smooth every thing is working right.
border problem China china has a 1,000 mile boarder to the north. The people to the north of china are nomads that are hearers they ride horses they want china's wealth.
warring states period The Warring States Period (), also known as the Era of Warring States, covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE.
Han dynasty The Han Dynasty (; 206 BCE-220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220-265 CE).
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Emperor System ruled by a family, the Emperor will always be a figure of power, but will not always be the one running china.
Confucius based of Kongfu Tzu (1551Bc-479) taken from his words about how the world should be his students writings of "Analects"
Situational ethics Your behavior is conditioned to the situation you are in, If each person acts correct in every situation they encounter the world
Five relationships ruler-subject father-son husband-wife elder brother-younger brother friend-friend brings fourth a hierarchy in every relationship 1911 china take to communist because they don't understand democracy
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li proper behavior 3 years of morning the lose of a parent, respect your Father
Jen Sincerity in doing ritual, acting from the heart
Te is virtue you must act with virtue....Do what is right Selfless
Junzi Junzi (, pinyin: Jnz) was a term coined by Confucius to describe his ideal human. doing all three Li,Jen,Te
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Merchants (in China) merchants are people to be watched They are not valued but are necessary for the economy. They must be controlled State sets prices. They are limited and taxed.
Taoism Daoism)More the sum of all the parts, be natural get your ego out of the way.
Wu-wei None action actions get you into trouble go with the flow
water metaphor (Taoism) water always gets to the sea, it will get through every in it's way. It meanders around and it's weak but nothing is stronger
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Lao Tzu many have existed but no proof
bureaucratic Government Han dynasty (206 B.C.-221 A.D.)
Examination system Study most of your Early life to take the test to show you can read and write, after passing you become a scholar , making you eligible to become a bureaucrat in the Han dynasty 206BC-221AD
Grand Canal Means a national Economy towns and cities. built in the Sui dynasty by hand 1000 miles long linked the Yansie river to the Yellow River, Northern cities can now be fed by the South
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hankow Hankou (; Wade-Giles: Hankow) was one of the three cities the merging of which formed modern-day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, China.
Medieval Economic Revolution Silk Industry, porcelain, lacked of power source would hold them back due to Confucian beliefs
Sung Dynasty The Song Dynasty (; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao) was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.
paper money First paper money in the world, gold and silver would be converted to paper money. Strong Government will enforce the respect of money, people coming in would have to convert and could switch back when they left
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Jin Empire 1126 the Kin and Kitan united and defeated the song emperor and take over Northern china. Southern china will hold off the barbarians.
Genghis Khan Temulgini 1162-1227), proclaimed Gengis Khan (Great Emperor) Unites the mongols and takes over northern china from the Kin and Kitan
Mongols Nomadic every one is a warrior, Greatest fight force ever scene.
Kublai Khan Kublai Khan (, 1215 - 18, 1294) , was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty.
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Golden Horde The Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol-later Turkicized-Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus.
Chu Yuan-chang The Hongwu Emperor ( 1328 - 24, 1398), known variably by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang was the founder and first emperor (1368-98) of the Ming Dynasty of China.
The Hung wu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang ( 1328, 1398) Founder of China's Ming dynasty. A poor peasant orphaned at 16, he entered a monastery to avoid starvation. Later, as a rebel leader, he came in contact with educated gentry from whom he received an education and political guidance. He was advised to present himself not as a popular rebel but as a national leader against the foreign Mongols whose Yuan dynasty was on the point of collapse
The Yongle Emperor Second Ming Emperor will be wiped out of the history by Juanuan lee and
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Zhenghe eunuch and a Muslim will be in charge of the Ming voyages starting in 1405
Ming maritime expeditions 6 voyages 1405-1433
eunuch A eunuchis a castrated man, in particular one castrated early enough to have major hormonal consequences; the term usually refers to those castrated in order to perform a specific social function, as was common in many societies of the past.
Macao The Macau Special Administrative Region (; Portuguese: Regio Administrativa Especial de Macau), commonly known as Macau or Macao (, ), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong.
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Matteo Ricci Matteo Ricci, (1552 - 1610 ) was an Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission, as it existed in the 17th-18th centuries.
Jesuits (in China) notes
Rites controversy notes
The wan-li Emperor notes
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Koxinga Koxinga (; Peh-o-j: Kok-sng-i/Kok-s-i; Lord with the Imperial Surname) is the traditional Western spelling of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong (; Peh-o-j: T Sng-kong) (1624 - 1662).
Manchuria Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia.
Manchu The Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; , Mongolian: , ) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today's northeastern China).
Ch'ing Dynasty The Qing Dynasty (; Manchu: , Von Mllendorff: Daicing gurun), also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917).
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Nurhachi Nurhaci (Manchu: ; ; alternatively Nurhachi; February 21, 1559 - September 30, 1626) was an important Manchu chieftain who rose to prominence in the late 16th Century in what is today Northeastern China.
queue Queue means to form a line, and to wait for services
K'ang Hsi The Kangxi Emperor (; Temple Name: ; Mongolian: Enkh Amgalan Khaan, 4 May 1654 - 20 December 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese Emperor in history and one of the longest in the world (although his grandson Qianlong had the longest period of de facto power).
Treaty of Nerchinsk The Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) (Russian: - -, Chinese: , Pinyin: Nbch tioyu) was the first treaty between Russia and China.
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Fujiwara regent The Fujiwara clan ( Fujiwara-shi), descending from the Nakatomi clan, was a powerful family of regents in Japan.
Tale of Genji is a classic work of Japanese literature attributed to the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century, around the peak of the Heian Period.
Kamakura Period The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo.
shogun Military leader of Japan Emporioris
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Japanese Feudalism notes
daimyo () is a generic term referring to the powerful territorial lords in premodern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings.
bakufu ' ("Commander of the Forces") is a military rank and historical title for Hereditary Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces of Japan.
Kamikaze 1281 mongols try and attack Japan again and justlike1274 they are hit by a cyclone .Meaning divine wind Now they believe the have divine power
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bushido , meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of the samurai life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry.
samurai is the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan.
Mongol invasion (Japan) kublia kan send over ships from china Japan Unite and stop fighting each other In 1274 a typhoon wipes out most of the mongols fleets
Ashikaga Shogunate 1336-1573 Ashikaga rises up and takes the thrown from the emperor. He puts a new emperor on the thrown and he becomes sogan.
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Emperor Go-Diego rules in Japan from 1336 1339 after leading a revolt
rise of towns in Japan Industries, pirates bring back money,armor and swords war encourages economy
Oda Nobunaga ' (1534 - 1582) was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi helps unified Japan. Takes power in Japan in 1582 Great General a peasant that rises through the military ranks to General
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Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1598) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600
Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1868
closed country Policy 1637-1854 No one allowed in Japan, no on leaves 2 exceptions Dutch get one ship a year. China is allowed 5 ships a year
Hostage System (Tokugawa) (1603-1868) All the Damion were forced to live Tokyo,every 2 years the would go back to their land for one year the family's would stay in Tokyo. Road systems are developed during this time
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Dutch Studies Japan closed country also banded Western books in 1722 when the ban is lifted the Dutch ship brings books one time a year.Japanese learn to read the books and translate them into Japanese and teach the new sciences in new schools
Henry VII Henry VII (before accession known as Henry Tudor; ; 28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Henry VIII Henry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death.
Mestizos Mestizo is a Spanish and Portuguese (Mestio) term that was used in the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire in Latin America to refer to Latin people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.1540-1821
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List View: Terms & Definitions

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 Jerusalem1517
Ottomans effect peaceful takeover of Jerusalem
1537-1541
Unwalled since 1219, Sultan Suleiman ("The Magnificent"),
rebuilds the city walls including the present day 7 gates and the
"Tower of David." The Damascus gate in 1542.
1700
 Latin KingdomThe Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks.
 factories (per-industrial)origin comes from the term factor. areas for trade with a dork or wharf there are a number of warehouse in the area In the black sea by Italian cites. 1550-60
 Mamluk EmpireThe Mamluk Sultanate was a regime composed of mamluks who ruled Egypt and Syria from the mid-1200s to the early 1500s.
 Spice TradeThe spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices, incense, herbs, drugs and opium.
 Champagne fairsThe Champagne fairs were an annual cycle of trading fairs held in towns in the Champagne and Brie regions of France in the Middle Ages.
 Dukes of BurgundyProtected the Champagne fairs
 PortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic (), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
 CaravelA caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, two- or three-masted lateen-rigged ship, created by the Portuguese and used by them as well as by the Spanish for long voyages of exploration from the 15th century.
 Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator ( 1394 - 1460 ) was an infante (prince) of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations.
 CeutaCeuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the Mediterranean, which separates it from the Spanish mainland.
 Kingdom of preacher Johnlegion of a group of people either African or Asian cut of by Muslims. 1540 most likely Ethiopia
 Gold CoastGold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa that became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957.
 Fernando Po and Sao TomeFernando Po 1470–1975
São Tomé 1474–1778
Volcanic Islands, With Great Soil No disease more use for slaves on new sugar plantations
 Kingdom of the KongThe Kingdom of Kongo (1400 - 1914) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa
 Bartolomeu DiazBartolomeu Dias portages explorer in1488 he leads an expedition that gets around Cape Good hope of Africa
 Vasco de GamaVasco da Gama, in 1498 takes 2 years to get to India and back 4 ships. portages explorer
 treaty of TordesillasThe Treaty of Tordesillas signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the "newly discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).
 Cabral ExpeditionCabral's 13 ships left on March 9, 1500, following the route of Vasco da Gama. On April 22, 1500, he sighted land (Brazil), claiming it for Portugal and naming it the "Island of the True Cross." King Manuel renamed this land Holy Cross; it was later renamed once again, to Brazil, after a kind of dyewood found there, called pau-brasil. Cabral stayed in Brazil for 10 days and then continued on his way to India,
 Swahili CoastThe Swahili Coast refers to the coast or coastal area of East Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, at the time in 1498 ruled by Muslims Trading cities to exploit the middle of Africa
 Calicuton the Malibar Coast of India.here in 1498 City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices
 Affonzo de AlbuquerquePortuguese soldier, conqueror of Goa (1510) and of Melaka (1511). He gained military experience as a soldier in North Africa for 10 years but made his reputation fighting in Asia. He paved the way for Portuguese domination in Southeast Asia through efforts to gain control of all the main maritime trade routes of the East and to build permanent fortresses with settled populations
 Goais India's smallest state by area conquered by affonzo de albuquerque in 1510
 HormuzHormuz is distorted from the Persian Ohrmuzd, meaning Ahura Mazda.
 AdenAden is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometres east of Bab-el-Mandeb.
 MalaccaMalacca (, dubbed The Historical State or Negeri Bersejarah amongst locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang.
 Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas.
 Christopher Columbus1451 – 1506) was a navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Establishes Ft. in Hispaniola
 Ferdinand and IsabellaThe Catholic Monarchs is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. 1492 financed Christoper Columbus voyage to find a easten route to India.
 ReconquistaThe Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. Grenada is the last muslin kingdom to fall. 1492
 Antwerpis the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium.
 HispaniolaHispaniola (from Spanish, La Espaola) is a major island in the Caribbean, comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
 sugar2 products for export back to main land Molasses and the other is Rum1600's
 syphilisBrought back from the Americas in 1495 by Christoper Columbus's men. Sexually transmitted disease no treatment at the time would lead to madness.
 Hernando CortezHernn Corts (; 1485 2, 1547) was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the King of Castile, in the early 16th century.
 Aztec EmpireDuring the same period as the Inca Empire, the Aztec Empire dominated Mesoamerica from Mexico and Guatemala to the territories of Salvador and Honduras for nearly 100 years(1427-1521) blood thursty
 TenochtitlanTenochtitlan () (sometimes paired with Mexico as Mexico Tenochtitlan or Tenochtitlan Mexico) was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico.
 QuetzalcoatlQuetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican deity whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and has the meaning of "feathered-serpent".
 "Flower wars"A flower war or flowery war () is the name given to the battles fought between the Aztec Triple Alliance and some of their enemies:
 Montezumareigning from 1502 to 1520. It was during Moctezuma's reign that the episode known as the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began.
 Francisco Pizzaroborn(1476 – died154)was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.
 IncaThe Inca Empire from 1438 to 1533 was the largest empire in Pre-Colombian America. They would be defeated by the Spanish led by Francisco Pizarro with their armor and metal weapons the Inca had little chance and the disease the Spanish brought with them spreads destroying Inca population
 AtahualpaAtahualpa, ( 1497 Quito - Cajamarca, 1533), was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire.
 Encomienda systemThe encomienda is a trusteeship labor system that was employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines.
 Spanish land grantsLand grants were made to individuals and communities during the Spanish (1598-1821) and Mexican (1821-1846) periods of New Mexico's history. Because the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 destroyed nearly all of the Spanish documents in New Mexico, we can only be certain of land grants that were made after the Spanish Reconquest of New Mexico in 1693. The two major types of land grants were private grants made to individuals, and communal grants made to groups of individuals for the purpose of establishing settlements.
 Virgin of GuadalupeOn December 12th, 1531, the Virgin of Guadalupe is said to have appeared to Juan Diego on Tepeyac Hill, bridging two worlds, that of the Aztec who saw her and that of the Spanish conquerors who now ruled his land. She has since become the patron and symbol of Mexico, a country born of this fusion of cultures.
 Juan DiegoSaint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin or Juan Diego (1474-May 30, 1548) was, according to Mexican Catholic tradition, an indigenous Mexican who reported a Marian apparition, Our Lady of Guadalupe, in 1531. The apparition has had a significant impact on the spread of the Catholic faith within Mexico.
 CreoleThe Creoles were people of pure Spanish descent who had been born in the Americas. Creoles did not occupy the top administrative posts, but they dominated the Catholic church and political bureaucracies, owned land and mines 21% of population late 1700's Early 1800's
 peninsular spanishPeninsular Spanish, also known as European Spanish, refers to the 1% of the population 70,000 Europeans running thins by the 1700's
 sevilleSeville ( ; see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain.
 Council of the IndiesThe Council of the Indies, officially, the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (In Spanish "el Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias"), was the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in the Americas and in Asia, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions.
 Limabegan with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. The city was established on the valley of the Rímac River in an area populated by the Ychsma polity. Lima also became an important religious center, a Roman Catholic diocese was established in 1541
 ZacatacasOn September 8, 1546, with the discovery of its mines, the present city of Zacatecas was founded. It was originally baptized "Mines of the Zacatecas". Its rich mineral wealth gave the Spanish Crown a great amount of income (the silver mines in Zacatecas and Potosi, Bolivia, were the Spanish crown's largest sources of income during colonialism),
 PotosiThe discovery of ore in silver-rich Cerro Rico (rich hill) by Indian Diego Huallpa in 1544 prompted the foundation of the city of Potosí on April 10th, 1545 at the foot of the hill
 Mexico CityThe city now known as Mexico City was founded by the Aztecs, in 1325. The old city is now referred to as Tenochtitlan. August 1521 Cortez has Tenochtitlan rebuilt as Mexico city
 Casa da Contratacionfounded by Queen Isabella of Castile in 1503, just eleven years after the discovery of the Americas The House of Trade) was a government agency under the Spanish Empire from the 16th to the 18th centuries, which attempted to control all Spanish exploration and colonization.
 ViceroyA viceroy is a royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch.3 years of ruling
 fleet system1526 every year huge Spanish fleets of 70-100 sailed together for protection against pirates. fleet would split at Havana,dropping off people and picking up goods to take back to Spain. sailed in late fall
 Manila GalleonThe Manila galleons or Manila-Acapulco galleons () were Spanish trading ships that sailed once per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines, and Acapulco, New Spain (present-day Mexico).
 John Hawkins(1532-1595) First English Pirate. had unofficial ties to the Queen of england
 Captain Henry Morgan(1635-1688) A pirate who takes part in the failed attempt to conquer Hispaniola and the subsequent invasion of Jamaica latter 1681 Invested heavily into sugar plantations.
 Sugar Islandsthey included St. Kitts, Barbados, Nevis, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. These sugar islands became extremely valuable after sugar was established.
 Lesser AntillesThe Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and Greater Antilles form the West Indies.
 Greater AntillesThe Greater Antilles are one of four island groups in the Caribbean.
 PrivateersA privateer was a private warship authorized by a country's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping.
 Port Royalsouthern coast of Jamaica. It was founded by the British, who after gaining control of the island from the Spanish in 1655 pirates and buccaneers ran wild hear drunken lawlessness hookers and more in 1692, when a massive earthquake and following tidal wave brought widespread destruction. Port royal is destroyed
 piratesPiracy is a war-like act committed by private parties (not affiliated with any government) that engaged in acts of robbery and/or criminal violence at sea.
 Jamestownlocated on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607. It is commonly regarded as the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke.
 Sir Francis DrakeSir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral (1540 - 1596), was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, a renowned pirate, and politician of the Elizabethan era.
 mercantilismMercantilism is an economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable." Economic assets or capital, are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports).
 ChinaChina is isolated,all under the same government stared to the North edge of china around the Yellow river. The people look backwards for examples to move forward.
 Yellow River ValleyThe Yellow River is the second-longest river in China the center of china's early agriculture areas.
 loessLoess is very fine silt soil very fertile.
 pictographic writingcharacters instead of letters one character=one idea 1500-1100Bc
 Scholars (mandarins)They are Educated but cannot read or write Rise to the top. They run china for 2,000 years In a Confucian manner
 Qin Dynasty(The Qin Dynasty () was the ruling Chinese dynasty between 221 and 206 BCE.
 Qin Shi HuangdiQin Shi Huang (259 BCE - 210 BCE), personal name Ying Zheng was king of the Chinese State of Qin Durring the Warring states dynasties.
 Great wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during various successive dynasties.
 Dynastic cycledynasties rise and fall in a 300 year cycle. founding (youth) things are put together. Time for living100 years. 3rd is old age emperor is not being a good leader leads to rebellion.
 Mandate of heaven (tien)Out of warring states dynasties comes the Chinese physiology of tien a universal whole when everything is working right. (heaven)
 Dao (Tao)Everything is running smooth every thing is working right.
 border problem Chinachina has a 1,000 mile boarder to the north. The people to the north of china are nomads that are hearers they ride horses they want china's wealth.
 warring states periodThe Warring States Period (), also known as the Era of Warring States, covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE.
 Han dynastyThe Han Dynasty (; 206 BCE-220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220-265 CE).
 Emperor Systemruled by a family, the Emperor will always be a figure of power, but will not always be the one running china.
 Confuciusbased of Kongfu Tzu (1551Bc-479) taken from his words about how the world should be his students writings of "Analects"
 Situational ethicsYour behavior is conditioned to the situation you are in, If each person acts correct in every situation they encounter the world
 Five relationshipsruler-subject
father-son
husband-wife
elder brother-younger brother
friend-friend
brings fourth a hierarchy in every relationship
1911 china take to communist because they don't understand democracy
 liproper behavior 3 years of morning the lose of a parent, respect your Father
 JenSincerity in doing ritual, acting from the heart
 Teis virtue you must act with virtue....Do what is right Selfless
 JunziJunzi (, pinyin: Jnz) was a term coined by Confucius to describe his ideal human. doing all three Li,Jen,Te
 Merchants (in China)merchants are people to be watched They are not valued but are necessary for the economy. They must be controlled State sets prices. They are limited and taxed.
 TaoismDaoism)More the sum of all the parts, be natural get your ego out of the way.
 Wu-weiNone action actions get you into trouble go with the flow
 water metaphor (Taoism)water always gets to the sea, it will get through every in it's way. It meanders around and it's weak but nothing is stronger
 Lao Tzumany have existed but no proof
 bureaucratic GovernmentHan dynasty (206 B.C.-221 A.D.)
 Examination systemStudy most of your Early life to take the test to show you can read and write, after passing you become a scholar , making you eligible to become a bureaucrat in the Han dynasty 206BC-221AD
 Grand CanalMeans a national Economy towns and cities. built in the Sui dynasty by hand 1000 miles long linked the Yansie river to the Yellow River, Northern cities can now be fed by the South
 hankowHankou (; Wade-Giles: Hankow) was one of the three cities the merging of which formed modern-day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, China.
 Medieval Economic RevolutionSilk Industry, porcelain, lacked of power source would hold them back due to Confucian beliefs
 Sung DynastyThe Song Dynasty (; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao) was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.
 paper moneyFirst paper money in the world, gold and silver would be converted to paper money. Strong Government will enforce the respect of money, people coming in would have to convert and could switch back when they left
 Jin Empire1126 the Kin and Kitan united and defeated the song emperor and take over Northern china. Southern china will hold off the barbarians.
 Genghis KhanTemulgini 1162-1227), proclaimed Gengis Khan (Great Emperor) Unites the mongols and takes over northern china from the Kin and Kitan
 MongolsNomadic every one is a warrior, Greatest fight force ever scene.
 Kublai KhanKublai Khan (, 1215 - 18, 1294) , was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty.
 Golden HordeThe Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol-later Turkicized-Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus.
 Chu Yuan-changThe Hongwu Emperor ( 1328 - 24, 1398), known variably by his given name Zhu Yuanzhang was the founder and first emperor (1368-98) of the Ming Dynasty of China.
 The Hung wu EmperorZhu Yuanzhang

( 1328, 1398) Founder of China's Ming dynasty. A poor peasant orphaned at 16, he entered a monastery to avoid starvation. Later, as a rebel leader, he came in contact with educated gentry from whom he received an education and political guidance. He was advised to present himself not as a popular rebel but as a national leader against the foreign Mongols whose Yuan dynasty was on the point of collapse
 The Yongle EmperorSecond Ming Emperor will be wiped out of the history by Juanuan lee and
 Zhengheeunuch and a Muslim will be in charge of the Ming voyages starting in 1405
 Ming maritime expeditions6 voyages 1405-1433
 eunuchA eunuchis a castrated man, in particular one castrated early enough to have major hormonal consequences; the term usually refers to those castrated in order to perform a specific social function, as was common in many societies of the past.
 MacaoThe Macau Special Administrative Region (; Portuguese: Regio Administrativa Especial de Macau), commonly known as Macau or Macao (, ), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong.
 Matteo RicciMatteo Ricci, (1552 - 1610 ) was an Italian Jesuit priest, and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission, as it existed in the 17th-18th centuries.
 Jesuits (in China)notes
 Rites controversynotes
 The wan-li Emperornotes
 KoxingaKoxinga (; Peh-o-j: Kok-sng-i/Kok-s-i; Lord with the Imperial Surname) is the traditional Western spelling of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong (; Peh-o-j: T Sng-kong) (1624 - 1662).
 ManchuriaManchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia.
 ManchuThe Manchu people (Manchu: Manju; , Mongolian: , ) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today's northeastern China).
 Ch'ing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty (; Manchu: , Von Mllendorff: Daicing gurun), also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917).
 NurhachiNurhaci (Manchu: ; ; alternatively Nurhachi; February 21, 1559 - September 30, 1626) was an important Manchu chieftain who rose to prominence in the late 16th Century in what is today Northeastern China.
 queueQueue means to form a line, and to wait for services
 K'ang HsiThe Kangxi Emperor (; Temple Name: ; Mongolian: Enkh Amgalan Khaan, 4 May 1654 - 20 December 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese Emperor in history and one of the longest in the world (although his grandson Qianlong had the longest period of de facto power).
 Treaty of NerchinskThe Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) (Russian: - -, Chinese: , Pinyin: Nbch tioyu) was the first treaty between Russia and China.
 Fujiwara regentThe Fujiwara clan ( Fujiwara-shi), descending from the Nakatomi clan, was a powerful family of regents in Japan.
 Tale of Genjiis a classic work of Japanese literature attributed to the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century, around the peak of the Heian Period.
 Kamakura PeriodThe is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo.
 shogunMilitary leader of Japan Emporioris
 Japanese Feudalismnotes
 daimyo() is a generic term referring to the powerful territorial lords in premodern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings.
 bakufu' ("Commander of the Forces") is a military rank and historical title for Hereditary Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces of Japan.
 Kamikaze1281 mongols try and attack Japan again and justlike1274 they are hit by a cyclone .Meaning divine wind Now they believe the have divine power
 bushido, meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of the samurai life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry.
 samuraiis the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan.
 Mongol invasion (Japan)kublia kan send over ships from china Japan Unite and stop fighting each other In 1274 a typhoon wipes out most of the mongols fleets
 Ashikaga Shogunate1336-1573 Ashikaga rises up and takes the thrown from the emperor. He puts a new emperor on the thrown and he becomes sogan.
 Emperor Go-Diegorules in Japan from 1336 1339 after leading a revolt
 rise of towns in JapanIndustries, pirates bring back money,armor and swords war encourages economy
 Oda Nobunaga' (1534 - 1582) was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history.
 Toyotomi Hideyoshihelps unified Japan. Takes power in Japan in 1582 Great General a peasant that rises through the military ranks to General
 Tokugawa Ieyasu(1543-1598) was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600
 Tokugawa Shogunate1603-1868
 closed country Policy1637-1854 No one allowed in Japan, no on leaves 2 exceptions Dutch get one ship a year. China is allowed 5 ships a year
 Hostage System (Tokugawa)(1603-1868) All the Damion were forced to live Tokyo,every 2 years the would go back to their land for one year the family's would stay in Tokyo. Road systems are developed during this time
 Dutch StudiesJapan closed country also banded Western books in 1722 when the ban is lifted the Dutch ship brings books one time a year.Japanese learn to read the books and translate them into Japanese and teach the new sciences in new schools
 Henry VIIHenry VII (before accession known as Henry Tudor; ; 28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
 Henry VIIIHenry VIII (28 June 1491 - 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death.
 MestizosMestizo is a Spanish and Portuguese (Mestio) term that was used in the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire in Latin America to refer to Latin people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.1540-1821
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