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Universities » Auburn University (AU) » HIST - History » 1020 - WORLD HISTORY II » Flash Cards

Test III Study Questions - Flashcards

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Class:HIST 1020 - WORLD HISTORY II
Subject:History
University:Auburn University - Main Campus
Term:Summer 2010
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What were the general causes of WWI? Imperial and industrial and commercial rivalry; biggest rivalry between Britain and Germany; another important rivalry was between France and Germany (France lost Alsace and Lorraine in Franco-Prussian war, these 2 provinces had a lot of iron mines)
Between what 2 countries military rivalry and arms race was most intensive in the 1900s? Britain and Germany
What country longed for revenge on Germany? France because they wanted Alsace and Lorraine (2 provinces lost in the Franco-Prussian War) back
What European statesman was responsible for keeping balance of power in Europe during the 1870s and 80s? Otto Von Bismarck
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What was the Dreieizerbund and what were its major provisions and goals? "league of 3 emperors" - not a military alliance, but instead a gentleman's agreement to stay neutral in event of war - between Austria, Germany, Russia
What was the aim of the Dreikeizerbund? to diplomatically isolate France
What happene in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875? Riots in Bosnia and Herzeovina which led to the 1st Balkan Crisis - The 1st Balkan Crisis led to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by Bulgaria with the help of Russia
What were the major political provisions of the Treaty of San-Stefano? A treaty between Rusia, Bulgaria, and other neighboring small provinces like Serbia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina where Russia was given Moldova for helping Bulgaria and Bulgaria as now established as a state
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What European countries objected the Treaty of San Stefano and why? Britain - because Russia now had access to the Mediterranean Sea and Britain didn't like this - Britain was aiming to colonize the Mediterranean Sea
What was the major goal of the congress of Berlin in 1871? To sort out potential tension between Russia and Britain by renegotiating the terms of the Treaty of San-Stefano - all countries involved got lands - France got Tonisia - Bulgaria lost 2/3 of its territories (Russia got most of them) - Austria was allowed to invade Bosnia and Herzegovina - Britain got Cyprus - all along Germany was the honest broker Bulgaria lost most of its land and this helped lead to WWI
What European statesman was in charge of the congress of Berlin? Otto Von Bismarck
What were the principle achievements of the Congress of Berlin? Restored peace but only temporarily and it prevented a war between Russia and England - Spoiled relations between Germany and Russia b/c Russia believed they'd been robbed of lands and they blamed Germany
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What country was allowed to occupy Tunisia, according to the Congress of Berlin agreements? France
What was the Dual Alliance? Alliance between Germany and Austria - a military alliance - was a secret alliance in which Austria or Germany would support one another in the event of an attack
What was the Triple Alliance and what were its principle goals? Created when Italy joined the Dual Alliance goal = Italy wanted to get Tunisia back from France
What development led to the formation of the Triple Alliance in 1882? Italy thought it could get help and get back Tunisia from France by joining the Dual Alliance
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In what ways did the views of William II about politics differ from those of Otto Von Bismarck? More of a nationalist and he desired colonies - discontinued the Driekeizerbund - introduced his idea of weltpolitik - basically broke apart Bismarck's alliance system
Who was Leo von Caprivi? Took over Bismarck's position in Germany Frederick = king Bismarck = his counselor Frederick died William II = king Caprivi = Counselor
What was the weltpolotik? weltpolotik = world politics - desire for colonies and territorial expansion - Germany built the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad and invested in the Ottoman economy - German leaders aimed the strengthen the navy and assigned Admiral Von Tirpitz to be in charge of strengthening the navy - wanted to strengthen the navy to attack Britain using their navy
What country spported Moroccan independence in 1911? Germany (and Austria because the new alliances tied everyone together and led to WWI)
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Who were the young Turks? New leaders in the recently declined Ottoman Empire who were carrying out the Ottomn revial - prominent during the Bosnian Crisis
What was the Bosnian Crisis? Crisis that arose when Austria finally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina after almost 30 years - led to opposition from other countries (mainly Serbia - this war between Austria and Serbia started off WWI)
List the developments during June-August 1914 that led to the outbreak of WWI - assassination at Sarevo when Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated (he was heir to the Austrian thrown), the assassination was blamed on the Serbian named Gavirilo Princip
Who was Gavrilo Princip? He led all of the major assassinations, expecially the major assassination against teh archduke that started WWI. He was only 18 years old when he started this.
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What did the assassination of the archduke lead to? How did Austria react? The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia and the main aim was to provoke a war with Serbia. Austria blamed Serbia for the assassinations. Finally war was declared and the Russian empire helped Serbia and that led to Germany announcing war on the Russian empire. Both France and GB now declared war on Germany
What was the Schlieffen Plan? Admiral Schlieffen was in charge of the German forces and he dew out this plan that would have brought about a quick victory for Germany according to his calculations. He was planning the war way before it started
What happened at the Battle of Marne in 1914? British adn French troops stopped the progress of the German forces toward Paris. Both sides built trenches that were impossible to get through and so no one actually won the war.
What happened at the Battle of Verdun? It was the exact same thing as the Battle of Marne. Ther were both in France except one was in the north and the other was in the south
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What happened at the Battle of Trannenberg? Same as Battle of Verdun and Marne but it was between Germany and Russia ***WWI was a trench defensive war
How did tey eventually get around the trenches? tanks
What country joined the Entente in 1915? Britain, France, and Russia. It was an alliance between the 3 countries. The country that joined later was Italy
What country joined the Central Powers in 1915? Germany, Austria-Hungary. Turkey joined the Central Powers because Germany supported them. Germany kept good relations with the Young Turks and the Young Turks were the new people in power in Turkey
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What happened at the Battle of Gallipodi? This was when Winston Churchill sent an attack on Turkey at Constantinople to stop German access to the Mediterranean Sea
What were the turning points og WWI? The Treay of Brst-Litovsk, the USA became involved by joining the Allies, the nationalist revolt in Austria-Hungary, revolutionary uprisings in Germany
What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? Russia left the war because of radical uprisings. Where the radicals were against the war because of the psychiatric effect on the Russian army as well as citizens. It was signed between Germany and Russia.The radicals were upset and they were able to influence the government
What is the psychiatric effect? When a soldier starts leaving the fields and others become mad.
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What brought about the end of Germany's part in WWI? Thee was revolutionary uprisings in Germany that led to William II being abdicated due to lack of internal stability. New provisional government took charge and signed the armistice agreement that ended WWI
What were the principle provisions of the Versaille Peace Treaty? The treaty was between USA (Woodrow Wilson), GB (Lloyd George), France (Georges Clemenceau), and Italy (Victorio Orlando). At this gathering, the 4 nations decided the fate of Europe and drew out borders. Also the 14 points was created and suggested by Woodrow Wilson. In the 14 points, the msot important thing was the national self-determination agreement
What were the 14 Points? created from the Versaille Peace Treaty and was suggested by Woodrow Wilson and it proposed that the most important thing was the national self-determination agreement. Self-determination is when any group of people who thought of themselves as different could determine themselves as a nation
What was the League of Nations? it was the first international institute that had various aims one of which was to keep peace between nations. It failed at doing its job. The United Nations came along and did a second attempt at the League of Nations and this time it was more successful.
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Costs and consquences of the War Psychiatric effect on soldiers. There were various political changes in European nations (Germany and Russia). Overall Europe declined which allowed American dominance in the world. Industry was based on the production of arms. Everyone was trying to produce guns to win the war
Who was Peter Stolypin and what was his significance? Prime Minister under the Czar Nicholas II - main aim was to create reforms that would industrialize the agrarian sector of the economy - wanted people to sell their produce isntead of just growing enough for themselves
What major political parties emerged in Russia during the early 20th century? socialist revolutionary party - split into Bolsheviks (for the revolution) and Mensheviks (against the revolution - only wanted minor changes), social deomcratic party, union of Zemstvo constitutionalists, and the union the lieration
What were the principal causes of the 1905 revolution in Russia? Took steps toward getting ready for war- revolution started because there was a dispute between the civil society and the autocracy - there was a need for protective laws, especially labor laws against women and children working 17 hour shifts - the road to WWI and the revolution caused industries to produce for the upcoming war - industries now focused on war-time production - an industrial revolution specifically geared toward producing for the war
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What was the Octobor Manifesto and what was its significance? A manifesto passed by Nicholas II under the influence of Sergei Witte - stated that a constitution was to be adapted to improve the order in the state - also stated that the parliament should be formed (State Duma) - now the Russian empire was a constitutional monarchy
What was the Sate Duma? Russian Parliament Duma = Parliament Zemstvo = local representative body - a Zemstvo in every small town representing the people
What impact did WWI have on the Russian economy and society? social and economic problems brought about a decline not only to Russia but also to the rest of Europe Psychiatirc effect - soldiers went mad, high casualties
What were the military industrial committees and what was their major purpose? Committees set up by the Czar government to focus on war time production - steel production increased - produced more steel to use in their weapons and vehicles
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What were the major causes of the February 1917 revolution? During WWI In 1917- Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Lovsk and left the war Aim of revolution = end the war/get out of the war Wanted to leave the war because of the psychiatric effect, social tensions, strikes by people in the military, cruel conditions of trench warfare Czar government fell apart - Nicholas II abdicated
What was the provisional government? A temporary govt that was set up throug helections to control Russian politics afterthe czar government went down - like a monarchy, but more of an autocracy - took power through military, not heritage
What was the major purpose of the 2nd Congress of Soviets? To dismiss the provisional government and to elect a new coalition government
What party siezed political control in Oct 1917? Bolsheviks (under Lenin) - Trotsky had power leading Bolsheviks until they took over
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Who was Vladimir Lenin? leader of Bolsheviks when they took complete power - a Prime Minister of the People's Council of Commissars
What major politicies did the Bolsheviks carry out during the War on Communism? Consolidated power and destroyed all of the old systems, nationalization, established Vecheka = secret police who spied on people to ensure that no one was trying to get rid of the Bolsheviks or attempt to assassinate people. Constituent Assembly was dismissed - all of this aimed to put the power back into one group -> The Bolshviks
What was the NEP? New Economic Policy - de-nationalization, political repression, end of multiparty system, 5 year economic plan (1st one), Stalin emerges
What was the major impact of WWI on the economy of Great Britain? Depression, economic decline and unemployment (unemployment unique to England)
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What major problems did the British economy face during the 1920s and 30s? Depression, unemployment, slow economic recovery because of the loans that the country took from the USA - GB couldn't recover as quickly because of the debt they were in
What political party emerged in GB after WWI as a new political force? Labor Party with Ramsey MacDonald as the leader
Who was Ramsey MacDonald? Leader of Labor Paty who became the Prime Minister once the Labor Party rose in power
What was the National Government? A coalition government that formed between the labor ad conservative parties - didn't last very long - lasted until Winston Churchill and WWII
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What was the British Commonwealth of Nations? A union between New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and GB - these British colonies had their own governments
What were the major problems that the British Empire faced after WWI? Debt, unemployment, loss of control over its overseas colonies (Ex: India - Indian National Congress = political party that ran agaisnt British Parliament and took back power in India - Gandhi was the leader) - also lost control over Ireland
hat was the Popular Front? In France- a combination of all of the moderate socialists and liberals in France - they were all leftist politicians - Leon Blum became Prime Minister when the Popular Front came to power - PF stayed in power until Germany took over France
Who was Leon Blum? Leader of the Popular Front and became the Prime Minister when the Popular Front came to power
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What were Accion Francaise and Croix de Feu and what were their principle political attitudes? Right-wing nationalist parties that came to power (Croix de Feu = cross of fire - made up of veterans of WWI); fascist in their views and wanted dictatorial rule; fascism led to violence
What major policies were carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1930s? They had 5-year economic plans that helped them recover economically - leaders got together and would say that at the end of 5 years, they'd want this, then after 5 years, they'd come up with a new goal/target - collectivization = removal of peasants who were collected into small farms to produce commercially - new industrialization **Purges were carried out to eliminate other political parties and opposition except Staln's party (a socialist party)
What were the general economic and social conditions in Italy during 1919-21? Economic: Economy was destroyed and Italy did not receive reparations (money from Germany) or monetary compensation from WWI Social: insecurity troughout Italy and the need for better politics or a strong-minded leader (Mussolini)
What was the general political situation in Itly during 1919-21? Political disorganization, political and economic turmoil, socialist and Catholic parties could not work together because they had different views; after 1921, socialist representation and influence grew far more than the catholic influence
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What were the squadristi? Fighting squads in Mussolini's party Symbol = Fasci (axe wrapped in reeds) wore black shirts
Who was Benito Mussolini? Founder of Fascist party in Italy; socialist; also carried out purges
What was the Lateran Accord and what was its significance? A document created by the papacy and Mussolini - stipulated that the papacy accepted Mussolini as a sole leader of Italy and that Mussolini would acknowledge that the Pope would rule over the Vatican lands; it also stated that the church would be exempt from taxes and had the jurisdiction of marriage
What principal elements characterized the Fascist economy? Fascist economy had 3 things:22 corporations/sectors (cotton corp grouped with clothing corp and steel corp grouped with weaponry corp, etc.) - grouped everything into only 22 corporations, public works, and protective tariffs Economy stabilized after having deteriorated during WWI
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What was corporatism? Cotton corporation group with clothing corporationi and steel and weaponry combined - grouped everything into only 22 corporations in Italy - corporations form between different industries
Who was the king before and after the war that hesitated in appointing Mussolini? Victor Emmanuel III
What were the general economic conditions in Germany after WWI? There was a Civil War and so there was cahos in Germany. Reparations (payments to other countries after the war) killed the German economy and the economy declined after the war, but the ngradually improved. The improvement was during the Weimur Germany. Gustav Streseman was the leader during Weimur Germany.
Who wee Karl Libknecht and Rosa Luxembourg? Radical communists/leaders ho were the cause of the Sparticist Revolution and both used the Marxist ideology. They also wanted Germany to follow Russia. The socialists crushed the Sparticists.
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Who was Gustav Streseman and what was his historical role? The Counselor of Germany - was responsible for stabilizing the economy and he introduced new currency (neede to introduce a new currecny because the inflation rate was really high.) He also carried out nuermous foreign policies when he became the foreign minister after retiring fomr counselor.
Who was Ernest Roehm? Hitler's rival and also a Nazi leader - Hitler killed him because he was a political threat
What was the "kristalnacht"? "Night of Broken Glass" - The Jews were attacked and many were killed. A pogrom that had a coordinated attack on the Jews in most of Northwestern Europe
What was the importance of the three K's? it defined the role of a woman and now gave them power in Nazi Germany. Women were not allowed to be part of the army
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What were the Locarno Agreements of 1925 and what was their significance? An agreement that created a fixed order between France and Germany. It was created by Streseman when he became foreign minister (He went to France and all over and talked about peace with everybody)
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 and what was its significance? A Pact signed by all of the world powers (UDA, Japan, GB, France, Germany, Austria, Italy) stipulating that war should not be used as a tool to sort out a problem or a dispute
What major conflicting ideologies contributed to the origins of WWII? Germany was dissatisfied because it lost its territories and it had to pay reparations. Germany was humiliated and it also felt that they were not defeated, just that their leaders quit when they could have won.
What policies were known as the appeasement? It was known as the method of avoiding war with the Fascists or dictators in Italy and Germany (but mainly Germany) - various issues were sorted by discussion
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What happened in Spain during 1936-39? The Spanish Civil War - The Popular Front vs. the Fascists Key thing = it brought Germany and Italy together because they both supported the Spanish Fascists Italian Fascist leader = Mussolini German Fascist leader = Hitler
What was the Popular Front in Spain in 1936? Socialists and Communists who were against Fascists and they were in support of a coalition govt
Who was General Francisco Franco and what was his significance? A Fascist leader in Spain until the 70s - Germany helped him to obtain power ***Because he was the only guy in power, Spain was able to resist the decline after WWII
What was the Rome-Berlin Axis? An alliance for the nations that opposed the Allies, mainly Germany, Italy, and Japan
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What nation joined the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1937? Japan
What was the Anschluss? Unification between Germany and Austria by Hitler- it was a forced unification
What was the Munich Conference of 1938 and what was its significance? Germany, Austria, and Italy vs. GB and France - allowed GErmany (Hitler) to invade Sudetnelandas long as he didn't go any further than that (Sudetenland was part of Czechoslovakia)
What area of Central Europe caused tensions between Germany and Czechoslovakia? Sudetenland
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What was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression PAct of August 1939 and what were its major provisions? An agreement between Russia and Germany that they would not attack each other in any event - both promised to stay neutral - Russia would invade Polish lands if Germany annexed the same lands in Poland that were once Russian lands
What country was invaded by Germany in 1838? Austria
What country was invaded by Germany in September 1939? Poland
What was the Maginot Line? Secure border between France and Germany (had concrete tunnels) - had a concrete wall to prevent German invasion into France - Germans invaded France through Belgium border instead
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What was the Luftwaffe? The term for the German Air Force - also associated with teh air strikes on GB
What was the Lend-Lease Act and what was its historical significance? An act where th USA supplied the Soviet Union, GB, and France with war materials as well as troops
What Russian city was seiged by the Germans in 1941? Leningrad
What was Juderein? Refers to the Holocaust - term for the act of the Germans wanting to eliminateJews from European lands
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What was the "final solution"? Gencide of European Jews using a coordinated plan that involved concentration camps (aka death camps)
Who were the "Big Three"? Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
What was the National Committee of Liberation? Polish provisional govt- exercised control over Polish territores re-taken from Germany - Russia supported it
Who was Charles de Gaulle? French General - founded 5th French republic
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How did European states organize their economic during the war? Focused around funding the war
What were the major issues of the Teheran Conference of 1943? Aim = plan how to stop Germany Between the Big 3
What were the principal issues of the Yalta Conference on 1945? Post-war Europe organization
What issues led to the split between the Soviet Union and western allies? mistrust and issues over eastern Europe
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 What were the general causes of WWI?Imperial and industrial and commercial rivalry; biggest rivalry between Britain and Germany; another important rivalry was between France and Germany (France lost Alsace and Lorraine in Franco-Prussian war, these 2 provinces had a lot of iron mines)
 Between what 2 countries military rivalry and arms race was most intensive in the 1900s?Britain and Germany
 What country longed for revenge on Germany?France because they wanted Alsace and Lorraine (2 provinces lost in the Franco-Prussian War) back
 What European statesman was responsible for keeping balance of power in Europe during the 1870s and 80s?Otto Von Bismarck
 What was the Dreieizerbund and what were its major provisions and goals?"league of 3 emperors" - not a military alliance, but instead a gentleman's agreement to stay neutral in event of war - between Austria, Germany, Russia
 What was the aim of the Dreikeizerbund?to diplomatically isolate France
 What happene in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1875?Riots in Bosnia and Herzeovina which led to the 1st Balkan Crisis - The 1st Balkan Crisis led to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by Bulgaria with the help of Russia
 What were the major political provisions of the Treaty of San-Stefano?A treaty between Rusia, Bulgaria, and other neighboring small provinces like Serbia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina where Russia was given Moldova for helping Bulgaria and Bulgaria as now established as a state
 What European countries objected the Treaty of San Stefano and why?Britain - because Russia now had access to the Mediterranean Sea and Britain didn't like this - Britain was aiming to colonize the Mediterranean Sea
 What was the major goal of the congress of Berlin in 1871?To sort out potential tension between Russia and Britain by renegotiating the terms of the Treaty of San-Stefano - all countries involved got lands - France got Tonisia - Bulgaria lost 2/3 of its territories (Russia got most of them) - Austria was allowed to invade Bosnia and Herzegovina - Britain got Cyprus - all along Germany was the honest broker

Bulgaria lost most of its land and this helped lead to WWI
 What European statesman was in charge of the congress of Berlin?Otto Von Bismarck
 What were the principle achievements of the Congress of Berlin?Restored peace but only temporarily and it prevented a war between Russia and England - Spoiled relations between Germany and Russia b/c Russia believed they'd been robbed of lands and they blamed Germany
 What country was allowed to occupy Tunisia, according to the Congress of Berlin agreements?France
 What was the Dual Alliance?Alliance between Germany and Austria - a military alliance - was a secret alliance in which Austria or Germany would support one another in the event of an attack
 What was the Triple Alliance and what were its principle goals?Created when Italy joined the Dual Alliance

goal = Italy wanted to get Tunisia back from France
 What development led to the formation of the Triple Alliance in 1882?Italy thought it could get help and get back Tunisia from France by joining the Dual Alliance
 In what ways did the views of William II about politics differ from those of Otto Von Bismarck?More of a nationalist and he desired colonies - discontinued the Driekeizerbund - introduced his idea of weltpolitik - basically broke apart Bismarck's alliance system
 Who was Leo von Caprivi?Took over Bismarck's position in Germany

Frederick = king
Bismarck = his counselor
Frederick died
William II = king
Caprivi = Counselor
 What was the weltpolotik?weltpolotik = world politics - desire for colonies and territorial expansion - Germany built the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad and invested in the Ottoman economy - German leaders aimed the strengthen the navy and assigned Admiral Von Tirpitz to be in charge of strengthening the navy - wanted to strengthen the navy to attack Britain using their navy
 What country spported Moroccan independence in 1911?Germany (and Austria because the new alliances tied everyone together and led to WWI)
 Who were the young Turks?New leaders in the recently declined Ottoman Empire who were carrying out the Ottomn revial - prominent during the Bosnian Crisis
 What was the Bosnian Crisis?Crisis that arose when Austria finally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina after almost 30 years - led to opposition from other countries (mainly Serbia - this war between Austria and Serbia started off WWI)
 List the developments during June-August 1914 that led to the outbreak of WWI- assassination at Sarevo when Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated (he was heir to the Austrian thrown), the assassination was blamed on the Serbian named Gavirilo Princip
 Who was Gavrilo Princip?He led all of the major assassinations, expecially the major assassination against teh archduke that started WWI. He was only 18 years old when he started this.
 What did the assassination of the archduke lead to? How did Austria react?The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia and the main aim was to provoke a war with Serbia. Austria blamed Serbia for the assassinations. Finally war was declared and the Russian empire helped Serbia and that led to Germany announcing war on the Russian empire. Both France and GB now declared war on Germany
 What was the Schlieffen Plan?Admiral Schlieffen was in charge of the German forces and he dew out this plan that would have brought about a quick victory for Germany according to his calculations. He was planning the war way before it started
 What happened at the Battle of Marne in 1914?British adn French troops stopped the progress of the German forces toward Paris. Both sides built trenches that were impossible to get through and so no one actually won the war.
 What happened at the Battle of Verdun?It was the exact same thing as the Battle of Marne. Ther were both in France except one was in the north and the other was in the south
 What happened at the Battle of Trannenberg?Same as Battle of Verdun and Marne but it was between Germany and Russia

***WWI was a trench defensive war
 How did tey eventually get around the trenches?tanks
 What country joined the Entente in 1915?Britain, France, and Russia. It was an alliance between the 3 countries. The country that joined later was Italy
 What country joined the Central Powers in 1915?Germany, Austria-Hungary. Turkey joined the Central Powers because Germany supported them. Germany kept good relations with the Young Turks and the Young Turks were the new people in power in Turkey
 What happened at the Battle of Gallipodi?This was when Winston Churchill sent an attack on Turkey at Constantinople to stop German access to the Mediterranean Sea
 What were the turning points og WWI?The Treay of Brst-Litovsk, the USA became involved by joining the Allies, the nationalist revolt in Austria-Hungary, revolutionary uprisings in Germany
 What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?Russia left the war because of radical uprisings. Where the radicals were against the war because of the psychiatric effect on the Russian army as well as citizens. It was signed between Germany and Russia.The radicals were upset and they were able to influence the government
 What is the psychiatric effect?When a soldier starts leaving the fields and others become mad.
 What brought about the end of Germany's part in WWI?Thee was revolutionary uprisings in Germany that led to William II being abdicated due to lack of internal stability. New provisional government took charge and signed the armistice agreement that ended WWI
 What were the principle provisions of the Versaille Peace Treaty?The treaty was between USA (Woodrow Wilson), GB (Lloyd George), France (Georges Clemenceau), and Italy (Victorio Orlando). At this gathering, the 4 nations decided the fate of Europe and drew out borders. Also the 14 points was created and suggested by Woodrow Wilson. In the 14 points, the msot important thing was the national self-determination agreement
 What were the 14 Points?created from the Versaille Peace Treaty and was suggested by Woodrow Wilson and it proposed that the most important thing was the national self-determination agreement. Self-determination is when any group of people who thought of themselves as different could determine themselves as a nation
 What was the League of Nations?it was the first international institute that had various aims one of which was to keep peace between nations. It failed at doing its job. The United Nations came along and did a second attempt at the League of Nations and this time it was more successful.
 Costs and consquences of the WarPsychiatric effect on soldiers. There were various political changes in European nations (Germany and Russia). Overall Europe declined which allowed American dominance in the world. Industry was based on the production of arms. Everyone was trying to produce guns to win the war
 Who was Peter Stolypin and what was his significance?Prime Minister under the Czar Nicholas II - main aim was to create reforms that would industrialize the agrarian sector of the economy - wanted people to sell their produce isntead of just growing enough for themselves
 What major political parties emerged in Russia during the early 20th century?socialist revolutionary party - split into Bolsheviks (for the revolution) and Mensheviks (against the revolution - only wanted minor changes), social deomcratic party, union of Zemstvo constitutionalists, and the union the lieration
 What were the principal causes of the 1905 revolution in Russia?Took steps toward getting ready for war- revolution started because there was a dispute between the civil society and the autocracy - there was a need for protective laws, especially labor laws against women and children working 17 hour shifts - the road to WWI and the revolution caused industries to produce for the upcoming war - industries now focused on war-time production - an industrial revolution specifically geared toward producing for the war
 What was the Octobor Manifesto and what was its significance?A manifesto passed by Nicholas II under the influence of Sergei Witte - stated that a constitution was to be adapted to improve the order in the state - also stated that the parliament should be formed (State Duma) - now the Russian empire was a constitutional monarchy
 What was the Sate Duma?Russian Parliament
Duma = Parliament
Zemstvo = local representative body - a Zemstvo in every small town representing the people
 What impact did WWI have on the Russian economy and society?social and economic problems brought about a decline not only to Russia but also to the rest of Europe

Psychiatirc effect - soldiers went mad, high casualties
 What were the military industrial committees and what was their major purpose?Committees set up by the Czar government to focus on war time production - steel production increased - produced more steel to use in their weapons and vehicles
 What were the major causes of the February 1917 revolution?During WWI
In 1917- Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Lovsk and left the war
Aim of revolution = end the war/get out of the war
Wanted to leave the war because of the psychiatric effect, social tensions, strikes by people in the military, cruel conditions of trench warfare

Czar government fell apart - Nicholas II abdicated
 What was the provisional government?A temporary govt that was set up throug helections to control Russian politics afterthe czar government went down - like a monarchy, but more of an autocracy - took power through military, not heritage
 What was the major purpose of the 2nd Congress of Soviets?To dismiss the provisional government and to elect a new coalition government
 What party siezed political control in Oct 1917?Bolsheviks (under Lenin) - Trotsky had power leading Bolsheviks until they took over
 Who was Vladimir Lenin?leader of Bolsheviks when they took complete power - a Prime Minister of the People's Council of Commissars
 What major politicies did the Bolsheviks carry out during the War on Communism?Consolidated power and destroyed all of the old systems, nationalization, established Vecheka = secret police who spied on people to ensure that no one was trying to get rid of the Bolsheviks or attempt to assassinate people. Constituent Assembly was dismissed - all of this aimed to put the power back into one group -> The Bolshviks
 What was the NEP?New Economic Policy - de-nationalization, political repression, end of multiparty system, 5 year economic plan (1st one), Stalin emerges
 What was the major impact of WWI on the economy of Great Britain?Depression, economic decline and unemployment (unemployment unique to England)
 What major problems did the British economy face during the 1920s and 30s?Depression, unemployment, slow economic recovery because of the loans that the country took from the USA - GB couldn't recover as quickly because of the debt they were in
 What political party emerged in GB after WWI as a new political force?Labor Party with Ramsey MacDonald as the leader
 Who was Ramsey MacDonald?Leader of Labor Paty who became the Prime Minister once the Labor Party rose in power
 What was the National Government?A coalition government that formed between the labor ad conservative parties - didn't last very long - lasted until Winston Churchill and WWII
 What was the British Commonwealth of Nations?A union between New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and GB - these British colonies had their own governments
 What were the major problems that the British Empire faced after WWI?Debt, unemployment, loss of control over its overseas colonies (Ex: India - Indian National Congress = political party that ran agaisnt British Parliament and took back power in India - Gandhi was the leader) - also lost control over Ireland
 hat was the Popular Front?In France- a combination of all of the moderate socialists and liberals in France - they were all leftist politicians - Leon Blum became Prime Minister when the Popular Front came to power - PF stayed in power until Germany took over France
 Who was Leon Blum?Leader of the Popular Front and became the Prime Minister when the Popular Front came to power
 What were Accion Francaise and Croix de Feu and what were their principle political attitudes?Right-wing nationalist parties that came to power (Croix de Feu = cross of fire - made up of veterans of WWI); fascist in their views and wanted dictatorial rule; fascism led to violence
 What major policies were carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1930s?They had 5-year economic plans that helped them recover economically - leaders got together and would say that at the end of 5 years, they'd want this, then after 5 years, they'd come up with a new goal/target - collectivization = removal of peasants who were collected into small farms to produce commercially - new industrialization

**Purges were carried out to eliminate other political parties and opposition except Staln's party (a socialist party)
 What were the general economic and social conditions in Italy during 1919-21?Economic: Economy was destroyed and Italy did not receive reparations (money from Germany) or monetary compensation from WWI

Social: insecurity troughout Italy and the need for better politics or a strong-minded leader (Mussolini)
 What was the general political situation in Itly during 1919-21?Political disorganization, political and economic turmoil, socialist and Catholic parties could not work together because they had different views; after 1921, socialist representation and influence grew far more than the catholic influence
 What were the squadristi?Fighting squads in Mussolini's party

Symbol = Fasci (axe wrapped in reeds)

wore black shirts
 Who was Benito Mussolini?Founder of Fascist party in Italy; socialist; also carried out purges
 What was the Lateran Accord and what was its significance?A document created by the papacy and Mussolini - stipulated that the papacy accepted Mussolini as a sole leader of Italy and that Mussolini would acknowledge that the Pope would rule over the Vatican lands; it also stated that the church would be exempt from taxes and had the jurisdiction of marriage
 What principal elements characterized the Fascist economy?Fascist economy had 3 things:22 corporations/sectors (cotton corp grouped with clothing corp and steel corp grouped with weaponry corp, etc.) - grouped everything into only 22 corporations, public works, and protective tariffs

Economy stabilized after having deteriorated during WWI
 What was corporatism?Cotton corporation group with clothing corporationi and steel and weaponry combined - grouped everything into only 22 corporations in Italy - corporations form between different industries
 Who was the king before and after the war that hesitated in appointing Mussolini?Victor Emmanuel III
 What were the general economic conditions in Germany after WWI?There was a Civil War and so there was cahos in Germany. Reparations (payments to other countries after the war) killed the German economy and the economy declined after the war, but the ngradually improved. The improvement was during the Weimur Germany. Gustav Streseman was the leader during Weimur Germany.
 Who wee Karl Libknecht and Rosa Luxembourg?Radical communists/leaders ho were the cause of the Sparticist Revolution and both used the Marxist ideology. They also wanted Germany to follow Russia. The socialists crushed the Sparticists.
 Who was Gustav Streseman and what was his historical role?The Counselor of Germany - was responsible for stabilizing the economy and he introduced new currency (neede to introduce a new currecny because the inflation rate was really high.) He also carried out nuermous foreign policies when he became the foreign minister after retiring fomr counselor.
 Who was Ernest Roehm?Hitler's rival and also a Nazi leader - Hitler killed him because he was a political threat
 What was the "kristalnacht"?"Night of Broken Glass" - The Jews were attacked and many were killed. A pogrom that had a coordinated attack on the Jews in most of Northwestern Europe
 What was the importance of the three K's?it defined the role of a woman and now gave them power in Nazi Germany. Women were not allowed to be part of the army
 What were the Locarno Agreements of 1925 and what was their significance?An agreement that created a fixed order between France and Germany. It was created by Streseman when he became foreign minister (He went to France and all over and talked about peace with everybody)
 What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 and what was its significance?A Pact signed by all of the world powers (UDA, Japan, GB, France, Germany, Austria, Italy) stipulating that war should not be used as a tool to sort out a problem or a dispute
 What major conflicting ideologies contributed to the origins of WWII?Germany was dissatisfied because it lost its territories and it had to pay reparations. Germany was humiliated and it also felt that they were not defeated, just that their leaders quit when they could have won.
 What policies were known as the appeasement?It was known as the method of avoiding war with the Fascists or dictators in Italy and Germany (but mainly Germany) - various issues were sorted by discussion
 What happened in Spain during 1936-39?The Spanish Civil War - The Popular Front vs. the Fascists

Key thing = it brought Germany and Italy together because they both supported the Spanish Fascists

Italian Fascist leader = Mussolini
German Fascist leader = Hitler
 What was the Popular Front in Spain in 1936?Socialists and Communists who were against Fascists and they were in support of a coalition govt
 Who was General Francisco Franco and what was his significance?A Fascist leader in Spain until the 70s - Germany helped him to obtain power

***Because he was the only guy in power, Spain was able to resist the decline after WWII
 What was the Rome-Berlin Axis?An alliance for the nations that opposed the Allies, mainly Germany, Italy, and Japan
 What nation joined the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1937?Japan
 What was the Anschluss?Unification between Germany and Austria by Hitler- it was a forced unification
 What was the Munich Conference of 1938 and what was its significance?Germany, Austria, and Italy vs. GB and France - allowed GErmany (Hitler) to invade Sudetnelandas long as he didn't go any further than that

(Sudetenland was part of Czechoslovakia)
 What area of Central Europe caused tensions between Germany and Czechoslovakia?Sudetenland
 What was the Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression PAct of August 1939 and what were its major provisions?An agreement between Russia and Germany that they would not attack each other in any event - both promised to stay neutral - Russia would invade Polish lands if Germany annexed the same lands in Poland that were once Russian lands
 What country was invaded by Germany in 1838?Austria
 What country was invaded by Germany in September 1939?Poland
 What was the Maginot Line?Secure border between France and Germany (had concrete tunnels) - had a concrete wall to prevent German invasion into France - Germans invaded France through Belgium border instead
 What was the Luftwaffe?The term for the German Air Force - also associated with teh air strikes on GB
 What was the Lend-Lease Act and what was its historical significance?An act where th USA supplied the Soviet Union, GB, and France with war materials as well as troops
 What Russian city was seiged by the Germans in 1941?Leningrad
 What was Juderein?Refers to the Holocaust - term for the act of the Germans wanting to eliminateJews from European lands
 What was the "final solution"?Gencide of European Jews using a coordinated plan that involved concentration camps (aka death camps)
 Who were the "Big Three"?Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
 What was the National Committee of Liberation?Polish provisional govt- exercised control over Polish territores re-taken from Germany - Russia supported it
 Who was Charles de Gaulle?French General - founded 5th French republic
 How did European states organize their economic during the war?Focused around funding the war
 What were the major issues of the Teheran Conference of 1943?Aim = plan how to stop Germany
Between the Big 3
 What were the principal issues of the Yalta Conference on 1945?Post-war Europe organization
 What issues led to the split between the Soviet Union and western allies?mistrust and issues over eastern Europe
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