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Universities » Georgia Southwestern State Unive.. » HPER - Health, PE, and Recreatio.. » 3260 - Exercise Physiology » Flash Cards

Unit 1 part 1 - Flashcards

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Class:HPER 3260 - Exercise Physiology
Subject:Health, PE, and Recreation
University:Georgia Southwestern State University
Term:Spring 2011
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Energy Ability to do work
Bioenergetics study of energy transformations in living organisms
Catabolism break down
Anabolism build up
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Exergonic Reactions release of energy
Endergonic Reactions store or absorb energy
ATP break bonds between phosphates to yield energy for processes
1st Law of Thermodynamics energy cannot be created or destroyed as it transforms from one form to another without being depleted
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metabolism sum of all chemical processes necessary to maintain the body
Energy is required to... 1. fuel vital body functions 2. to build and break down tissue 3. contract muscle 4. conduct nerve impulses 5. regulate body temperature
Carbs & Proteins yield 4 kcals per gram when burned
Fat yields 9 kcals per gram when burned
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Untrained Individual demands carbs first, then fat and protein
Trained Individual demands fats first, then carbs and protein
Glycolysis breakdown of ATP
Gluconeogenesis protein or fat is converted to glucose
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Glycogenesis converting glucose into glycogen
Glucogenolysis glycogen to glucose
Respiratory Exchange Ratio rate of VCO2 over VO2; determines what fuel is predominately being used
Energy Systems 1. Immediate (ATP-PCr) 2. Anaerobic (Glycolysis) 3. Aerobic (Oxidative Phosphorolation)
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Immediate Energy System - ATP-PCr - rapid energy - 0 to 10 seconds - without oxygen
Anaerobic Energy System - Glycolysis -start of exercise or at high intensity exercise - 10 seconds to 2 minutes - generates lactic acid - without oxygen
Aerobic Energy System - Oxidative Phosphorolation - at rest or low to moderate intensity exercise - longer than 2 to 3 minutes - complete oxidation of carbohydrates - needs oxygen
Oxidative Phosphorylation goes through energy processes/cycles: 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb's Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain - ultimately creates 38-39 ATP
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Glycolysis -converts glucose into pyruvate -takes place in the cytoplasm - breaks down carbs to get ATP - creates 2 to 3 ATP
Fast Glycolysis pyruvate is converted to lactic acid providing ATP at a fast rate
Lactic Acid 1. going to buffer it and breakdown CO2 2. attempt to convert back to Glucose 3. convert back to pyruvate and go through Kreb's cycle
Kreb's Cycle - needs 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 pyruvates, NAD+, and Hydrogen to occur - AKA citric acid cycle - after 2 rotations, Acetyl CoA is turned into 2 ATP - no oxygen, happens in mitochondria - produces FADH2 and NADH+ to send to the ETC
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Electron Transport Chain - in mitochondria - requires oxygen - hydrogen combines with oxygen to make ATP and water - phosphorylation of ADP into ATP - creates 34 ATP
Lactate Accumulation depends upon... 1. speed of glycolysis 2. mitochondrial activity - results from incomplete breakdown of glucose
Blood Lactate Concentration is a product of... 1. amount of lactate produced 2. lactate removal - at rest = 1.0 mmol/L
Lungs -gas exchange with blood -lung volume for average adult is 4 to 6 L -during a second of maximal exercise, there is a maximum of 1 L of blood in the vessels of the lung
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Respiratory System functions with cardiovascular system -the oxygen transport system
Cardiorespiratory System -delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles -removal of carbon dioxide and waste products from the working muscles
Pulmonary Ventilation movement of air into and out of the lungs; breathing
External Respiration -exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lung and the blood -occurs as a result of: 1. pulmonary ventilaiton 2. diffusion
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Tissue Respiration -exchange of O2 and CO2 between the tissue and the blood -occurs as a result of: 1. blood flow 2. diffusion
VO2 Max -maximal oxygen consumption -best measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance -expressed relative to body weight (ml/kg/min)
Lactate Threshold (LT) -the highest intensity exercise point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate nonlinearly above resting levels, during exercise of increasing intensity -reflects change from using aerobic system to anaerobic system -determines what % of VO2 max a person is using
Direct Calorimetry measures the body's heat production directly in an insulated, airtight chamber. very expensive and hard to construct. slow to generate results and at times archaic
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Indirect Calorimetry heat production not measured directly, rather it is calculated from the Respiratory Exchange Ratio.
Which Calorimetry is more practical? Indirect
What are the limitations for indirect calorimetry? 1. O2 in lungs and tissue remains constant, but CO2 is less constant. 2. Protein is not completely oxidized, because of nitrogen usage. 3. Protein is thought not to contribute to energy, yet after several hours of exercise, this theory is forgotten. 4. Body normally uses a combination of fuels. Higher RER equals carbohydrate use 5. Glucose production from catabolism of amino acids and fats in the liver, produces an RER below 0.7.
How do you measure anaerobic effort? 1. Review of lactate threshold - rate of production exceeds rate of removal 2. Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption -considers body's need for oxygen at the start, during, and after exercise.
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EPOC During initial minutes of recovery, muscles are no longer active, but O2 demand does not immediately decrease. O2 consumption remains elevated temporarily. (the consumption is greater than what is required at rest... this is EPOC)
Fatigue -The inability to maintain a power output or a given intensity. -A decline in maximal force generating capacity. -A common response to muscular activity.
What are the two causes for fatigue? Central - cardiovascular; increases ventilation causes extraction problems of O2. Peripheral - intramuscular; physiological factors, problems with energy production and/or sources
What are the 5 peripheral fatigue factors? 1. PCr depletion 2. Glycogen depletion 3. metabolic by-products 4. phosphate accumulation 5. oxygen depletion (in the muscles and in the lungs)
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What are the 5 effects of Hydrogen accumulation? 1. enzyme inhibition 2. interference of H+ in muscle contraction 3. H+ stimulus pain receptors 4. H+ inhibits O2 loading of hemoglobin 5. H+ inhibits lipase activity
Energy requirement during rest Resting Metabolic Rate - rate at which your body uses energy. Basic Metabolic Rate - rate of energy expenditures for an individual at rest, measured after 8 hours of sleep and 12 hours of fasting
Factors that affect BMR age body temperature stress hormones
Submax Exercise Metabolic Rate Energy requirement increases with exercise. Rate of intensity increases energy demand. Energy demand appears linear with small plateau, until a certain intensity is reached.
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VO2 Max values SEDENTARY MALES: 40-45 ml/kg/min SEDENTARY FEMALES: 30-38 ml/kg/min TRAINED MALES: 55-71 TRAINED FEMALES: 45-60 ELITE MALES: 71+ ELITE FEMALES: 65+ HIGHEST VALUE MALE: 94 HIGHEST VALUE FEMALE: 77
7 factors that affect VO2 max 1. size (Body composition) 2. fitness status 3. genetics 4. muscle fiber type 5. gender 6. age 7. mode of exercise
Economy of effort Energy demands decrease as an individual becomes more skillful and the body adapts to exercise. Intensity may stay the same, but demands for O2 will be less.
CNS and Fatigue Voluntary contraction to fatigue if muscle is fatigued, and then electrically stimulated...if a contraction occurs (central) if it doesn't (peripheral). Shouting leads to greater power output. Verbal encouragement leads to higher VO2 max. Mental aversion leads to greater performance.
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7 Central Factors that Limit Fatigue 1. Pulmonary System (Lungs) 2. Cardiac Output 3. O2 carrying capacity of blood 4. Limits of skeletal muscle 5. sedentary vs fit 6. lactate threshold 7. motivation and pain tolerance
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 EnergyAbility to do work
 Bioenergeticsstudy of energy transformations in living organisms
 Catabolismbreak down
 Anabolismbuild up
 Exergonic Reactionsrelease of energy
 Endergonic Reactionsstore or absorb energy
 ATPbreak bonds between phosphates to yield energy for processes
 1st Law of Thermodynamicsenergy cannot be created or destroyed as it transforms from one form to another without being depleted
 metabolismsum of all chemical processes necessary to maintain the body
 Energy is required to...1. fuel vital body functions
2. to build and break down tissue
3. contract muscle
4. conduct nerve impulses
5. regulate body temperature
 Carbs & Proteinsyield 4 kcals per gram when burned
 Fatyields 9 kcals per gram when burned
 Untrained Individualdemands carbs first, then fat and protein
 Trained Individualdemands fats first, then carbs and protein
 Glycolysisbreakdown of ATP
 Gluconeogenesisprotein or fat is converted to glucose
 Glycogenesisconverting glucose into glycogen
 Glucogenolysisglycogen to glucose
 Respiratory Exchange Ratiorate of VCO2 over VO2; determines what fuel is predominately being used
 Energy Systems1. Immediate (ATP-PCr)
2. Anaerobic (Glycolysis)
3. Aerobic (Oxidative Phosphorolation)
 Immediate Energy System- ATP-PCr
- rapid energy
- 0 to 10 seconds
- without oxygen
 Anaerobic Energy System- Glycolysis
-start of exercise or at high intensity exercise
- 10 seconds to 2 minutes
- generates lactic acid
- without oxygen
 Aerobic Energy System- Oxidative Phosphorolation
- at rest or low to moderate intensity exercise
- longer than 2 to 3 minutes
- complete oxidation of carbohydrates
- needs oxygen
 Oxidative Phosphorylationgoes through energy processes/cycles:
1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

- ultimately creates 38-39 ATP
 Glycolysis-converts glucose into pyruvate
-takes place in the cytoplasm
- breaks down carbs to get ATP
- creates 2 to 3 ATP
 Fast Glycolysispyruvate is converted to lactic acid providing ATP at a fast rate
 Lactic Acid1. going to buffer it and breakdown CO2
2. attempt to convert back to Glucose
3. convert back to pyruvate and go through Kreb's cycle
 Kreb's Cycle- needs 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 pyruvates, NAD+, and Hydrogen to occur
- AKA citric acid cycle
- after 2 rotations, Acetyl CoA is turned into 2 ATP
- no oxygen, happens in mitochondria
- produces FADH2 and NADH+ to send to the ETC
 Electron Transport Chain- in mitochondria
- requires oxygen
- hydrogen combines with oxygen to make ATP and water
- phosphorylation of ADP into ATP
- creates 34 ATP
 Lactate Accumulation depends upon...1. speed of glycolysis
2. mitochondrial activity

- results from incomplete breakdown of glucose
 Blood Lactate Concentration is a product of...1. amount of lactate produced
2. lactate removal

- at rest = 1.0 mmol/L
 Lungs-gas exchange with blood
-lung volume for average adult is 4 to 6 L
-during a second of maximal exercise, there is a maximum of 1 L of blood in the vessels of the lung
 Respiratory Systemfunctions with cardiovascular system
-the oxygen transport system
 Cardiorespiratory System-delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles
-removal of carbon dioxide and waste products from the working muscles
 Pulmonary Ventilationmovement of air into and out of the lungs; breathing
 External Respiration-exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lung and the blood
-occurs as a result of:
1. pulmonary ventilaiton
2. diffusion
 Tissue Respiration-exchange of O2 and CO2 between the tissue and the blood
-occurs as a result of:
1. blood flow
2. diffusion
 VO2 Max-maximal oxygen consumption
-best measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance
-expressed relative to body weight (ml/kg/min)
 Lactate Threshold (LT)-the highest intensity exercise point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate nonlinearly above resting levels, during exercise of increasing intensity
-reflects change from using aerobic system to anaerobic system
-determines what % of VO2 max a person is using
 Direct Calorimetrymeasures the body's heat production directly in an insulated, airtight chamber. very expensive and hard to construct. slow to generate results and at times archaic
 Indirect Calorimetryheat production not measured directly, rather it is calculated from the Respiratory Exchange Ratio.
 Which Calorimetry is more practical?Indirect
 What are the limitations for indirect calorimetry?1. O2 in lungs and tissue remains constant, but CO2 is less constant.
2. Protein is not completely oxidized, because of nitrogen usage.
3. Protein is thought not to contribute to energy, yet after several hours of exercise, this theory is forgotten.
4. Body normally uses a combination of fuels. Higher RER equals carbohydrate use
5. Glucose production from catabolism of amino acids and fats in the liver, produces an RER below 0.7.
 How do you measure anaerobic effort?1. Review of lactate threshold
- rate of production exceeds rate of removal
2. Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
-considers body's need for oxygen at the start, during, and after exercise.
 EPOCDuring initial minutes of recovery, muscles are no longer active, but O2 demand does not immediately decrease. O2 consumption remains elevated temporarily. (the consumption is greater than what is required at rest... this is EPOC)
 Fatigue-The inability to maintain a power output or a given intensity. -A decline in maximal force generating capacity. -A common response to muscular activity.
 What are the two causes for fatigue?Central - cardiovascular; increases ventilation causes extraction problems of O2.
Peripheral - intramuscular; physiological factors, problems with energy production and/or sources
 What are the 5 peripheral fatigue factors?1. PCr depletion 2. Glycogen depletion 3. metabolic by-products 4. phosphate accumulation 5. oxygen depletion (in the muscles and in the lungs)
 What are the 5 effects of Hydrogen accumulation?1. enzyme inhibition 2. interference of H+ in muscle contraction 3. H+ stimulus pain receptors 4. H+ inhibits O2 loading of hemoglobin 5. H+ inhibits lipase activity
 Energy requirement during restResting Metabolic Rate - rate at which your body uses energy.
Basic Metabolic Rate - rate of energy expenditures for an individual at rest, measured after 8 hours of sleep and 12 hours of fasting
 Factors that affect BMRage
body temperature
stress
hormones
 Submax Exercise Metabolic RateEnergy requirement increases with exercise. Rate of intensity increases energy demand. Energy demand appears linear with small plateau, until a certain intensity is reached.
 VO2 Max valuesSEDENTARY MALES: 40-45 ml/kg/min
SEDENTARY FEMALES: 30-38 ml/kg/min
TRAINED MALES: 55-71
TRAINED FEMALES: 45-60
ELITE MALES: 71+
ELITE FEMALES: 65+
HIGHEST VALUE MALE: 94
HIGHEST VALUE FEMALE: 77
 7 factors that affect VO2 max1. size (Body composition)
2. fitness status
3. genetics
4. muscle fiber type
5. gender
6. age
7. mode of exercise
 Economy of effortEnergy demands decrease as an individual becomes more skillful and the body adapts to exercise. Intensity may stay the same, but demands for O2 will be less.
 CNS and FatigueVoluntary contraction to fatigue if muscle is fatigued, and then electrically stimulated...if a contraction occurs (central) if it doesn't (peripheral).
Shouting leads to greater power output. Verbal encouragement leads to higher VO2 max. Mental aversion leads to greater performance.
 7 Central Factors that Limit Fatigue1. Pulmonary System (Lungs)
2. Cardiac Output
3. O2 carrying capacity of blood
4. Limits of skeletal muscle
5. sedentary vs fit
6. lactate threshold
7. motivation and pain tolerance
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