Interest in Antiquity: Ancient Greece and Rome - Flashcards

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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1748

excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum begain (destroyed AD79)

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1762

Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens- differentiates between Greek and Roman architecture

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1764

Winckelmann, history of Ancient Art- differentiates betwwen Greek and Roman sculpture

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Johann Joachim Winckelmann(1717-68 murdered 6/8/1768)

- 1755 thoughts on the imitation of Greek works in painting and sculpture- "noble simplicity and quiet grandeur."
-1764 Report on the most recent discoveries at Herculaneum
-1764 History of Ancient Art
- Notes on the history of Ancient Art

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Jacques Louis David (1748-1825)

- Champion of revolutionary cause
- austere, stern painting
- use of Roman busts as models
- art as political manifesto- hero of the middle class struggle

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David Heroic Paintings

- portrayal of revolutionary values and themes
- spirit of self-sacrifice
- severity of style

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Oath of the Horatii

- Father and three sons
- Daughter, sister weeping
- Fiance in revolt to overthrow republic
-Sons accepting swords to defend rome
-Public duty vs. private duty ( Macrocosm vs. Microcosm)
- Loyalty to state over family loyalty

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The Lictors Bringing Back to Brutus the bodies of his sons

-Themes in this painting similar to Horatii
-Roman patrician Brutus has given orders against his sons-Rebellion
-Again family distressed, even Brutus himself
-But Duty to state above Family loyalty
-"DO or DIE"

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Madame Reclaimer

Portraiture
-Scene here patterned after sparsity of furnishings in Roman Villas as at Pompell
-Rather stark ; yet clarity and order= elegant
-Fits Davids no Frills values
-Intelligent, Attractive, Fascinating women of " Salon era"
- No similarity to Rubens idea of beauty

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Paris- The New Rome

Influence of Ancient Rome on France:
1. Republican government
2. Tolerant paganism
3. New calendar- year one/months - Latin Characteristics:
Thermidor = July

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Stoicism/ Revolutionary spirit

1. Heroism
2. Self- Sacrifice
3. Rugged resolve
4. Spartan simplicity

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Political writings

Cicero and Seneca- sovereignty resides in the people

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Napoleon's imitation of Romans

1. Great General - power of individual- rising through personal efforts (faust)
2. Consul > emperor, ruling through tribune
3. Fasces
4. Roman legion eagles = insignia of French Battalions
5. Crowned himself with laurel wreath
6. international scope of empire
7. Intellectually and artistically influenced captured territory
8. Confiscation of art to civilize French
- Era of New Caesar and new trajan
- Napoleon makes Paris into the new Rome

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Place De La Concorde

The Place de la Concorde (, Harmony Square) is one of the major public squares in Paris, France.

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La Madeleine- Vignon

Modeled on Greco- Roman temple
- surrounded by columns
-Pagan temple dedicated to the Grand Army
- Columns six stories high
INTERIOR
- circles indicate domes
-Black squares indicate columns
- Two rows of columns at front
- Interior apse where choir and altar are located

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Interior of the Church of La Madeline- Demachy

Can see domes and oculus (eye, light)
- Classical features repeated on inside

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Arc De Triomphe Du Carrousel

Built to celebrate Napoleons victories
- Patterened after Roman Arch for Semtimius Severus
-Bronze horses from St. Marks, Venice, 1st century returned
-Not big enough : commissioned Arc de Triomphe de L'etoile by Chalgrion

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Vendome Column

-monument to nepoleons victories
-patterned after Trajans column
- Spiral Iconography
- Victory over Prussians and Austrians in bronze - weapons, cannons

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Rotunda

Jefferson as architect
patterned after Pantheon in Rome
- circular building
- Facade of a Greco- Roman temple
-Podium, pediment, cornices , frieze
- Saucer dome
- Was president of University of Virgina

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Treasury Building

Shows strong classical influence
- Many public buildings in Washington and state capitals modeled on Greeks and Romans
-No iconography on pediment
-ionic order
-Architecture as symbol of Power, prestige, values

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Apotheosis of Homer

Homer was first Western Poet
-Illiad and Odyssey
-Deification, Nike/Angel with Laural wreath
-All great Artists in attendance
- On steps of a classical temple
-Note people on steps with sword and oar
- Represent two classic epic poems of Homer

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Cornelia pointing to her children as her treasures

Kauffman Roman family,Gracchus, patrician, wealthy and political humility and social activisms values
- Tiberius and Gaius
- Elected Consul
- Redistribute State lands to small farmers
-Wealthy inflamed, murder Tiberius and followers
-Later Gaius forced to commit suicide

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The Death of General Wolfe- West

West : History painter for English King
General Wolfe, English Redcoat
- Fought against France in Seven years war
- Killed at battle of Quebec
- Gives England Domination of North America
- French and Catholic threat gone
-Colonists will turn on British, and win independence
- Theme : Self- sacrifice for the greater good

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Sculpture

-Antonio Canova (1757-1822)
-Greek and Roman models
-Advocated: "scrupulous adherence to rules"
- copied art instead of nature

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Pauline Borghese As Venus Victorious- Canova

Pauline Bonaparte, Napoleons Sister
-posed for sculptor
- Stripped to waist
- Reclining like madame Reclaimer, But frontal
- furnishing, couch, position similar
- Portraying venus and the Goddess of Love
- Reminds of Funerary sculpture (Gravestones)

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Napoleon Bonaparte As Mars Pacificator- Canova

-Posed in Classical posture
- Classical nudity
- Posed Like Apollo Belvedere
- Holding symbols of power
- Canova improved his appearance, but statue lacks spark of life

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George Washington By Greenough

Strange pose for George Washington
- Stripped to waist
- Dressed in Roman toga and sandals
- Holding sword
- Right hand raised in triumphal gesture
- Sitting on chair like a throne
- Stark, unfurnished background like Rome

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Poetry

-Andre Chenier
- The poet hero of the French revolution
- models : Homer, Pindar, Virgil and Horace
- Purposely tried to imitate art :" Let us upon new thoughts write antique verses."

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Music

- Napoleon: " Among all the fine arts, music is one which exercises the greatest influence upon the passions and is the one which the legislator should most encourage."
-No operas as model from antiquity
- BUT antiquity as source for plots and costumes

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Christoph Gluck (1714-87)

- Austrian working in Paris
- created revolution in opera > laid foundation for neoclassical opera
1. Reduced number of characters
2. Omitted complicated subplots
3. Strengthened role of chorus
4. Simple, unadorned melodies
-1767 Alceste
-States in preface: should let drama proceed ( without musical dominance) " without interrupting the action or stifling it with a useless superfluity or ornaments."
-Aristotle: 3 unities > time, place, plot
- Great principles of beauty : Simplicity, truth, naturalness

Click Card to flip

Neoclassic Opera

-Gasparo Spontini (1774-1851)
-1807 La Vestale ( the Vestal Virgin)
- 1 of 6 virgin priestesses who watched over sacred fire in temple of Vestra ( Hephaestus)
- Spirit of the new empire : Pump, pagenantry
-Roman setting> glory on the battlefield
- 100+ performances in the 1st season in Paris

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Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)

-The Heroic Ideal : excelled at symphonies
-Only one opera : Fidelio, quest for individual liberty/ cause of popular freedom
-Promethean Ideal =FIRE: Symbol of enlightenment glorification of individuality, personal rights/personal creativity
- 1801 The Creatures of Prometheus
~ full length ballet

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1804 Eroica, or Heroic- The Third Symphony

- Originally dedicated to Napoleon
- After Napoleon accepted title of emperor, Beethoven erased dedication from title page
- " To the memory of a great man"

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Romanticism: July 1830 Revolution- Feb 1848

-1814 Fall of Napoleon : Constitutional monarchy : louis XVII
-1824-30 Charles X (brother) no adherence to constitutional restraints
-July 1830 Revolution
-1830-48 Louis Philippe( cousin) escapism from industrialized/mechanized world
-Feburary 1848 Revolution: Louis-Napoleon( Nephew of Napoleon) elected president if 2nd republic
-1852 Louis- Napoleon elected emperor ( resigned ad Napoleon III)
- 1871 Napoleon III abdicated after defeat in France-Prussian War: 3rd republic

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Escapism from Industrialized/Mechanized world

Lord Bryon
1. emotions
2.Individualism
3.Nationalism
4. Revivals of the past
5. Back to nature
6. Exoticism

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Artist by Creative Genius

-Ingres: "Genius when it is at work is in communion with god."
-Artist as: Prophet, leader with great personality
-Age of: autobiography,confessions, memoirs
-portraiture

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Fusion of the Arts

1. Literature filled with musical references
2. Music based on literary works:
Hector Berlioz:
-Goethe's Faust-Damnation of Faust
Poetry of Byron - Harold in Italy
Dantes Divine Comedy- Requiem
3. Painting used literary themes
-Eugene Delacroix
- illustrated Goethe's Faust
- 1822 Dante and Vergil in hell painting (divine comedy source)
- poems of Lord Byron for painting : Death of Sandapulus, Mazeppa, shipwreck of Don Juan
4.Architecture built dream castles out of novels of:
-Horace Walpole, Victor Hugo, Sir Walter Scott
-Gothic Novels (influenced Neogothic architecture)
-James Wyatt- fonthill abbey for william Beckford
-Horace Walpole- Strawberry Hill

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The Gothic Novel

-Horace Walpole, The Castle Of Otranto, 1765
-Clara Reeve, The Old English Boron, 1777
-Matthew Gregory Lewis, The Monk, 1796
-In USA : Charles Brockden Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Henry James, William Faulkner

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Characteristics of Gothic Novels

- Samual Coleridge (1772-1834) success of Gothic novel depends on readers " willing suspension of disbelief"
1. TIME- Set in Medieval times (gothic)
2. PLACE- Italian scenery. mysterious castles
3. RAW SENSATIONALISM- horrors of ghost tales folklore, necromancy
4. Damsel in distress/ knight in shining armor
5. Gory deaths and details/ blood
6. Supernatural occurrances
7.SUBLIME- uniting terror and beauty
- Edmund Burke- 1756 Essay on the sublimje and beautiful

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Criticism of gothic novels

1. fanciful plots
2. unreal characters
3. morbid sentiments
4. romanticized view of feudal ages

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John Constable (1775-1851) English

- Paints in open air
- cult of simplicity: captures light, reflection/refraction
-fleeting changes of atmosphere> impressionists

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The Hay Wain- Constable

-loved to paint landscapes, portray the serenity and peacefulness of the countryside
- the rustic cottage by a lazy stream
-horses pull the hay wain
-dog on the bank
-is a landscape with activity
-peaceful sky
-tranquility of nature

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Salisbury Cathedral From Bishops Garden

painting of Great Gothic (13th Century) Cathedral
-Bishops Palace unseen
- Also a landscape
-Animals grazing
-Peaceful countryside cradling the great gothic cathedral
-unification of " unspoiled past" with nature

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Joseph Turner (1755-1851) English

-The "picturesque sublime"
-romantic melancholy

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Rain, Steam and Speed: The Great Western Railway (1844)

Began painting history scenes, influenced by lorrain
-interested also in natural phenomena, forces that cause shipwrecks
-Edinburgh express racing toward London, The flying Scotsman
-Blinding Rainstorm
-Concerned with Damage of the Machine to environment seen in rabbit racing ahead of train

Click Card to flip

Slavers overthrowing the Dead and Dying, typhoon coming on

-political painting (rare for turner)
-based on true incident reported in Newspapers in 1783
-heaving dead and dying overboard to collect insurance money, if die on land, no money
-red blood colors, shackled humanity struggling against waves of nature and predatory fish

Click Card to flip

Casper David Friedrich (1774-1840) German

-believed God revealed himself in nature
-Moses seeing God in the Burning Bush-Awesome, sublime
-brooding melancholy similar to Franz Schuberts music

Click Card to flip

Wanderer Above The Mist

-German Romaticism-man amidst the awesome expanse of nature
-man alone in God's world- God reveals himself in nature
-indication of individualism and freedom
-melancholy: A certain sadness or aloneness in world

Click Card to flip

Thomas Cole (1801-48) American

-Hudson River Party
-The Last Of The Mohican's (1827)
- inspired by Coopers novel
-American landscape/ American novel
-Gothic 7 the sublime of nature

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The Last of The Mohicans

Cole in the new world- rugged and untamed wilderness
-European countryside settled and untamed- But no U.S.
-Nature was his bible- through Nature he understood and communicated with God
-Shows Romantic interest in "awesome" power of nature

Click Card to flip

Nationalism in Music

-Hector Berlioz (1803-69) -French-
-The orchestral conductor , composer, brilliant journalists, autobiographer
-1830 Symphonie fantastique- autobiographical program symphony
-included detailed program notes about symphony and his inspiration
-idee fixe (fixed idea)- leading recurring melody

Click Card to flip

Berlioz Concluding Massed choirs

Composer- highly rated, attended salons in paris some thought him mad- others felt he was trying to shock
- mop hair like umbrella
- fantastic symphony- autobiographical, 5 acts
-original element is " fixed idea" of idee fixe- melodic theme that reappears as his beloved appears

Click Card to flip

Franz Schubert ( 1797-1828) German

-Die Winterreise (Winters journal)
- sang cycle of Wilhelm Mueller poetry
-mood of dark brooding, melancholy, loneliness

Click Card to flip

Richard Wagner (1813-83) German

-constantly used medieval sources
-German mythology for operas : Tannhäuser ;Tristan and Isolde.
*1883*- nazis writings
-Gesamtkunstwerk-includes symphony, mythology,poetry, drama( closer to symphony than italian opera)
-leitmotif- characterization/people/ideas

Click Card to flip

Frederic Chopin(1810-49) Polish

-Master of the Piano
-national character of waltzes and polonaise ( march like promenade for couples)

Click Card to flip

Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Hungarian

-Hungarian rhapsodies
-became national hero through his nationalistic music

Click Card to flip

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Italian

-italian operas
-nabucco(Nebuchadnezzar)
-political statement calling for political unification of Italy
-plight of children of Israel5 in Babylonian captivity

Click Card to flip

Romantic Architecture- Neogothic

      Mode:   CARDS LIST       ? pages   PRINT EXIT

1748	excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum begain (destroyed AD79)
1762	Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens- differentiates between Greek and Roman architecture
1764	Winckelmann, history of Ancient Art- differentiates betwwen Greek and Roman sculpture
Johann Joachim Winckelmann(1717-68 murdered 6/8/1768)	- 1755 thoughts on the imitation of Greek works in painting and sculpture- "noble simplicity and quiet grandeur." -1764 Report on the most recent discoveries at Herculaneum -1764 History of Ancient Art - Notes on the history of Ancient Art

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Jacques Louis David (1748-1825)	- Champion of revolutionary cause - austere, stern painting - use of Roman busts as models - art as political manifesto- hero of the middle class struggle
David Heroic Paintings	- portrayal of revolutionary values and themes - spirit of self-sacrifice - severity of style
Oath of the Horatii	- Father and three sons - Daughter, sister weeping - Fiance in revolt to overthrow republic -Sons accepting swords to defend rome -Public duty vs. private duty ( Macrocosm vs. Microcosm) - Loyalty to state over family loyalty
The Lictors Bringing Back to Brutus the bodies of his sons	-Themes in this painting similar to Horatii -Roman patrician Brutus has given orders against his sons-Rebellion -Again family distressed, even Brutus himself -But Duty to state above Family loyalty -"DO or DIE"

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Madame Reclaimer	Portraiture -Scene here patterned after sparsity of furnishings in Roman Villas as at Pompell -Rather stark ; yet clarity and order= elegant -Fits Davids no Frills values -Intelligent, Attractive, Fascinating women of " Salon era" - No similarity to Rubens idea of beauty
Paris- The New Rome	Influence of Ancient Rome on France: 1. Republican government 2. Tolerant paganism 3. New calendar- year one/months - Latin Characteristics: Thermidor = July
Stoicism/ Revolutionary spirit	1. Heroism 2. Self- Sacrifice 3. Rugged resolve 4. Spartan simplicity
Political writings	Cicero and Seneca- sovereignty resides in the people

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Napoleon's imitation of Romans	1. Great General - power of individual- rising through personal efforts (faust) 2. Consul > emperor, ruling through tribune 3. Fasces 4. Roman legion eagles = insignia of French Battalions 5. Crowned himself with laurel wreath 6. international scope of empire 7. Intellectually and artistically influenced captured territory 8. Confiscation of art to civilize French - Era of New Caesar and new trajan - Napoleon makes Paris into the new Rome
Place De La Concorde	The Place de la Concorde (, Harmony Square) is one of the major public squares in Paris, France.
La Madeleine- Vignon	Modeled on Greco- Roman temple - surrounded by columns -Pagan temple dedicated to the Grand Army - Columns six stories high INTERIOR - circles indicate domes -Black squares indicate columns - Two rows of columns at front - Interior apse where choir and altar are located
Interior of the Church of La Madeline- Demachy	Can see domes and oculus (eye, light) - Classical features repeated on inside

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Arc De Triomphe Du Carrousel	Built to celebrate Napoleons victories - Patterened after Roman Arch for Semtimius Severus -Bronze horses from St. Marks, Venice, 1st century returned -Not big enough : commissioned Arc de Triomphe de L'etoile by Chalgrion
Vendome Column	-monument to nepoleons victories -patterned after Trajans column - Spiral Iconography - Victory over Prussians and Austrians in bronze - weapons, cannons
Rotunda	Jefferson as architect patterned after Pantheon in Rome - circular building - Facade of a Greco- Roman temple -Podium, pediment, cornices , frieze - Saucer dome - Was president of University of Virgina
Treasury Building	Shows strong classical influence - Many public buildings in Washington and state capitals modeled on Greeks and Romans -No iconography on pediment -ionic order -Architecture as symbol of Power, prestige, values

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Apotheosis of Homer	Homer was first Western Poet -Illiad and Odyssey -Deification, Nike/Angel with Laural wreath -All great Artists in attendance - On steps of a classical temple -Note people on steps with sword and oar - Represent two classic epic poems of Homer
Cornelia pointing to her children as her treasures	Kauffman Roman family,Gracchus, patrician, wealthy and political humility and social activisms values - Tiberius and Gaius - Elected Consul - Redistribute State lands to small farmers -Wealthy inflamed, murder Tiberius and followers -Later Gaius forced to commit suicide
The Death of General Wolfe- West	West : History painter for English King General Wolfe, English Redcoat - Fought against France in Seven years war - Killed at battle of Quebec - Gives England Domination of North America - French and Catholic threat gone -Colonists will turn on British, and win independence - Theme : Self- sacrifice for the greater good
Sculpture	-Antonio Canova (1757-1822) -Greek and Roman models -Advocated: "scrupulous adherence to rules" - copied art instead of nature

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Pauline Borghese As Venus Victorious- Canova	Pauline Bonaparte, Napoleons Sister -posed for sculptor - Stripped to waist - Reclining like madame Reclaimer, But frontal - furnishing, couch, position similar - Portraying venus and the Goddess of Love - Reminds of Funerary sculpture (Gravestones)
Napoleon Bonaparte As Mars Pacificator- Canova	-Posed in Classical posture - Classical nudity - Posed Like Apollo Belvedere - Holding symbols of power - Canova improved his appearance, but statue lacks spark of life
George Washington By Greenough	Strange pose for George Washington - Stripped to waist - Dressed in Roman toga and sandals - Holding sword - Right hand raised in triumphal gesture - Sitting on chair like a throne - Stark, unfurnished background like Rome
Poetry	-Andre Chenier - The poet hero of the French revolution - models : Homer, Pindar, Virgil and Horace - Purposely tried to imitate art :" Let us upon new thoughts write antique verses."

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Music	- Napoleon: " Among all the fine arts, music is one which exercises the greatest influence upon the passions and is the one which the legislator should most encourage." -No operas as model from antiquity - BUT antiquity as source for plots and costumes
Christoph Gluck (1714-87)	- Austrian working in Paris - created revolution in opera > laid foundation for neoclassical opera 1. Reduced number of characters 2. Omitted complicated subplots 3. Strengthened role of chorus 4. Simple, unadorned melodies -1767 Alceste -States in preface: should let drama proceed ( without musical dominance) " without interrupting the action or stifling it with a useless superfluity or ornaments." -Aristotle: 3 unities > time, place, plot - Great principles of beauty : Simplicity, truth, naturalness
Neoclassic Opera	-Gasparo Spontini (1774-1851) -1807 La Vestale ( the Vestal Virgin) - 1 of 6 virgin priestesses who watched over sacred fire in temple of Vestra ( Hephaestus) - Spirit of the new empire : Pump, pagenantry -Roman setting> glory on the battlefield - 100+ performances in the 1st season in Paris
Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827)	-The Heroic Ideal : excelled at symphonies -Only one opera : Fidelio, quest for individual liberty/ cause of popular freedom -Promethean Ideal =FIRE: Symbol of enlightenment glorification of individuality, personal rights/personal creativity - 1801 The Creatures of Prometheus ~ full length ballet

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1804 Eroica, or Heroic- The Third Symphony	- Originally dedicated to Napoleon - After Napoleon accepted title of emperor, Beethoven erased dedication from title page - " To the memory of a great man"
Romanticism: July 1830 Revolution- Feb 1848	-1814 Fall of Napoleon : Constitutional monarchy : louis XVII -1824-30 Charles X (brother) no adherence to constitutional restraints -July 1830 Revolution -1830-48 Louis Philippe( cousin) escapism from industrialized/mechanized world -Feburary 1848 Revolution: Louis-Napoleon( Nephew of Napoleon) elected president if 2nd republic -1852 Louis- Napoleon elected emperor ( resigned ad Napoleon III) - 1871 Napoleon III abdicated after defeat in France-Prussian War: 3rd republic
Escapism from Industrialized/Mechanized world	Lord Bryon 1. emotions 2.Individualism 3.Nationalism 4. Revivals of the past 5. Back to nature 6. Exoticism
Artist by Creative Genius	-Ingres: "Genius when it is at work is in communion with god." -Artist as: Prophet, leader with great personality -Age of: autobiography,confessions, memoirs -portraiture

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Fusion of the Arts	1. Literature filled with musical references 2. Music based on literary works: Hector Berlioz: -Goethe's Faust-Damnation of Faust Poetry of Byron - Harold in Italy Dantes Divine Comedy- Requiem 3. Painting used literary themes -Eugene Delacroix - illustrated Goethe's Faust - 1822 Dante and Vergil in hell painting (divine comedy source) - poems of Lord Byron for painting : Death of Sandapulus, Mazeppa, shipwreck of Don Juan 4.Architecture built dream castles out of novels of: -Horace Walpole, Victor Hugo, Sir Walter Scott -Gothic Novels (influenced Neogothic architecture) -James Wyatt- fonthill abbey for william Beckford -Horace Walpole- Strawberry Hill
The Gothic Novel	-Horace Walpole, The Castle Of Otranto, 1765 -Clara Reeve, The Old English Boron, 1777 -Matthew Gregory Lewis, The Monk, 1796 -In USA : Charles Brockden Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Henry James, William Faulkner
Characteristics of Gothic Novels	- Samual Coleridge (1772-1834) success of Gothic novel depends on readers " willing suspension of disbelief" 1. TIME- Set in Medieval times (gothic) 2. PLACE- Italian scenery. mysterious castles 3. RAW SENSATIONALISM- horrors of ghost tales folklore, necromancy 4. Damsel in distress/ knight in shining armor 5. Gory deaths and details/ blood 6. Supernatural occurrances 7.SUBLIME- uniting terror and beauty - Edmund Burke- 1756 Essay on the sublimje and beautiful
Criticism of gothic novels	1. fanciful plots 2. unreal characters 3. morbid sentiments 4. romanticized view of feudal ages

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John Constable (1775-1851) English	- Paints in open air - cult of simplicity: captures light, reflection/refraction -fleeting changes of atmosphere> impressionists
The Hay Wain- Constable	-loved to paint landscapes, portray the serenity and peacefulness of the countryside - the rustic cottage by a lazy stream -horses pull the hay wain -dog on the bank -is a landscape with activity -peaceful sky -tranquility of nature
Salisbury Cathedral From Bishops Garden	painting of Great Gothic (13th Century) Cathedral -Bishops Palace unseen - Also a landscape -Animals grazing -Peaceful countryside cradling the great gothic cathedral -unification of " unspoiled past" with nature
Joseph Turner (1755-1851) English	-The "picturesque sublime" -romantic melancholy

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Rain, Steam and Speed: The Great Western Railway (1844)	Began painting history scenes, influenced by lorrain -interested also in natural phenomena, forces that cause shipwrecks -Edinburgh express racing toward London, The flying Scotsman -Blinding Rainstorm -Concerned with Damage of the Machine to environment seen in rabbit racing ahead of train
Slavers overthrowing the Dead and Dying, typhoon coming on	-political painting (rare for turner) -based on true incident reported in Newspapers in 1783 -heaving dead and dying overboard to collect insurance money, if die on land, no money -red blood colors, shackled humanity struggling against waves of nature and predatory fish
Casper David Friedrich (1774-1840) German	-believed God revealed himself in nature -Moses seeing God in the Burning Bush-Awesome, sublime -brooding melancholy similar to Franz Schuberts music
Wanderer Above The Mist	-German Romaticism-man amidst the awesome expanse of nature -man alone in God's world- God reveals himself in nature -indication of individualism and freedom -melancholy: A certain sadness or aloneness in world

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Thomas Cole (1801-48) American	-Hudson River Party -The Last Of The Mohican's (1827) - inspired by Coopers novel -American landscape/ American novel -Gothic 7 the sublime of nature
The Last of The Mohicans	Cole in the new world- rugged and untamed wilderness -European countryside settled and untamed- But no U.S. -Nature was his bible- through Nature he understood and communicated with God -Shows Romantic interest in "awesome" power of nature
Nationalism in Music	-Hector Berlioz (1803-69) -French- -The orchestral conductor , composer, brilliant journalists, autobiographer -1830 Symphonie fantastique- autobiographical program symphony -included detailed program notes about symphony and his inspiration -idee fixe (fixed idea)- leading recurring melody
Berlioz Concluding Massed choirs	Composer- highly rated, attended salons in paris some thought him mad- others felt he was trying to shock - mop hair like umbrella - fantastic symphony- autobiographical, 5 acts -original element is " fixed idea" of idee fixe- melodic theme that reappears as his beloved appears

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Franz Schubert ( 1797-1828) German	-Die Winterreise (Winters journal) - sang cycle of Wilhelm Mueller poetry -mood of dark brooding, melancholy, loneliness
Richard Wagner (1813-83) German	-constantly used medieval sources -German mythology for operas : Tannhäuser ;Tristan and Isolde. *1883*- nazis writings -Gesamtkunstwerk-includes symphony, mythology,poetry, drama( closer to symphony than italian opera) -leitmotif- characterization/people/ideas
Frederic Chopin(1810-49) Polish	-Master of the Piano -national character of waltzes and polonaise ( march like promenade for couples)
Franz Liszt (1811-1886) Hungarian	-Hungarian rhapsodies -became national hero through his nationalistic music

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Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Italian	-italian operas -nabucco(Nebuchadnezzar) -political statement calling for political unification of Italy -plight of children of Israel5 in Babylonian captivity
Romantic Architecture- Neogothic

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