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Midterm - Flashcards
Flashcard Deck Information
| Class: | MSCM 2200 - Mass Media and Society |
| Subject: | Mass Communication |
| University: | Georgia College & State University |
| Term: | Spring 2010 |
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communication
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the process of creating systems that convey information and meaning ex: Morse Code |
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culture
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the symbols of expression that individuals, groups, and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values; a process that delivers the values of a society through products or other meaning-making forms |
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mass media
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the cultural industries-the channels of communication-that produce and distribute songs, novels, news, movies, online computer services, and other cultural products to a large number of people |
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mass communication
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the process of designing and delivering cultural messages and stories to diverse audiences through media channels as old as the book and as new as the Internet |
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digital communication
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images, texts, and sounds that use pulses of electric current or flashes of laser lights and are converted (or encoded) into electronic signals represented as varied combinations of binary numbers, usually ones and zeros; these signals are then reassembled (decoded) as a precise reproduction of a TV picture, a magazine article, or a telephone voice |
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bloggers
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individuals who post or publish an ongoing personal or opinion journal or log online |
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media convergence
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the process whereby old and new media are available via the integration of personal computers and high-speed-satelite-based phone or cable links |
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cross platform
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what media marketers often call convergence; a particular business model that involves a consolidation of various media holdings-such as cable connection, phone service, television transmission, and Internet access-under one corporate umbrella |
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senders
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the authors, producers, agencies, and organizations that transmit messages to receivers |
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messages
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the texts, images, and sounds transmitted from senders to receivers |
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mass media channel
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newspapers, books, magazines, radio, television, or the Internet |
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receivers
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the target of messages crafted by a sender |
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gatekeepers
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editors, producers, and other media managers who function as message filters, making decisions about what types of messages actually get produced for particular audiences |
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feedback
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responses from receivers to the senders of messages |
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selective exposure
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the phenomenon whereby audiences seek messages and meanings that correspond to their preexisting beliefs and values |
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narrative
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the structure underlying most media products, it includes two components: the story (what happens to whom) and the discourse (how the story is told) |
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high culture
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a symbolic expression that has come to mean "good taste"; often supported by wealthy patrons and corporate donors, it is associated with fine art (such as ballet, the symphony, painting, and classical literature), which is available primarily in theaters or museums |
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low culture
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a symbolic expression allegedly aligned with the questionable tastes of the "masses," who enjoy the commercial "junk" circulated by the mass media, such as soap operas, rock music, talk radio, comic books, and monster truck pulls |
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modern
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term describing a historical era spanning the time from the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the present its social values include celebrating the individual, believing in rational order, working efficiently, and rejecting tradition |
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Progressive Era
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a period of political and social reform that lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s |
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postmodern
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term describing a contemporary historical era spanning the 1960s to the present its social values include opposing hierarchy, diversifying and recycling culture, questioning scientific reasoning, and embracing paradox |
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populism
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a political idea that tries to appeal to ordinary people by contrasting "the people" with "the elite" |
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media literacy
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an understanding of the mass communication process through the development of critical-thinking tools-description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, engagement-that enable a person to become more engaged as a citizen and more discerning as a consumer of mass media products |
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critical process
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the process whereby a media-literate person or student studying mass communication forms and practices employs the techniques of description, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, and engagement |
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The Sleeper Curve
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Argument: certain TV programs-along with challenging interactive video and computer games-are intellectually demanding and are actually making people smarter (Steven Johnson) Opposing Argument: the word has been displaced by an image-centered culture and, consequently, that popular culture has been dumbed down by its oversimplified and visual triviality (Neil Postman) |
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Ethical Decision Process
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1. laying out the case 2. pinpointing the key issues 3. identifying the parties involved, their intent, and their competing values 4. studying ethical models and theories 5. presenting strategies and options 6. formulating a decision or policy |
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diversity, distrust
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Considering the ________ of mass media, to print them all with the same broad brush would be inaccurate and unfair. Yet that is more often what we seem to do, which may in fact reflect ______ many have of prominent social institutions, from the local governments to daily newspapers |
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democracy
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Media can be a catalyst for a ___________ and a social progress. Ex: the role of television in spotlighting racism and injustice in the 1960s |
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economic
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Competing against these democratic tendencies is a powerful commercial culture that reinforces a world of _______ order controlled by fewer and fewer multinational |
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Internet
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the vast central network of high-speeder telephone lines designed to link and carry computer information worldwide |
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ARAPnet
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the original Internet; developed by the U.S. Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency |
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e-mail
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electronic mail messages sent by the Internet; developed by computer engineer Ray Tomlinson |
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microprocessors
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miniature circuits that process and store electronic signals, integrating thousands of electronic components into thin strands of silicon along which binary codes travel |
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fiber-optic cable
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thin glass bundles of fiber capable of transmitting thousands of messages converted to shooting pulses of light along cable wires; these bundles of fiber can carry broadcast channels, telephone signals, and all sorts of digital codes |
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World Wide Web (WWW)
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a free and open data-linking system for organizing and standardizing information on the Internet; the WWW enables computers-accessed information to associate with-or link to-other information no matter where it is on the Internet |
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HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
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the written code that greats Web pages and links; a language all computers can read |
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browsers
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information-search services, such as Netscape's Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer, that offer detailed organizational maps to the Internet |
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Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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a company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses for a fee |
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broadband
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data transmission over a fiber-optic cable-a signaling method that handles a wide range of frequencies |
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directories
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review and cataloguing services that group Web sites under particular categories Arts and Humanities News and Media Entertainment |
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search engines
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computer programs that allow users to enter key words or queries to find related sites on the Internet |
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instant messaging
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a Web feature that enables users to chat with buddies in real time via pop-up windows assigned to each conversation |
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blogs
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sites that contain articles in chronological journal-like form, often with reader comments and links to other articles on the Web (from the term Web log) |
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wiki Web sites
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Internet Web sites that are capable of being edited by any user, the most famous of which being Wikipedia |
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social networking
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Internet Web sites that allow users to create personal profiles, upload photos, create lists of favorite things, and post messages to connect with old friends and to meet new ones |
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avatar
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an identity created by an Internet user in order to participate in a form of online entertainment, such a World of Warcraft or Second Life |
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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the sweeping update of telecommunications law that led to a wave of media consolidation |
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portal
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an entry point to the Internet, such as a search engine |
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open-source software
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noncommercial software shared freely and developed collectively on the Internet |
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phishing
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an Internet scam that begins with phony e-mail messages that pretend to be from an official site and request that customers send their credit card numbers and other personal information to update their account |
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e-commerce
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electronic commerce, or commercial activity, on the Web |
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spyware
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software with secretive does that enable commercial firms to "spy" on users and gain access to their computers |
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opt-in or opt-out policies
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controversial Web site policies over personal data gathering opt in: Web sites must gain explicit permission from online consumers before the site can collect their personal data opt out: Web sites can automatically collect personal data unless the consumer goes to the trouble of filling out a specific form to restrict the practice |
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digital divide
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the socioeconomic disparity between those who do and those who do not have access to digital technology and media, such as the Internet |
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Wi-Fi
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a standard for short-distance wireless networking, enabling users of notebook computers and other devices to connect to the Internet in cafes, hotels, airports, and parks |
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mass customization
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the process whereby product companies and content providers customize a Web page, print ad, or other media form for an individual customer |
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Net Neutrality
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the idea of an open and neutral network has existed since the origins of the Internet, but it has never been written into law Now major telephone companies and cable companies would like to dismiss net neutrality and give faster internet connections and greater priority to clients willing to pay higher rates |
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communication, histories, private
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Since the inception of the Internet, government agencies around the world have obtained _____________ logs, Web browser _____________, and the online records of individual users who thought their online activities were ____________ |
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USA PATRIOT Act
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grants sweeping powers to law-enforcement agencies to intercept individuals' online communications, including e-mail messages and browsing records. many claim it is too vaguely worded |
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commercialization
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Some advocates tout the Internet as the most democratic social network ever created. The biggest threat to the Internet's democratic potential may well be its increasing ______________ |
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three, commercial, regulate
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About _______-quarters of households in the US are now linked to the Internet, thus greatly increasing its democratic possibilities but also tempting ___________ interests to gain even greater control over it and intensifying problems for agencies to ________ it. |
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participation
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Defenders of the digital age argue that newer media forms allow greater ___________ than any other medium |
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partisan press
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an early domination style of American journalism distinguished by opinion newspapers, which generally argued by political point of view or pushed the plan of the particular party that subsidized the paper |
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penny papers
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refers to newspapers that, because of technological innovations in printing, were able to drop their price to one cent beginning in the 1830s, thereby making papers affordable to working and emerging middle classes and enabling newspapers to become a genuine mass medium |
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human-interest stories
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news accounts that focus on the trials and tribulations of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges |
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wire services
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commercial organizations, such as the Associated Press, that share news stories and information by relaying them around the country and the world, originally via telegraph and now via satellite transmission |
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yellow journalism
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a newspaper style or era that peaked in the 1890s, it emphasized high-internet stories, sensational crime news, large headlines, and serious reports that exposed corruption, particularly in business and government |
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inverted-pyramid style
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a style of journalism in which news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy information and then tail off with the less significant details |
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interpretative journalism
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a type of journalism that involves analyzing and explaining key issues or events and placing them in a broader historical or social context |
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literary journalism
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news reports that adapt fictional storytelling techniques to nonfictional material; sometimes called new journalism |
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consensus-oriented journalism
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found in small communities, newspapers that promote social and economic harmony by providing community calendars and meeting notices and carrying articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues |
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conflict-oriented journalism
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found in metropolitan areas, newspapers that define news primarily as events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms; journalists see their role as observers who monitor their city's institutions and problems |
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underground press
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radical newspapers, run on shoestring budgets, that question mainstream political policies and conventional values; the term usually refers to a journalism movement of the 1960s |
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newshole
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the space left over for news content after all the ads are placed |
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feature syndicates
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commercial outlets or brokers, such as United Features and King Features, that contract with newspapers to provide work from well-known political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic-strip artists, and self-help columnists |
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joint operating agreement (JOA)
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in the newspaper industry, an economic arrangement, sanctioned by the government, that permits competing newspapers to operate separate editorial divisions while merging business and production operations |
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newspaper chain
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a large company that owns several papers throughout the country |
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citizen journalism
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a grassroots movement wherein activist amateurs and concerned citizens, not professional journalists, use the Internet and blogs to disseminate news and information |
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Dorothy Day
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confounded a radical religious organization with a monthly newspaper, the Catholic Worker, that opposed war and supported radical reforms believed that alternative ideas were crucial to maintaining a healthy democracy |
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I.F. Stone
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published his own monthly paper at 14 and became a full time reporter by 20 challenged the conventions and privileges of both politics and journalism practiced both interpretive and investigative reporting |
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daily
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the free newspapers that have emerged in the past decade have been different: they're _______, they're widely available, and they're becoming immensely popular in the United States and worldwide |
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New York
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one of the liveliest free newspaper markets |
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free, paid
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Some companies specialize in _____ dailies, while others develop them to complement their established "___" daily newspaper to business |
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paid
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Free papers bring in new readers who have often shunned the ____ papers |
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newspapers
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of all mass media, _______ have played the longest and strongest role in sustaining democracy |
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Reporting
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_______ is an essential thing for democratic self-government |
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product placement
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the advertising practice of strategically placing products in movies, TV shows, comic books, and video games so the products appear as part of a story's set environment |
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space brokers
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in the days before modern advertising, individuals who purchased space in newspapers and sold it to various merchants |
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subliminal advertising
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a 1950s term that refers to hidden or disguised print and visual messages that allegedly register on the unconscious, creating false needs and seducing people into buying products |
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slogan
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in advertising, a catchy phrase that attempts to promote or sell a product by capturing its essence in words |
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mega-agencies
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in advertising, large firms or holding companies that are formed by merging several individual agencies and that maintain worldwide regional offices; they provide both advertising and public relations services and operate in-house radio and TV production studios |
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boutique agencies
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in advertising, small regional ad agencies that offer personalized services |
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market research
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in advertising and public relations agencies, the department that uses social science techniques to assess the behaviors and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before nay ads are created |
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demographics
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in market research, the study of audiences or consumers by age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, education, and income |
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psychographics
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in market research, the study of audience or consumer attitudes, beliefs, interest, and motivations |
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focus groups
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a common research method in psychographic analysis in which moderators lead small-group discussions about a product or an issue, usually with six to twelve people |
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Values and Lifestyles (VALS)
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a market research strategy that divides consumers into types and measures psychological factors, including how consumers think and feel about products and how they achieve (or do not achieve) the lifestyles to which they aspire |
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storyboard
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in advertising, a blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip version of a proposed advertisement |
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viral marketing
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short videos or other content which marketers hope will quickly gain widespread attention as users share it with friends online, or by word of mouth |
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media buyers
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in advertising, the individuals who choose and purchase the types of media that are best suited to carry a client's ads and reach the targeted audience |
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saturation advertising
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the strategy of inundating a variety of print and visual media with ads aimed at target audiences |
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account executives
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in advertising, client liaisons responsible for bringing in new business and managing the accounts of established clients |
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account reviews
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in advertising, the process of evaluating or reinvigorating an ad campaign, which results in either renewing the contract with the original agency or hiring a new agency |
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interstitials
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advertisements that pop up in a new screen window as a user attempts to access a new Web page |
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spam
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a computer term referring to unsolicited e-mail |
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famous-person testimonial
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the endorsement of a well-known person |
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plain-folks pitch
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person |
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snob-appeal approach
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumes that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social station |
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bandwagon effect
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an advertising strategy that incorporates exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product, so you should too |
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hidden-fear appeal
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an advertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief |
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irritation advertising
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an advertising strategy that tries to create product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious |
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association principle
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in advertising, a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product |
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myth analysis
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a strategy for critiquing advertising that provides insights into how ads work on a cultural level; according to this strategy, ads are narratives with stories to tell and social conflicts to resolve |
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commercial speech
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any print or broadcast expression for which a fee is charged to the organization or individual buying time or space in the mass media |
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political advertising
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the use of ad techniques to promote a candidate's image and persuade the public to adopt a particular viewpoint |
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Stereotyping in Advertising
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stereotyping refers to the process of assigning people to abstract groups, whose members are assumed to act as a single entity-rather than individuals with distinct identities-and to display shared characteristics, which often have negative connotations |
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Children's Television Act of 1990
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mandated that networks provide some education and information children's programming, but the act has been difficult to enforce and did little to restrict advertising aimed at kids |
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nicotine, public
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The government's position regarding the tobacco industry began to change in the mid-1990s, when new reports revealed that tobacco companies had known _______ was addictive as early as the 1950s and had withheld that info from the ______ |
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circulation, consumers
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When the FTC discovers deceptive ads, it usually requires advertisers to change or remove them from _________. The FTC can also impose monetary civil penalties for _____, and occasionally requires an advertiser to run sports to correct the deceptive ads |
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commercial, cultural
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Advertising has come to represent the overemphasis on ______ acquisitions and _______ images, and the disparity between those who can afford to live comfortably in a commercialized society and those who cannot |
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public relations
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the total communication strategy conducted by a person, a government, or an organization attempting to reach and persuade its audiences to adopt a point of view |
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press agents
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the earliest type of public relations practitioner, who sought to advance a client's image through media exposure |
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publicity
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in public relations, the positive and negative messages that spread controlled and uncontrolled information about a person, a corporation, an issue, or a policy in various media |
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propaganda
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in advertising and public relations, a communication strategy that tries to manipulate public opinion to gain support for a special issue, program, or policy in various media |
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press releases
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in public relations, announcements-written in the style of news reports-that give information about an individual, a company, or an organization and pitch a story idea to the news media |
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video news releases (VRNs)
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in public relations, the visual counterparts to press releases; pitch story ideas to the TV news media by mimicking the style of a broadcast news report |
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public service announcements (PSAs)
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reports or announcements, carried free by radio and TV stations, that promote government programs, educational projects, voluntary agencies, or social reform |
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pseudo-events
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in public relations, circumstances or events created solely for the purpose of obtaining coverage by the media |
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lobbying
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in government public relations, the process of attempting to influence the voting of lawmakers to support a client's or an organization's best interests |
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astroturf lobbying
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phony grassroots public affairs campaigns engineered by public relations firms |
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flack
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a derogatory term that journalists use to refer to a public relations agent |
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company
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Oftentimes, VNRs aren't labeled as ________ sponsored material, so local TV stations mistakenly treat them as real news. |
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public, government
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while sustaining good relations with the _____ is a priority, so is maintaining connections with ______ agencies that have some say in how companies operate in a particular community, state, or nation |
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regulation
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Both PR firms and the PR divisions within major corporations are especially interested in making sure that government _______ neither become burdensome nor reduces their control over their business |
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Government, favorable
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________ PR specialists monitor new and existing legislation, create opportunities to ensure ________ publicity, and write press releases and direct-mail letters to persuade the public about the pros and cons of new regulations. |
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political
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PR's most significant impact many be on the _____ process |
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national election
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the information crush delivered by public relations is at its height during ______ ________ campaigns |
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news
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the process of gathering information and making narrative reports-edited by individuals in a news organization-that create selected frames of reference and help the public make sense of prominent people, important events, and unusual happenings in everyday life |
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newsworthiness
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the often unstated criteria that journalists use to determine which events and issues should become news reports, including timelines, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, novelty, and deviance |
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ethnocentrism
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an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it involves judging other countries and cultures according to how they up to or imitate American practices and ideals |
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responsible capitalism
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an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it assumes that businesspeople compete with one another not primarily to maximize profits but to increase prosperity for all |
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small-town pastoralism
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an underlying value held by many U.S. journalists and citizens, it favors the small over the large and the rural over the urban |
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individualism
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an underlying value held by most U.S. journalists and citizens, it favors individual rights and responsibilities over group needs or institutional mandates |
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conflict of interest
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considered unethical, a compromising situation in which a journalist stands to benefit personally from the news report he or she produces |
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herd journalism
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a situation in which reporters stake out a house or follow a story in such large groups that the entire profession comes under attack for invading people's privacy or exploiting their personal tragedies |
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sound bite
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in TV journalism, the equivalent of a quote in print; the part of a news report in which an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person on the street is interviewed about some aspect of an event or issue |
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public journalism
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a type of journalism, driven by citizen forums, that goes beyond telling the news to embrace a broader mission of improving the quality of public life |
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selective
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news is primarily ______ storytelling, not objective science. |
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liberal
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in terms of overt political bias, public perception says that mainstream news media operate mostly with a ____ bias |
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central, access
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Journalism is _______ to democracy: both citizens and media must have ______ to the info that we need to make important decisions |
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news, democracy
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when reporters are chiefly concerned with maintaining their antagonistic relationship to politics and are less willing to improve political discourse, ____ and _____ suffers |
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