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Universities » Utah State University (USU) » NFS - Nutrition & Food Sciences » 1020 - RECITATION » Flash Cards

Chapter 4 - Flashcards

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Class:NFS 1020 - RECITATION
Subject:Nutrition & Food Sciences
University:Utah State University
Term:Spring 2010
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Monosacchardies Carb's with the general formula - CnH2nHn - single ring - one sugar.
Disaccharides A disaccharide is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only.
Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono- or di-saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds.
Gluconeogenesis Making glucose from a noncard cource - protein
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Glycogen Glycogen is the molecule that functions as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells. Compused of glucose.
Condensation combination - releases water
Hydrolysis Breaking a disacc - splits
Ketone Bodies Product of incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available.
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Ketosis High contents of ketone bodies in blood and urine.
Insulin Insulin is a hormone that has profound effects on metabolism.
Glucagon Hormone sevreted by pancreas cells in response to low blood glucose conentrade. Releases glucose from liver/glycogen stores
Epinephrine Hormone released from adrenal gland - stress response - (aka adrenaline) also signals liver cells to release glucose - ensuring energy.
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In what kinds of foods do you find carbohydrates? Grains, Fruits, Milk Starchy Veggies: taters, corn, green peas, beans, squash
Out of monosaccharides, disacchardies and polysaccharides, which are classified as simple cabohydrates? Which are complex Simple = Mono's/Di's Complex = Poly's - glycogen, starch, fiber
What are the three monsacchardies? Where can you find them? Glucose - blood sugar Fructose - Fruit Galactose - Milk
What are the three disaccharides? Which two monosaccharides make up each? Maltose - glucose and glucose Sucrose - glucose and gructose - table sugar Lactose - glucose and galactose - milk --foods: fruits, milk, honey, table sugar, syrup, etc.
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What is the chemical reaction called that bind two monosaccharides together? What is water's role in the reaction? Together - Condensation -- lose water
What are the three complex carbogydrates? list the major function of each. Which is the one humans typically digest? Glycogen - Energy storage in animals/people Starch - Energy storage in plants Fiber - Structure in plants ----- Usually eat starch/fiber ---foods: taters, pasta, nuts, rice, beans, oatmeal, grains
What is starch composed of? How is it shaped? What foods do we eat that contain starch? Glucose units- long chains, no branches or less branching than glycogen. Starch - from plants - their storage form of evergy.
What is fiber composed of? What type of chemical bonds does it have that makes it non-digestible to humans? Most are poly's- but their bonds can NOT be broken down by human enzymes - not digested or absorbed. Has beta bonds - different then starch.
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Name two classifications of fiber. What is the function of each type in the body? Give food sources where each can be found. Insoluable: - cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins - doesnt dissolve - less fermented whole grains, veggies. Function: Accelerate GI transit time, anti-cancer effects. Soluable: - Pectins, gums, mucilages - dissolves-forms gels, "easily digested by the bacteria in the colon" (fermented)- in oats, barley, legumes, citrus fruits. Function: fermented to SCFA, absorbed and metabolized by cells in the GI and liver.
What type of carbohydrate begins to be difested in the mouth? What is the enzyme called that starts the breakdown? Starch - Saliivary amylase
Explain why no carbohydrates are digested in the stomach. HCL deactivates salivary amylase Fiber does delat gastric emptying - feel full
The body connot absorb caybohydrates until they are broken down into monosaccharides. Name each enzyme associated with breaking down each of the disaccharides into individual monosaccharides Maltose - Maltase Sucrose - Sucrase Lactose - Lactase
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What is the enzyme called that breaks down starch in the small intestine? Descrive the process of how the plysaccharide is broken down to individual glucose units. Pancreatice amylase - breaks large ply's down to small enites.
After the individual monosaccharides are absorbed into the vascular system, they go straight to the liver where they are all converted to what monosaccharide?
If someone is consuming too few, or no carbs, what happens to protein in their body? What is that process called? Protein is made to glucose (gluconeogenesis) - basically glycolysis bakwards.. -
What cells need Carbs only? Brain cells, red clood cells, nerve cells.
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If someone is consuming too few, or no carbs, what happens to fat in their body? Low CHO - shifts the body's energy metabolism - fat takes an alternative metabloic pathway, instead fat fragments combine with each other and make ketone bodies - these provide an alternate fuel source.
What are conditions that devekop as a result of low CHO and gluconeogenesis? Too many ketone bodies leads to Ketosis - disturbs acid/base balance - then miscarriages, dehydration, nausea, fatigue, constipation.......
When your blood sugar gets too high, the pancreas will trigger and release a hormone. What is this hormone and what exactly does it do? Too high - Pancreas releases insulin -- tells cells to take up glucose -- convert to glycogen. SO BLOOD SUGAR IS LOWERED/DECREASED
When your blood sugar gets too low, a different hormone will come into action. What is this hormone and what exactly does it do? Too low - Pancreas stimpulates glucagon - liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood. SO BLOOD SUGAR RISES
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When you get an adrenaline rush or "fight of flight" response, your energy comes from flucose that is quickly pulled out of storage. Which hormone causes this to happen? Epinephrine - Releases glucose from liver glycogen into blood -- RAISES BLOOD SUGAR
What is the problem with insulin in type 1 diabetes? How do people get this type of diabetes? What is the typical treatment for it? Insulin is insufficient or ineffective Pancreas cant make enough insulin Usually genetic Insulin shots
What is the difference between lactose intolerance and a milk allergy? Lactose intolerance - Lactase deficiency (enzyme def) ---- Inability to difest the milk sugar.
What are some of the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance? Lost some dietary changes that could be made for someone who is lactose intolerant. Bloating, diarrhea, gas --Can: eat smaller portions Use lactaid products or enzyme tablets Eat yogurt, cheese, acidophilus milk -- Less lactose Check labels -- for whey milk.
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No more than what percent should come from sugar? No more than 25% of your daily energy.
What is the AMDR for carbohydrates? 45% - 65%
What is the recommended intake for fiber? what is the UL of fiber? 20-35 gs/day UL of 40 grams.
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 MonosacchardiesCarb's with the general formula - CnH2nHn - single ring - one sugar.
 DisaccharidesA disaccharide is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only.
 PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (either mono- or di-saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds.
 GluconeogenesisMaking glucose from a noncard cource - protein
 GlycogenGlycogen is the molecule that functions as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal cells. Compused of glucose.
 Condensationcombination - releases water
 HydrolysisBreaking a disacc - splits
 Ketone BodiesProduct of incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available.
 KetosisHigh contents of ketone bodies in blood and urine.
 InsulinInsulin is a hormone that has profound effects on metabolism.
 GlucagonHormone sevreted by pancreas cells in response to low blood glucose conentrade.

Releases glucose from liver/glycogen stores
 EpinephrineHormone released from adrenal gland - stress response - (aka adrenaline) also signals liver cells to release glucose - ensuring energy.
 In what kinds of foods do you find carbohydrates?Grains, Fruits, Milk

Starchy Veggies: taters, corn, green peas, beans, squash
 Out of monosaccharides, disacchardies and polysaccharides, which are classified as simple cabohydrates? Which are complexSimple = Mono's/Di's

Complex = Poly's - glycogen, starch, fiber
 What are the three monsacchardies? Where can you find them?Glucose - blood sugar

Fructose - Fruit

Galactose - Milk
 What are the three disaccharides? Which two monosaccharides make up each?Maltose - glucose and glucose
Sucrose - glucose and gructose - table sugar
Lactose - glucose and galactose - milk
--foods: fruits, milk, honey, table sugar, syrup, etc.
 What is the chemical reaction called that bind two monosaccharides together? What is water's role in the reaction?Together - Condensation -- lose water
 What are the three complex carbogydrates? list the major function of each. Which is the one humans typically digest?Glycogen - Energy storage in animals/people
Starch - Energy storage in plants
Fiber - Structure in plants ----- Usually eat starch/fiber

---foods: taters, pasta, nuts, rice, beans, oatmeal, grains
 What is starch composed of? How is it shaped? What foods do we eat that contain starch?Glucose units- long chains, no branches or less branching than glycogen.

Starch - from plants - their storage form of evergy.
 What is fiber composed of? What type of chemical bonds does it have that makes it non-digestible to humans?Most are poly's- but their bonds can NOT be broken down by human enzymes - not digested or absorbed.

Has beta bonds - different then starch.
 Name two classifications of fiber. What is the function of each type in the body? Give food sources where each can be found.Insoluable: - cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins - doesnt dissolve - less fermented whole grains, veggies.
Function: Accelerate GI transit time, anti-cancer effects.


Soluable: - Pectins, gums, mucilages - dissolves-forms gels, "easily digested by the bacteria in the colon" (fermented)- in oats, barley, legumes, citrus fruits.
Function: fermented to SCFA, absorbed and metabolized by cells in the GI and liver.
 What type of carbohydrate begins to be difested in the mouth? What is the enzyme called that starts the breakdown?Starch - Saliivary amylase
 Explain why no carbohydrates are digested in the stomach.HCL deactivates salivary amylase

Fiber does delat gastric emptying - feel full
 The body connot absorb caybohydrates until they are broken down into monosaccharides. Name each enzyme associated with breaking down each of the disaccharides into individual monosaccharidesMaltose - Maltase
Sucrose - Sucrase
Lactose - Lactase
 What is the enzyme called that breaks down starch in the small intestine? Descrive the process of how the plysaccharide is broken down to individual glucose units.Pancreatice amylase - breaks large ply's down to small enites.
 After the individual monosaccharides are absorbed into the vascular system, they go straight to the liver where they are all converted to what monosaccharide? 
 If someone is consuming too few, or no carbs, what happens to protein in their body? What is that process called?Protein is made to glucose (gluconeogenesis) - basically glycolysis bakwards.. -


 What cells need Carbs only?Brain cells, red clood cells, nerve cells.
 If someone is consuming too few, or no carbs, what happens to fat in their body?Low CHO - shifts the body's energy metabolism - fat takes an alternative metabloic pathway, instead fat fragments combine with each other and make ketone bodies - these provide an alternate fuel source.
 What are conditions that devekop as a result of low CHO and gluconeogenesis?Too many ketone bodies leads to Ketosis - disturbs acid/base balance - then miscarriages, dehydration, nausea, fatigue, constipation.......
 When your blood sugar gets too high, the pancreas will trigger and release a hormone. What is this hormone and what exactly does it do?Too high - Pancreas releases insulin -- tells cells to take up glucose -- convert to glycogen.
SO BLOOD SUGAR IS LOWERED/DECREASED
 When your blood sugar gets too low, a different hormone will come into action. What is this hormone and what exactly does it do?Too low - Pancreas stimpulates glucagon - liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.
SO BLOOD SUGAR RISES
 When you get an adrenaline rush or "fight of flight" response, your energy comes from flucose that is quickly pulled out of storage. Which hormone causes this to happen?Epinephrine - Releases glucose from liver glycogen into blood -- RAISES BLOOD SUGAR
 What is the problem with insulin in type 1 diabetes? How do people get this type of diabetes? What is the typical treatment for it?Insulin is insufficient or ineffective
Pancreas cant make enough insulin
Usually genetic
Insulin shots
 What is the difference between lactose intolerance and a milk allergy?Lactose intolerance - Lactase deficiency (enzyme def)
---- Inability to difest the milk sugar.
 What are some of the symptoms associated with lactose intolerance? Lost some dietary changes that could be made for someone who is lactose intolerant.Bloating, diarrhea, gas
--Can: eat smaller portions
Use lactaid products or enzyme tablets
Eat yogurt, cheese, acidophilus milk -- Less lactose
Check labels -- for whey milk.
 No more than what percent should come from sugar?No more than 25% of your daily energy.
 What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?45% - 65%
 What is the recommended intake for fiber? what is the UL of fiber?20-35 gs/day

UL of 40 grams.
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