Koofers

TESTBANK•PROF RATINGS•GPA HISTORIES•FLASHCARDS•SCHEDULES•TEXTBOOKS•DEALS
Universities » University of Delaware (UD) » NTDT - Nutrition and Dietetics » 200 - Nutrition Concepts: » Flash Cards

Exam 2 - Flashcards

Flashcard Deck Information

Class:NTDT 200 - Nutrition Concepts:
Subject:Nutrition and Dietetics
University:University of Delaware
Term:Spring 2011
- of -
INCORRECT CORRECT
- INCORRECT     - CORRECT     - SKIPPED
Shuffle Remaining Cards Show Definitions First Take Quiz (NEW)
Hide Keyboard shortcuts
Next card
Previous card
Mark correct
Mark incorrect
Flip card
Start Over
Shuffle
      Mode:   CARDS LIST       ? pages   PRINT EXIT
The Lipid Family(3) Triglycerides (fats and oils)---Phopholipids (such as lecithin)---Sterols (such as cholesterol)
95% of fat in foods are in... triglycerides
fats in the diet provide...(2) essential fatty acids and energy
In the body, lipids:(9) transport fat-soluble vitamins--provide an energy reserve---insulate against extreme temperatures---protect organs against shock===help the body use carbs and proteins---needed for the synthesis of body hormones---maintains nervous system and brain---maintains menstrual cycle---lubricates GI tract, decreases constipation
Generated by Koofers.com
What is the chemical structure of Triglycerides? composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen- provides more energy)
every triglyceride contains one molecule of...(2) glycerol and three fatty acids
___ serves as the backbone for triglycerides Glycerol
Saturated fats are fully loaded with... hydrogen atoms
Generated by Koofers.com
Saturated Fat structure fatty acids which are mostly saturated
Characteristics of Saturates Fats found in most animal fats---firmer at room temp---saturation influences stability (More stable- food won't become rancid)
Monounsaturated fat structure a fatty acid that has one double bond between carbons (lacks 2 hydrogen atoms)
Polyunsaturated fat structure a fatty acid that has two or more double bonds between carbons (lacks four or more hydrogens)
Generated by Koofers.com
Depending on the ___ of the double bonds, Polys are... location---Omega-6 and Omega-3
Omega-6 found in vegetable oils and poultry fat
Omega-3 found in... canola and flaxseed oil, nuts and seeds
American Heart Association recommends eating fish ___ per week 2/week
Generated by Koofers.com
Benefits of Omega-3 fatty acid Decreases risk for heart disease---prevents blood clots---protects against irregular heart beats---lowers blood pressure
Hydrogenation a chemical process by which hydrogens are ADDED to mono or poly fats (makes these fats more saturated/firmer)
Hydrogenation produces... trans fatty acids
Phospholipids Similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate in place of 1 fatty acid---major part of cell membranes
Generated by Koofers.com
primary Phospholipid lecithin
Phospholipid food sources eggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ and peanuts---made by the body but not an essential nutrient
what organ produces lecithin? liver
Sterol structure compounds composed of carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen atoms arranged in rings
Generated by Koofers.com
Many vital body compounds are sterols such as... CHOLESTEROL, bile, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, vitamin D
every point you lower your cholesterol you lower your risk for ___ and by what % heart disease by 2%
Total blood cholesterol (mg/dl)(desirable, borderline high, high) <200 desirable---200-239 borderline high--->240 high
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)(desirable, borderline high, high) <100 desirable---130-159 borderline high--->160 high
Generated by Koofers.com
a healthy diet can contain (%) total kcal from fat 20-35%
aim for less than __mg of cholesterol/day 300mg
Functions of Protein: Growth and Maintenance proteins form integral parts of most body structures: skin, tendons, membranes, muscles, organs, teeth, and bones---support growth and repair of body tissue (lifespan of a single skin cell is 30 days; cells of the GI tract are replaced every 3 days)
Functions of Protein: as ENZYMES they are catalysts;Enzymes are made from... They facilitate chemical reactions without being used up or destroyed---the body
Generated by Koofers.com
Functions of Protein: TRANSPORTERS... as transporters, proteins carry nutrients and other substances (like vitamins and minerals)
Functions of Protein: ANTIBODIES... as antibodies, proteins produced by the immune system that destroy or inactivate foreign substances in the body
Functions of Protein: Hormones... as hormones - chemical messengers secreted in the body by one tissue to act on another body tissue ie insulin and growth hormone
T or F: all hormones are proteins false
Generated by Koofers.com
Functions of Protein: REGULATORS OF FLUID BALANCE... as regulators proteins help maintain fluid homeostasis in 2 ways: 1. pumps made of PROTEIN transport particles from one side of a membrane to another---2. large proteins present in the blood keep fluid in the blood, preventing it from being forced into tissues and causing edema (body swelling)
Functions of Protein: ACID-BASE REGULATORS... as acid base regulators, proteins in the blood can neutralize acidity elping to keep the body's acid-base balance control
Functions of Protein: is a source of...(2) energy and glucose
gluconeogenesis the making of glucose from a non carbohydrate source
Generated by Koofers.com
Kwashiorkor childhood (ages 1-3) protein-energy malnutrition---cause: sudden, recent food deprivation---results from: protein deficiency or infection---symptoms: loss of appetite, edema (swollen belly), enlarged liver
Marasmus protein-energy malnutrition---who: infants <1 year--- cause: chronic malnutrition; deprivation (or poor absorption) energy, protein, vitamins & minerals---symptoms: emaciated appearance
over (#?) children worldwide suffer from protein-energy malnutrition 500 million
33,000 children who die each day are... malnourished
Generated by Koofers.com
Protein Structure composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, arranged in amino acids lined in a chain
Essential Amino Acids proteins are complex and take longer to digest
proteins are made up of __ different amino acids 20
Nine amino acids are... essential
Generated by Koofers.com
Animal proteins are "complete" because... they contain all essential amino acids
High quality proteins provide all essential amino acids but of vegetable origin (ie legumes)
Complementary proteins combining plant-protein foods that have DIFFERENT but complementary amino acids---combine legumes with grains (humus, PB sandwich)---combine legumes with nuts or seeds (trailmix)
Digestion of protein: STOMACH acid takes away protein so that digestive enzymes can attack the peptide bonds---pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids
Generated by Koofers.com
Digestion of protein: SM INTESTINE pancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze the poly peptides further---then, peptidase enzymes on the membranes of the surfaces of the intestinal cells split di and tri peptides into amino acids for absorption
Absorption of protein specific carriers transport amino acids into the intestinal cells where they may be used for energy or synthesized into needed compounds---the use of predigested proteins (amino acid supplements) is unnecessary and could be harmful
what percentage of cals should come from protein? 10-35%
The protein RDA is ._g of protein per ___ healthy body weight/day;special considerations? 0.8g of protein per kilogram----special considerations: growth, pregnancy, lactation, physical stress and exercise
Generated by Koofers.com
protein intake for athletes:(RDA- .8g protein)POWER? ENDURANCE? RDA: 0.8g---POWER:1.6-1.7---ENDURANCE: 1.2-1.6
Effects of excess protein intake (most proteins come from animals which has lots of sat fats)---hear disease---cancer---weight control---kidney disease---adult bone loss (extract calcium from you bones: osteoporosis)
semi-vegetarian no red meats
Pesco-vegetarian no red meats or poultry
Generated by Koofers.com
lacto-ovo-vegetarian no animal flesh
lacto-vegetarian no animal flesh or eggs
ovo-vegetarian no animal flesh or dairy
vegan no animal products
Generated by Koofers.com
vegetarian: nutrients of concern(7) protein, calcium, zinc, iron, B12, Vitamin D, and Omega-3
soy protein is also a ___ plant protein complete plant protein
The ___ is the metabolic processing center cell
the ___ is the most active organ in metabolism liver
Generated by Koofers.com
energy metabolism all the reaction by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food
FUEL: compounds that cells can use for energy includes glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, and alcohol
Anabolic Reactions;requires or releases energy? reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones---requires energy---(glucose+glucose=glycogen---glycerol+fatty acids=triglycerides---amino acids+amino acids= protein
what process is required for reactions condensation
Generated by Koofers.com
catabolic reactionsrequires or releases energy? reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones---releases energy---(glycogen is broken down to glucose---Triglycerides glycerol and fatty acids---protein amino acids)
What are the 3 types of energy storage ATP, glycogen, triglycerides
What are the durations of these energy storages ATP-very short (seconds to minutes)----Glycogen-medium term (hours)----Triglycerides-long term (days to years)
about ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate) is a stored form of energy----one of the body's quick energy molecules
Generated by Koofers.com
The body has __illions of cells trillions
Carb Metabolism the digestion of carb yeilds GLUCOSE---some is stored as GLYCOGEN (medium term storage)----then broken down to acetyl CoA which can now enter the TCA cycle and the ETC to provide more energy
TCA cycle a series of metabolic reaction that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide to hydrogen atoms
ETC (Electron Transport Train) the FINAL PATHWAY in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen---captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP
Generated by Koofers.com
Fat Metabolism the digestion of fat yields GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS----some are reassembled and stored as fat----others are broken down to acetyl CoA and enter the TCA cycle and ETC
Protein Metabolism the digestion of protein yields AMINO ACIDS, some of which build body protein----if there is a surplus, or if there is not enough carbs or fat available to meet energy needs, some amino acids are broken down through the same pathways as glucose to provide energy----other amino acids directly enter the TCA cycle
Feasting surplus of protein, fat, and carbs---stores glucose which turns to glycogen and beyond needs it stores as fat
Fasting as fast begins, GLUCOSE from stored glycogen and fatty acids from adipose tissue are fueling the cells----after several hours, glucose is used up and the low blood glucose that results signals further fat breakdown----glucose is needed to fuel the brain----protein is called on to meet glucose needs (muscle)----fat provides sm glucose contribution from glycerol
Generated by Koofers.com
many cells can be fed from fat but what 3 things need glucose? brain, cells of central nervous system, and red blood cells
Ketosis;Ketone bodies After 7-10 days body shifts to KETOSIS----as the fast continues, the body uses FAT to fuel the brain----it combines acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids and forms KETONE BODIES
How are Ketone bodies produced? compounds produced during incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available
effects of fasting suppression of appetite----slowing of metabolism----loss of muscle
Generated by Koofers.com
a "moderate" alcohol consumption...(W&M) 1 drink a day for women and up to 2 drinks a day for men
a DRINK is any alcoholic beverage that delivers 1/2 oz. of... pure ethanol
how much is 1 drink for: wine, wine cooler, beer, liquor 5 oz. of wine----10 oz. for wine cooler----12 oz. for beer----1½ oz. for liquor
Alcohol's effect on the Brain (short term effects) 1. judgment and reasoning centers affected (Frontal Lobe)---2. Next, speech and vision (Mid Brain)---3. voluntary muscle control (Cerebellum)---4.Respiration and heart action-conscious brain is subdued and the person passes out (Pons, Medulla)
Generated by Koofers.com
Alcohol's effect on liver(long term effects) Liver can only process 1/2 oz. of ethanol per hour----fat accumulation in the liver can be seen after only one night of heavy drinking
what are the 3 stages of an alcoholic's liver 1. FATTY LIVER: liver deterioration, interferes with distribution of nutrients and oxygen to liver cells (reversible)----2. FIBROSIS: cells become fibrous (reversible with abstinence and good nutrition)----3. CIRRHOSIS: cells harden (IRREVERSIBLE)
Alcohol's other long term effects & malnutrition brain cells die with excessive exposure to alcohol-not all can be replaced----malnutrition: addiction to alcohol/drugs causes person to eat less healthy or not enough)----fetal alcohol syndrome
your energy needs depend on your...(3) basal metabolic needs (involuntarily activity needs), additional activity needs (voluntarily), and the thermic effect of food
Generated by Koofers.com
1lb of body fat = ?calories 3500 cals
no one should go below ?cals a day. why? 1200 cals because below 1200 mean you aren't getting enough nutrients, therefore, your basal metabolic system slows down burning less cals
ideal weight loss is ?-?lbs per week. why not more? 1/2-2 lbs per week---beyond 2 lbs a week means you may be loosing muscle
what is a bomb calorimeter? how does it work? an instrument to measure the HEAT released when food is burned----chemical bonds between carbons and hydrogens are broken, and energy is released in the form of heat which provides a direct measure of the amount of energy stored in the food's chemical bonds
Generated by Koofers.com
what's the difference between hunger, appetite, and satiety? HUNGER: the physiological need for food (stomach growling)----APPETITE: psychological desire for food (smell, social gathering, stress)----SATIETY: feeling of fullness after a meal
what part of the brain regulates appetite? hypothalamus
how long does it take for stomach to tell brain it is full? 20 minutes
what is thermogenesis? the body's generation of HEAT
Generated by Koofers.com
what is the largest component of energy expenditure; ?-?% Basal metabolism (50-65%)
what is the next largest component of energy expenditure; ?-?% Physical Activities (30-50%)
what is the smallest component of energy expenditure; ?-?% Thermic effect of food (10%)
what is the thermic effect of food? the energy required to completely digest, absorb, and utilize the nutrients from food
Generated by Koofers.com
What is the ideal body weight rule? Hamwi rule - 5lb rule for women and 6lb rule for men (5ft=100lb; up 5 lb per 1") (5ft=106lb; up 6lb per 1")
What is the BMI formula? BMI= weight (kg) / height (m)squared
normal weight men will have ?-?% of body fat 13-21%
normal weight women will have ?-?% of body fat 23-31%
Generated by Koofers.com
The ___ of body fat may be more important than the amount. distribution
Intra-abdominal fat (central obesity) is associated with what risks? increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types of cancer
upper body fat is associated with what risks? (same as central)---increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types of cancer
lower body fat is associated with what risks? typically not associated with any chronic diseases
Generated by Koofers.com

List View: Terms & Definitions

  Hide All 116 Print
 
Front
Back
 The Lipid Family(3)Triglycerides (fats and oils)---Phopholipids (such as lecithin)---Sterols (such as cholesterol)
 95% of fat in foods are in...triglycerides
 fats in the diet provide...(2)essential fatty acids and energy
 In the body, lipids:(9)transport fat-soluble vitamins--provide an energy reserve---insulate against extreme temperatures---protect organs against shock===help the body use carbs and proteins---needed for the synthesis of body hormones---maintains nervous system and brain---maintains menstrual cycle---lubricates GI tract, decreases constipation
 What is the chemical structure of Triglycerides?composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen- provides more energy)
 every triglyceride contains one molecule of...(2)glycerol and three fatty acids
 ___ serves as the backbone for triglyceridesGlycerol
 Saturated fats are fully loaded with...hydrogen atoms
 Saturated Fat structurefatty acids which are mostly saturated
 Characteristics of Saturates Fatsfound in most animal fats---firmer at room temp---saturation influences stability (More stable- food won't become rancid)
 Monounsaturated fat structurea fatty acid that has one double bond between carbons (lacks 2 hydrogen atoms)
 Polyunsaturated fat structurea fatty acid that has two or more double bonds between carbons (lacks four or more hydrogens)
 Depending on the ___ of the double bonds, Polys are...location---Omega-6 and Omega-3
 Omega-6 found invegetable oils and poultry fat
 Omega-3 found in...canola and flaxseed oil, nuts and seeds
 American Heart Association recommends eating fish ___ per week2/week
 Benefits of Omega-3 fatty acidDecreases risk for heart disease---prevents blood clots---protects against irregular heart beats---lowers blood pressure
 Hydrogenationa chemical process by which hydrogens are ADDED to mono or poly fats (makes these fats more saturated/firmer)
 Hydrogenation produces...trans fatty acids
 PhospholipidsSimilar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate in place of 1 fatty acid---major part of cell membranes
 primary Phospholipid lecithin
 Phospholipid food sourceseggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ and peanuts---made by the body but not an essential nutrient
 what organ produces lecithin?liver
 Sterol structurecompounds composed of carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen atoms arranged in rings
 Many vital body compounds are sterols such as...CHOLESTEROL, bile, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, vitamin D
 every point you lower your cholesterol you lower your risk for ___ and by what %heart disease by 2%
 Total blood cholesterol (mg/dl)(desirable, borderline high, high)<200 desirable---200-239 borderline high--->240 high
 LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)(desirable, borderline high, high)<100 desirable---130-159 borderline high--->160 high
 a healthy diet can contain (%) total kcal from fat20-35%
 aim for less than __mg of cholesterol/day300mg
 Functions of Protein: Growth and Maintenanceproteins form integral parts of most body structures: skin, tendons, membranes, muscles, organs, teeth, and bones---support growth and repair of body tissue (lifespan of a single skin cell is 30 days; cells of the GI tract are replaced every 3 days)
 Functions of Protein: as ENZYMES they are catalysts;Enzymes are made from...They facilitate chemical reactions without being used up or destroyed---the body
 Functions of Protein: TRANSPORTERS...as transporters, proteins carry nutrients and other substances (like vitamins and minerals)
 Functions of Protein: ANTIBODIES...as antibodies, proteins produced by the immune system that destroy or inactivate foreign substances in the body
 Functions of Protein: Hormones...as hormones - chemical messengers secreted in the body by one tissue to act on another body tissue ie insulin and growth hormone
 T or F: all hormones are proteinsfalse
 Functions of Protein: REGULATORS OF FLUID BALANCE...as regulators proteins help maintain fluid homeostasis in 2 ways: 1. pumps made of PROTEIN transport particles from one side of a membrane to another---2. large proteins present in the blood keep fluid in the blood, preventing it from being forced into tissues and causing edema (body swelling)
 Functions of Protein: ACID-BASE REGULATORS...as acid base regulators, proteins in the blood can neutralize acidity elping to keep the body's acid-base balance control
 Functions of Protein: is a source of...(2)energy and glucose
 gluconeogenesisthe making of glucose from a non carbohydrate source
 Kwashiorkorchildhood (ages 1-3) protein-energy malnutrition---cause: sudden, recent food deprivation---results from: protein deficiency or infection---symptoms: loss of appetite, edema (swollen belly), enlarged liver
 Marasmusprotein-energy malnutrition---who: infants <1 year--- cause: chronic malnutrition; deprivation (or poor absorption) energy, protein, vitamins & minerals---symptoms: emaciated appearance
 over (#?) children worldwide suffer from protein-energy malnutrition500 million
 33,000 children who die each day are...malnourished
 Protein Structurecomposed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, arranged in amino acids lined in a chain
 Essential Amino Acidsproteins are complex and take longer to digest
 proteins are made up of __ different amino acids 20
 Nine amino acids are...essential
 Animal proteins are "complete" because...they contain all essential amino acids
 High quality proteinsprovide all essential amino acids but of vegetable origin (ie legumes)
 Complementary proteinscombining plant-protein foods that have DIFFERENT but complementary amino acids---combine legumes with grains (humus, PB sandwich)---combine legumes with nuts or seeds (trailmix)
 Digestion of protein: STOMACH acid takes away protein so that digestive enzymes can attack the peptide bonds---pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids
 Digestion of protein: SM INTESTINEpancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze the poly peptides further---then, peptidase enzymes on the membranes of the surfaces of the intestinal cells split di and tri peptides into amino acids for absorption
 Absorption of proteinspecific carriers transport amino acids into the intestinal cells where they may be used for energy or synthesized into needed compounds---the use of predigested proteins (amino acid supplements) is unnecessary and could be harmful
 what percentage of cals should come from protein?10-35%
 The protein RDA is ._g of protein per ___ healthy body weight/day;special considerations?0.8g of protein per kilogram----special considerations: growth, pregnancy, lactation, physical stress and exercise
 protein intake for athletes:(RDA- .8g protein)POWER? ENDURANCE? RDA: 0.8g---POWER:1.6-1.7---ENDURANCE: 1.2-1.6
 Effects of excess protein intake(most proteins come from animals which has lots of sat fats)---hear disease---cancer---weight control---kidney disease---adult bone loss (extract calcium from you bones: osteoporosis)
 semi-vegetarian no red meats
 Pesco-vegetarianno red meats or poultry
 lacto-ovo-vegetarianno animal flesh
 lacto-vegetarianno animal flesh or eggs
 ovo-vegetarianno animal flesh or dairy
 veganno animal products
 vegetarian: nutrients of concern(7)protein, calcium, zinc, iron, B12, Vitamin D, and Omega-3
 soy protein is also a ___ plant proteincomplete plant protein
 The ___ is the metabolic processing centercell
 the ___ is the most active organ in metabolismliver
 energy metabolismall the reaction by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food
 FUEL: compounds that cells can use for energyincludes glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, and alcohol
 Anabolic Reactions;requires or releases energy?reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones---requires energy---(glucose+glucose=glycogen---glycerol+fatty acids=triglycerides---amino acids+amino acids= protein
 what process is required for reactionscondensation
 catabolic reactionsrequires or releases energy?reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones---releases energy---(glycogen is broken down to glucose---Triglycerides glycerol and fatty acids---protein amino acids)
 What are the 3 types of energy storageATP, glycogen, triglycerides
 What are the durations of these energy storagesATP-very short (seconds to minutes)----Glycogen-medium term (hours)----Triglycerides-long term (days to years)
 about ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate) is a stored form of energy----one of the body's quick energy molecules
 The body has __illions of cellstrillions
 Carb Metabolismthe digestion of carb yeilds GLUCOSE---some is stored as GLYCOGEN (medium term storage)----then broken down to acetyl CoA which can now enter the TCA cycle and the ETC to provide more energy
 TCA cyclea series of metabolic reaction that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide to hydrogen atoms
 ETC (Electron Transport Train)the FINAL PATHWAY in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen---captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP
 Fat Metabolismthe digestion of fat yields GLYCEROL and FATTY ACIDS----some are reassembled and stored as fat----others are broken down to acetyl CoA and enter the TCA cycle and ETC
 Protein Metabolismthe digestion of protein yields AMINO ACIDS, some of which build body protein----if there is a surplus, or if there is not enough carbs or fat available to meet energy needs, some amino acids are broken down through the same pathways as glucose to provide energy----other amino acids directly enter the TCA cycle
 Feastingsurplus of protein, fat, and carbs---stores glucose which turns to glycogen and beyond needs it stores as fat
 Fasting as fast begins, GLUCOSE from stored glycogen and fatty acids from adipose tissue are fueling the cells----after several hours, glucose is used up and the low blood glucose that results signals further fat breakdown----glucose is needed to fuel the brain----protein is called on to meet glucose needs (muscle)----fat provides sm glucose contribution from glycerol
 many cells can be fed from fat but what 3 things need glucose?brain, cells of central nervous system, and red blood cells
 Ketosis;Ketone bodiesAfter 7-10 days body shifts to KETOSIS----as the fast continues, the body uses FAT to fuel the brain----it combines acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids and forms KETONE BODIES
 How are Ketone bodies produced?compounds produced during incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available
 effects of fastingsuppression of appetite----slowing of metabolism----loss of muscle
 a "moderate" alcohol consumption...(W&M)1 drink a day for women and up to 2 drinks a day for men
 a DRINK is any alcoholic beverage that delivers 1/2 oz. of...pure ethanol
 how much is 1 drink for: wine, wine cooler, beer, liquor 5 oz. of wine----10 oz. for wine cooler----12 oz. for beer----1½ oz. for liquor
 Alcohol's effect on the Brain (short term effects)1. judgment and reasoning centers affected (Frontal Lobe)---2. Next, speech and vision (Mid Brain)---3. voluntary muscle control (Cerebellum)---4.Respiration and heart action-conscious brain is subdued and the person passes out (Pons, Medulla)
 Alcohol's effect on liver(long term effects)Liver can only process 1/2 oz. of ethanol per hour----fat accumulation in the liver can be seen after only one night of heavy drinking
 what are the 3 stages of an alcoholic's liver1. FATTY LIVER: liver deterioration, interferes with distribution of nutrients and oxygen to liver cells (reversible)----2. FIBROSIS: cells become fibrous (reversible with abstinence and good nutrition)----3. CIRRHOSIS: cells harden (IRREVERSIBLE)
 Alcohol's other long term effects & malnutritionbrain cells die with excessive exposure to alcohol-not all can be replaced----malnutrition: addiction to alcohol/drugs causes person to eat less healthy or not enough)----fetal alcohol syndrome
 your energy needs depend on your...(3)basal metabolic needs (involuntarily activity needs), additional activity needs (voluntarily), and the thermic effect of food
 1lb of body fat = ?calories3500 cals
 no one should go below ?cals a day. why?1200 cals because below 1200 mean you aren't getting enough nutrients, therefore, your basal metabolic system slows down burning less cals
 ideal weight loss is ?-?lbs per week. why not more?1/2-2 lbs per week---beyond 2 lbs a week means you may be loosing muscle
 what is a bomb calorimeter? how does it work?an instrument to measure the HEAT released when food is burned----chemical bonds between carbons and hydrogens are broken, and energy is released in the form of heat which provides a direct measure of the amount of energy stored in the food's chemical bonds
 what's the difference between hunger, appetite, and satiety?HUNGER: the physiological need for food (stomach growling)----APPETITE: psychological desire for food (smell, social gathering, stress)----SATIETY: feeling of fullness after a meal
 what part of the brain regulates appetite?hypothalamus
 how long does it take for stomach to tell brain it is full?20 minutes
 what is thermogenesis?the body's generation of HEAT
 what is the largest component of energy expenditure; ?-?%Basal metabolism (50-65%)
 what is the next largest component of energy expenditure; ?-?%Physical Activities (30-50%)
 what is the smallest component of energy expenditure; ?-?%Thermic effect of food (10%)
 what is the thermic effect of food?the energy required to completely digest, absorb, and utilize the nutrients from food
 What is the ideal body weight rule?Hamwi rule - 5lb rule for women and 6lb rule for men (5ft=100lb; up 5 lb per 1") (5ft=106lb; up 6lb per 1")
 What is the BMI formula?BMI= weight (kg) / height (m)squared
 normal weight men will have ?-?% of body fat13-21%
 normal weight women will have ?-?% of body fat23-31%
 The ___ of body fat may be more important than the amount.distribution
 Intra-abdominal fat (central obesity) is associated with what risks?increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types of cancer
 upper body fat is associated with what risks?(same as central)---increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types of cancer
 lower body fat is associated with what risks?typically not associated with any chronic diseases
+0
Karma