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Universities » University of Delaware (UD) » NTDT - Nutrition and Dietetics » 200 - Nutrition Concepts: » Flash Cards

NTDT Exam 2 - Flashcards

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Class:NTDT 200 - Nutrition Concepts:
Subject:Nutrition and Dietetics
University:University of Delaware
Term:Spring 2011
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Kcal/gram of fat 9
Kcal/gram protein 4
Total number of amino acids 20
amino acid sequence sequence is what will cause one protein to have different characteristics than another.
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complete protein (define and give examples) Animal proteins are complete because they contain all essential amino acids. Soy protein is a vegetable protein with high quality; it is an exception because it is complete.
complementary proteins (define and examples) Combining plant-protein foods that have different but complementary amino acidsFor most vegetarians, it is not necessary to balance the amino acids at a meal, if eat a variety throughout the day it is sufficient.Combine legumes and grainsHummus and pitaVegetarian chili and corn breadPeanut butter sandwichCombine legumes and nuts or seedsTrail mix
two types of malnutrition Kwashiorkor - sudden, recent food deprivationrapid onset, 1-3 years of ageMother gives birth to another child and then the young child gets no protein and has to eat gruel.Marasmusinfants < 1year, chronic malnutrition, deprivation (or poor absorption) energy, protein, vitamins & minerals ], emaciated appearance , PROTEIN AND ENERGY malnutritionLIFELONG THING
# of essential amino acids 9
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Types of vegetarians Semi-Vegetarian= no red meat Pesco-Vegetarian= no red meat and poultry Lacto-ovo-vegetarian= no all animal flesh Lacto-vegetarian= no egg and animal fresh Ovo vegetarian= no dairy and animal flesh Vegan= no animal productsFruitarian= no all food except raw fruit, nuts, and green foliage
Nutrients at risk for vegetarians Protein (most vegetarians can meet protein needs)IronZincCalciumB12Vitamin D (body can synthesize vitamin c from cholesterol)Omega- 3 fatty acidsIt is important for vegetarians to consume adequate kcalories.
Metabolism the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.The cell is the metabolic processing center.The liver is the most active organ in metabolism.
Catabolic reactions Reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller onesRelease energyExamples:Glycogen is broken down to glucoseTriglycerides are broken down to glycerol & fatty acidsProtein is broken down to amino acidsHydrolysis is required to break things down.
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order body uses fuel 1st glycogen (4 hours), protein from muscle, after 7 days the body can use keytones ...?
Anabolic reactions Reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger onesRequire energyExamples:glucose + glucose = glycogenglycerol + fatty acids = triglyceridesamino acids + amino acids = proteinCondensation is required for building reactions
Effects of fasting Suppression of appetiteSlowing of metabolism Loss of muscle.
Ketosis As the fast continues, the body uses fat to fuel the brainIt combines acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids and forms ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are compounds produced during incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available.
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Types of energy storage (3 types) ATP very short term (seconds to minutes) (average life span is a minute)Glycogen-medium term (hours)Triglycerides-long term (days to years)
Carb, protein and fat metabolism carb =The digestion of carbohydrate yields glucose, Some is stored as glycogen,Some is broken down to pyruvate and acetyl CoA to provide more energy,The acetyl CoA can then enter the TCA cycle and the ETC Fat= The digestion of fat yields glycerol and fatty acids,Some are reassembled and stored as fat, Others are broken down to acetyl CoA and enter the TCA cycle and ETC protein= The digestion of protein yields amino acids some of which build body protein, If there is a surplus, or if there is not enough carbohydrate or fat available to meet energy needs, some amino acids are broken down thruthe same pathways as glucose to provide energy.Other amino acids directly enter the TCA cycle, then electron transport chain, then yield ATP.
Long-term effects of alcohol consumption Fat accumulation in the liver can be seen after only one night of heavy drinking!Fatty Liver- 1st stage liver deterioration, interferes with distribution of nutrients and oxygen to liver cells, can be reversible.Fibrosis- cells become fibrous reversible with abstinence, good nutritionCirrhosis- cells harden, irreversible.
what skills are effected by alcohol consumption Judgment and reasoning centers are most sensitive to alcohol and affected first. Frontal LobeSpeech and vision are affected next. Mid brainVoluntary muscle control is next affected.CerebullumRespiration and heart action are last to be affected. Now the conscious part of the brain is completely subdued. Now the person usually passes out. Medulla
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what order are skills affect with alcohol Judgment and reasoning centers are most sensitive to alcohol and affected first. Frontal LobeSpeech and vision are affected next. Mid brainVoluntary muscle control is next affected.CerebullumRespiration and heart action are last to be affected. Now the conscious part of the brain is completely subdued. Now the person usually passes out. Medulla
Fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis (order and definition) The liver can only process about ½ oz. of ethanol per hour (about 1 drink)Fat accumulation in the liver can be seen after only one night of heavy drinking!Fatty Liver- 1st stage liver deterioration, interferes with distribution of nutrients and oxygen to liver cells, can be reversible.Fibrosis- cells become fibrous reversible with abstinence, good nutritionCirrhosis- cells harden, irreversible.
Alcohol and malnutrition when someone's an alcohol
Recommendations for reasonable weight loss Slow, gradual weight loss helps to prevent muscle loss. Ideal weight loss is one pound to two pounds a week. Beyond 2 pounds per week you may be losing muscle.
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Bomb calorimeter ( what is it and what does it do) an instrument scientists use to measure the heat released when food is burned. When food is burned, the chemical bonds between the carbons and hydrogen are broken, and energy is released in the form of heat. The amount of heat generated provides a direct measure of the amount of energy stored in the foods chemical bonds.
Hunger/Appetite/Satiety Hunger: the physiological need for foodAppetite: psychological desire for foodSatiety: feeling of fullness after a meal
Factors that effect BMR!!!! Age, height, growthBody compositionFeverStressesEnvironmental temperatureFasting/starvationMalnutritionHormones
Know BMI standards, dont need to know how to calculate Healthy weight- BMI 18.5 24.9 Underweight BMI <18.5Overweight BMI 25-29.9Obesity BMI 30- 39.9Extreme obesity BMI>40
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Convert pounds to kilograms divide by 2.2
Thermic effect of food Thermogenesis is the bodys generation of heat. The total energy a body spends reflects:Basal thermogenesis (basal metabolism)Exercise induced thermogenesis (physical activity)Diet-induced thermogenesis (thermic effect of food)The amount of energy spent in a day differs for each individual, but in general, basal metabolism is the largest component of energy expenditure (60-65% percent), and the thermic effect of food is the smallest (only 10 percent).
Body Mass Index BMI= weight(kg)/height(m)2
Quick methods to determine BMI Ideal body weight rule- (hamwi rule)o#5 rule for women/ #6 rule for men
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Estimating kcal needs ???
Recommendations ideal body fat Normal weight man will have 13 21%Normal weight woman will have 23- 31%Ideal will be lower for athletes but still must have a certain % essential fat.
Protein-energy Protein can provide 10-35% of energy intake
Function of proteins in the body Growth and MaintenanceAs enzymes they are catalysts As transporters, proteins carry nutrients and other substancesAs antibodies- As hormones- not all hormones are proteinsAs regulators of fluid balance-proteins help maintain fluid homeostasis in two ways:As acid-base regulators-proteins in the blood can neutralize acidity helping to keep the bodys acid-base balance controlledAs a source of energy and glucose
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Structure of proteins Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, arranged in amino acids lined in a chain. Nitrogen in protein is what sets it apart
Triglycerides glycerol + fatty acids = triglycerides.... 95% of fat in foods are in triglycerides
Phospholipids Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.Made of glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group. ex lecitins Similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate in place of one fatty acid. the liver produces lecithinPrimary phospholipid is lecithin. major constituent of cell membranesfood sources: eggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ and peanutsMade by the body and we get it from our diet but it is not essential
Sterols Compounds composed of C,H, and O atoms arranged in ringsMany vital body compounds are sterolsEx. Bile, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, Vitamin DCholesterol is a sterol dietary sources and produced by liverCholesterol is only found in food of animal origins
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Food sources and benefits and or risks of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids Omega-6 = abundant in the diet Linoleic and linolenic are essential fatty acids*linoleic from vegetable oilsand poultry fatOmega-3*linolenic from canola and flaxseed oil, ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬nuts and seedsEPA and DHAfish (salmon, tuna, sardines) provide omega-3 fatty acidsBenefits of Omega 3 Fatty AcidsAmerican Heart Association recommends eating fish (especially fatty fish) twice a week Regular dietary intake of Omega-3 fatty acids:Decreases risk for heart disease Prevents blood clotsProtects against irregular heart beatsLowers blood pressure
HDL, LDL,VLDL,LDL A diet which replaces saturated fat with monounsaturated fat can lower LDL without lowering HDL (high density lipid protein). LDL is a cholesterol carrier that is sticky. High LDL levels indicate your have plaque forming around your arteries. HDL has more protein than lipids and collects cholesterol carries it to your liver.
Structure of polyunsaturated fat poly=manya fatty acid that has two or more double bonds between carbons(lacks four or more hydrogens)
structure of monounsaturated fat Monounsaturatedmono=onea fatty acid that has one double bond between carbons (lacks two hydrogen atoms) Monounsaturatedolive oil____peanut oil
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structure of saturated fats Saturated fatty acids are fully loaded with hydrogen atoms-(the carbon atoms are attached to as many hydrogens as possible)A saturated fat is composed of fatty acids which are mostly saturated
Food sources of polyunsaturated Polyunsaturated Fatssafflower oil sunflower oilcorn oilsoybean oilcottonseed oil
Food sources of monounsaturated Examples of Monounsaturated FatsOlive oilcanola oilpeanut oil
Food sources of saturated fats most animal fatsfirmer at room temperature/ solidsaturation increase risk for heart diseasesaturation influences stabilityMore stablefood wont become rancidSome Vegetable Fats are SaturatedCocoa butter (not cocoa powder) Tropical oils(are more saturated) :palm oilcoconut oil palm kernelThey are firmer than most other oils.
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Food sources of cholesterol Cholesterol is a sterol dietary sources and produced by liverCholesterol is only found in food of animal origins
Benefits and or risks of saturated fats most animal fatsfirmer at room temperature/ solidsaturation increase risk for heart diseasesaturation influences stabilityMore stablefood wont become rancid
Benefits and or risks of cholesterol it is needed for cell membranes and the production of hormones, among other functions .. But too much can signal that there is too much fat in the blood.
Functions of fat transport fat soluble vitaminsprovide an energy reserve insulate against extreme temperaturesprotect organs against shockhelp the body use carbohydrate and protein needed for the synthesis of body hormonesmaintains nervous system and brainmaintains menstrual cyclelubricates digestive tract, decreases constipation
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Ways to determine body fat skinfold measures, Hydrodensitometry, Bioelectrical Impedance
skinfold measure Skinfold measures estimate fat by using a caliper to gauge the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm (over the triceps), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), and in other places (including lower-body sites) and then comparing these measurements with standards.
Hydrodensitometry considered gold standards, highly accurate, very expensive, nicknames"underwater weighing"
Bioelectrical Impedance Bioelectrical impedance measures body fat by using a low-intensity electrical current. Because electrolyte-containing fluids, which readily conduct an electrical current, are found primarily in lean body tissues, the leaner the person, the less resistance to the current. The measurement of electrical resistance is then used in a mathematical equation to estimate the percentage of body fat
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distribution of body fat is more or less important than % of body fat? more
Intra-abdominal fat (central obesity) is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types. Typically central obesity is usually in men
Trans fatty acids (define and food sources) Trans-Fatty AcidsAre fatty acids with an unusual configuration around the double bond. They act like saturated fats in the body-raising risk for heart diseaseexamples: margarine, fats used in processed foods. The less firm the margarine the better it is for you.Not all choices the same!
Hydrogenation of oils A chemical process by which hydrogens are added to monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats which reduces the number of double bonds. Makes these fats more saturated (firmer)Produces trans-fatty acids
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Recommendations for protein intake The protein RDA is .8 grams of protein per kilogram healthy body weight/dayIt assumes that the individual is getting adequate energy intake special considerations: growth, pregnancy, lactation, physical stress, and exercise.-5 ft tall = 100 pounds and add 5 pounds per inch for females. For men 6 feet tall = 100 pounds and add 6 pounds per inch.
T/F :To reduce the fat around the stomach and hips, you should incorporate sit-ups into your exercise program false
T/F: To lose body fat, you have to do low-intensity, fat burning exercise. false
T/F: If you add or exercise, youll lose body fat. false
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T/F: If you become injured and are unable to exercise for a week, your muscles will turn to fat false
T/F: Cellulite is a special kind of fat that appears after a person has repeatedly gained and lost weight. false
T/F: The lower the percent body fat you have, the better and healthier you are false
1 lb of body fat = ___ kcal 3500
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If someone wants to lose weight, cutting kcal intake by 500 kcal/day for 7 days would result in a pound loss of body fat per week
Why dont you want anyone to go below 1200 calories per day. If you go below 1200 you wont get all the nutrients that your body needs and it will slow our basal metabolic rate
% of an adult's body weight is water weight 60%
__ cups of fluid weighs 1 pound 2
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The ___ is the part of the brain control center that regulates appetite. hypothalamus
Neuropeptide Y is a chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure and increase fat storage. It takes 20 minutes for the brain to integrate the message that you completed a meal and are now full.
Digestion of proteins begins __ in the stomach
protein _____ build muscle does NOT
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Protein does what 3 things for the body essential to virtually all aspects of body function. provides structure to cells, tissues and organs regulates the bodys ability to use and transport nutrients.
Fruits do not contain protein. true
Starches do not contain protein. false
Eating protein cannot cause you to gain weight. false
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Most Americans do not eat enough protein false
Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions are hormones false
The human body is composed of 2000 different types of proteins. False (thousands and thousands)
Protein in the diet builds muscle false
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At risk populations in the United States Those living in povertyElderly living alonePeople addicted to drugs and/or alcoholPeople with severe infections or cancerPeople with anorexia
What % of calories should come from protein, fat, and carbs About 10-35% of calories should come from protein 20-35% come from fat, 50-60% come from carbs)
How to calculate protein needs/day 0.8 g/kg X healthy wt. in kg= g protein
Health Benefits of being a vegetarian Weight controlBlood pressure controlLess incidence of coronary artery diseaseLess incidence of some cancers
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Energy metabolism All the reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy stored in food is chemical energy.
Fuel compounds that cells can use for energy. Includes glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Also includes ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol and alcohol.
ATP A high energy compound that captures energy from catabolic reactionsThe energy in the bonds between phosphates is higher than it is for other chemical bondsWhen energy is needed, hydrolysis reactions split the high-energy bonds releasing energyATP is one of the bodys quick-energy molecules.
Enzymes and Coenzymes Almost always needed to facilitate metabolic reactionsSpeed up reactions without being changed themselvesEnzymes are proteins. Many coenzymes have a B vitamin component
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Protein, carbs, and fats all eventually get broken down into acetyl CoA
The digestion of carbohydrates yields __ glucose
TCA cycle (Krebs Cycle) a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl coA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms. - Carbohydrate metabolism
Electron Transport Chain final pathway of energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Effects of Feasting Surplus protein- Surplus carbohydrate It takes 25 calories to store protein or carbs as fat.Surplus fat It takes 5 calories to store fat as fat
Alcohol metabolized... Stomach breaks down alcohol with alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (women have less of this enzyme compared to men so more alcohol reaches womens small intestine)Rapidly absorbed in the small intestine Alcohol receives VIP status; it gets absorbed and metabolized before other nutrients
A drink is any alcoholic beverage that delivers____ of pure ____ 1/2 oz. ....ethanol
What are the 3 types of lipids Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols
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what is a fatty acid an organic compound composed of a carbon chain with hydrogen attached and an acid group at one end
Cholesterol levels Blood Lipids and CVD RiskTotal blood cholesterol (mg/dl) <200 desirable 200-239 borderline high>240 highLDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)< 100 desirable 130-159 borderline-high risk LDL> 160 high risk
Storing Fat We have an unlimited ability to store fat!Adipose tissue cells able to readily take up and absorb fat due to lipoprotein lipase (an enzyme on the surface of adipose cells that captures circulating triglycerides)
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 Kcal/gram of fat 9
 Kcal/gram protein 4
 Total number of amino acids20
 amino acid sequencesequence is what will cause one protein to have different characteristics than another.
 complete protein (define and give examples)Animal proteins are complete because they contain all essential amino acids. Soy protein is a vegetable protein with high quality; it is an exception because it is complete.
 complementary proteins (define and examples)Combining plant-protein foods that have different but complementary amino acidsFor most vegetarians, it is not necessary to balance the amino acids at a meal, if eat a variety throughout the day it is sufficient.Combine legumes and grainsHummus and pitaVegetarian chili and corn breadPeanut butter sandwichCombine legumes and nuts or seedsTrail mix
 two types of malnutritionKwashiorkor - sudden, recent food deprivationrapid onset, 1-3 years of ageMother gives birth to another child and then the young child gets no protein and has to eat gruel.Marasmusinfants < 1year, chronic malnutrition, deprivation (or poor absorption) energy, protein, vitamins & minerals ], emaciated appearance , PROTEIN AND ENERGY malnutritionLIFELONG THING
 # of essential amino acids9
 Types of vegetariansSemi-Vegetarian= no red meat Pesco-Vegetarian= no red meat and poultry Lacto-ovo-vegetarian= no all animal flesh Lacto-vegetarian= no egg and animal fresh Ovo vegetarian= no dairy and animal flesh Vegan= no animal productsFruitarian= no all food except raw fruit, nuts, and green foliage
 Nutrients at risk for vegetariansProtein (most vegetarians can meet protein needs)IronZincCalciumB12Vitamin D (body can synthesize vitamin c from cholesterol)Omega- 3 fatty acidsIt is important for vegetarians to consume adequate kcalories.
 Metabolismthe sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.The cell is the metabolic processing center.The liver is the most active organ in metabolism.
 Catabolic reactionsReactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller onesRelease energyExamples:Glycogen is broken down to glucoseTriglycerides are broken down to glycerol & fatty acidsProtein is broken down to amino acidsHydrolysis is required to break things down.
 order body uses fuel1st glycogen (4 hours), protein from muscle, after 7 days the body can use keytones ...?
 Anabolic reactionsReactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger onesRequire energyExamples:glucose + glucose = glycogenglycerol + fatty acids = triglyceridesamino acids + amino acids = proteinCondensation is required for building reactions
 Effects of fastingSuppression of appetiteSlowing of metabolism Loss of muscle.
 KetosisAs the fast continues, the body uses fat to fuel the brainIt combines acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids and forms ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are compounds produced during incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available.
 Types of energy storage (3 types)ATP very short term (seconds to minutes) (average life span is a minute)Glycogen-medium term (hours)Triglycerides-long term (days to years)
 Carb, protein and fat metabolism carb =The digestion of carbohydrate yields glucose, Some is stored as glycogen,Some is broken down to pyruvate and acetyl CoA to provide more energy,The acetyl CoA can then enter the TCA cycle and the ETC Fat= The digestion of fat yields glycerol and fatty acids,Some are reassembled and stored as fat, Others are broken down to acetyl CoA and enter the TCA cycle and ETC protein= The digestion of protein yields amino acids some of which build body protein, If there is a surplus, or if there is not enough carbohydrate or fat available to meet energy needs, some amino acids are broken down thruthe same pathways as glucose to provide energy.Other amino acids directly enter the TCA cycle, then electron transport chain, then yield ATP.
 Long-term effects of alcohol consumptionFat accumulation in the liver can be seen after only one night of heavy drinking!Fatty Liver- 1st stage liver deterioration, interferes with distribution of nutrients and oxygen to liver cells, can be reversible.Fibrosis- cells become fibrous reversible with abstinence, good nutritionCirrhosis- cells harden, irreversible.
 what skills are effected by alcohol consumptionJudgment and reasoning centers are most sensitive to alcohol and affected first. Frontal LobeSpeech and vision are affected next. Mid brainVoluntary muscle control is next affected.CerebullumRespiration and heart action are last to be affected. Now the conscious part of the brain is completely subdued. Now the person usually passes out. Medulla
 what order are skills affect with alcoholJudgment and reasoning centers are most sensitive to alcohol and affected first. Frontal LobeSpeech and vision are affected next. Mid brainVoluntary muscle control is next affected.CerebullumRespiration and heart action are last to be affected. Now the conscious part of the brain is completely subdued. Now the person usually passes out. Medulla
 Fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis (order and definition)The liver can only process about ½ oz. of ethanol per hour (about 1 drink)Fat accumulation in the liver can be seen after only one night of heavy drinking!Fatty Liver- 1st stage liver deterioration, interferes with distribution of nutrients and oxygen to liver cells, can be reversible.Fibrosis- cells become fibrous reversible with abstinence, good nutritionCirrhosis- cells harden, irreversible.
 Alcohol and malnutritionwhen someone's an alcohol
 Recommendations for reasonable weight lossSlow, gradual weight loss helps to prevent muscle loss. Ideal weight loss is one pound to two pounds a week. Beyond 2 pounds per week you may be losing muscle.
 Bomb calorimeter ( what is it and what does it do)an instrument scientists use to measure the heat released when food is burned. When food is burned, the chemical bonds between the carbons and hydrogen are broken, and energy is released in the form of heat. The amount of heat generated provides a direct measure of the amount of energy stored in the foods chemical bonds.
 Hunger/Appetite/SatietyHunger: the physiological need for foodAppetite: psychological desire for foodSatiety: feeling of fullness after a meal
 Factors that effect BMR!!!!Age, height, growthBody compositionFeverStressesEnvironmental temperatureFasting/starvationMalnutritionHormones
 Know BMI standards, dont need to know how to calculateHealthy weight- BMI 18.5 24.9 Underweight BMI <18.5Overweight BMI 25-29.9Obesity BMI 30- 39.9Extreme obesity BMI>40
 Convert pounds to kilogramsdivide by 2.2
 Thermic effect of foodThermogenesis is the bodys generation of heat. The total energy a body spends reflects:Basal thermogenesis (basal metabolism)Exercise induced thermogenesis (physical activity)Diet-induced thermogenesis (thermic effect of food)The amount of energy spent in a day differs for each individual, but in general, basal metabolism is the largest component of energy expenditure (60-65% percent), and the thermic effect of food is the smallest (only 10 percent).
 Body Mass IndexBMI= weight(kg)/height(m)2
 Quick methods to determine BMIIdeal body weight rule- (hamwi rule)o#5 rule for women/ #6 rule for men
 Estimating kcal needs???
 Recommendations ideal body fatNormal weight man will have 13 21%Normal weight woman will have 23- 31%Ideal will be lower for athletes but still must have a certain % essential fat.
 Protein-energy Protein can provide 10-35% of energy intake
 Function of proteins in the bodyGrowth and MaintenanceAs enzymes they are catalysts As transporters, proteins carry nutrients and other substancesAs antibodies- As hormones- not all hormones are proteinsAs regulators of fluid balance-proteins help maintain fluid homeostasis in two ways:As acid-base regulators-proteins in the blood can neutralize acidity helping to keep the bodys acid-base balance controlledAs a source of energy and glucose
 Structure of proteinsComposed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms, arranged in amino acids lined in a chain. Nitrogen in protein is what sets it apart
 Triglyceridesglycerol + fatty acids = triglycerides.... 95% of fat in foods are in triglycerides
 PhospholipidsPhospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.Made of glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group. ex lecitins Similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate in place of one fatty acid. the liver produces lecithinPrimary phospholipid is lecithin. major constituent of cell membranesfood sources: eggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ and peanutsMade by the body and we get it from our diet but it is not essential
 SterolsCompounds composed of C,H, and O atoms arranged in ringsMany vital body compounds are sterolsEx. Bile, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, Vitamin DCholesterol is a sterol dietary sources and produced by liverCholesterol is only found in food of animal origins
 Food sources and benefits and or risks of Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acidsOmega-6 = abundant in the diet Linoleic and linolenic are essential fatty acids*linoleic from vegetable oilsand poultry fatOmega-3*linolenic from canola and flaxseed oil, ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬nuts and seedsEPA and DHAfish (salmon, tuna, sardines) provide omega-3 fatty acidsBenefits of Omega 3 Fatty AcidsAmerican Heart Association recommends eating fish (especially fatty fish) twice a week Regular dietary intake of Omega-3 fatty acids:Decreases risk for heart disease Prevents blood clotsProtects against irregular heart beatsLowers blood pressure
 HDL, LDL,VLDL,LDLA diet which replaces saturated fat with monounsaturated fat can lower LDL without lowering HDL (high density lipid protein). LDL is a cholesterol carrier that is sticky. High LDL levels indicate your have plaque forming around your arteries. HDL has more protein than lipids and collects cholesterol carries it to your liver.
 Structure of polyunsaturated fatpoly=manya fatty acid that has two or more double bonds between carbons(lacks four or more hydrogens)
 structure of monounsaturated fatMonounsaturatedmono=onea fatty acid that has one double bond between carbons (lacks two hydrogen atoms) Monounsaturatedolive oil____peanut oil
 structure of saturated fatsSaturated fatty acids are fully loaded with hydrogen atoms-(the carbon atoms are attached to as many hydrogens as possible)A saturated fat is composed of fatty acids which are mostly saturated
 Food sources of polyunsaturatedPolyunsaturated Fatssafflower oil sunflower oilcorn oilsoybean oilcottonseed oil
 Food sources of monounsaturatedExamples of Monounsaturated FatsOlive oilcanola oilpeanut oil
 Food sources of saturated fats most animal fatsfirmer at room temperature/ solidsaturation increase risk for heart diseasesaturation influences stabilityMore stablefood wont become rancidSome Vegetable Fats are SaturatedCocoa butter (not cocoa powder) Tropical oils(are more saturated) :palm oilcoconut oil palm kernelThey are firmer than most other oils.
 Food sources of cholesterolCholesterol is a sterol dietary sources and produced by liverCholesterol is only found in food of animal origins
 Benefits and or risks of saturated fats most animal fatsfirmer at room temperature/ solidsaturation increase risk for heart diseasesaturation influences stabilityMore stablefood wont become rancid
 Benefits and or risks of cholesterol it is needed for cell membranes and the production of hormones, among other functions .. But too much can signal that there is too much fat in the blood.
 Functions of fattransport fat soluble vitaminsprovide an energy reserve insulate against extreme temperaturesprotect organs against shockhelp the body use carbohydrate and protein needed for the synthesis of body hormonesmaintains nervous system and brainmaintains menstrual cyclelubricates digestive tract, decreases constipation
 Ways to determine body fatskinfold measures, Hydrodensitometry, Bioelectrical Impedance
 skinfold measureSkinfold measures estimate fat by using a caliper to gauge the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm (over the triceps), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), and in other places (including lower-body sites) and then comparing these measurements with standards.
 Hydrodensitometry considered gold standards, highly accurate, very expensive, nicknames"underwater weighing"
 Bioelectrical ImpedanceBioelectrical impedance measures body fat by using a low-intensity electrical current. Because electrolyte-containing fluids, which readily conduct an electrical current, are found primarily in lean body tissues, the leaner the person, the less resistance to the current. The measurement of electrical resistance is then used in a mathematical equation to estimate the percentage of body fat
 distribution of body fat is more or less important than % of body fat?more
 Intra-abdominal fat (central obesity) is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types. Typically central obesity is usually in men
 Trans fatty acids (define and food sources)Trans-Fatty AcidsAre fatty acids with an unusual configuration around the double bond. They act like saturated fats in the body-raising risk for heart diseaseexamples: margarine, fats used in processed foods. The less firm the margarine the better it is for you.Not all choices the same!
 Hydrogenation of oils A chemical process by which hydrogens are added to monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats which reduces the number of double bonds. Makes these fats more saturated (firmer)Produces trans-fatty acids
 Recommendations for protein intakeThe protein RDA is .8 grams of protein per kilogram healthy body weight/dayIt assumes that the individual is getting adequate energy intake special considerations: growth, pregnancy, lactation, physical stress, and exercise.-5 ft tall = 100 pounds and add 5 pounds per inch for females. For men 6 feet tall = 100 pounds and add 6 pounds per inch.
 T/F :To reduce the fat around the stomach and hips, you should incorporate sit-ups into your exercise programfalse
 T/F: To lose body fat, you have to do low-intensity, fat burning exercise.false
 T/F: If you add or exercise, youll lose body fat. false
 T/F: If you become injured and are unable to exercise for a week, your muscles will turn to fatfalse
 T/F: Cellulite is a special kind of fat that appears after a person has repeatedly gained and lost weight. false
 T/F: The lower the percent body fat you have, the better and healthier you arefalse
 1 lb of body fat = ___ kcal3500
 If someone wants to lose weight, cutting kcal intake by 500 kcal/day for 7 days would result in a pound loss of body fat per week
 Why dont you want anyone to go below 1200 calories per day. If you go below 1200 you wont get all the nutrients that your body needs and it will slow our basal metabolic rate
 % of an adult's body weight is water weight60%
 __ cups of fluid weighs 1 pound2
 The ___ is the part of the brain control center that regulates appetite.hypothalamus
 Neuropeptide Y is a chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure and increase fat storage. It takes 20 minutes for the brain to integrate the message that you completed a meal and are now full.
 Digestion of proteins begins __in the stomach
 protein _____ build muscledoes NOT
 Protein does what 3 things for the bodyessential to virtually all aspects of body function. provides structure to cells, tissues and organs regulates the bodys ability to use and transport nutrients.
 Fruits do not contain protein. true
 Starches do not contain protein. false
 Eating protein cannot cause you to gain weight. false
 Most Americans do not eat enough proteinfalse
 Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions are hormonesfalse
 The human body is composed of 2000 different types of proteins. False (thousands and thousands)
 Protein in the diet builds musclefalse
 At risk populations in the United StatesThose living in povertyElderly living alonePeople addicted to drugs and/or alcoholPeople with severe infections or cancerPeople with anorexia
 What % of calories should come from protein, fat, and carbsAbout 10-35% of calories should come from protein 20-35% come from fat, 50-60% come from carbs)
 How to calculate protein needs/day 0.8 g/kg X healthy wt. in kg= g protein
 Health Benefits of being a vegetarianWeight controlBlood pressure controlLess incidence of coronary artery diseaseLess incidence of some cancers
 Energy metabolismAll the reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy stored in food is chemical energy.
 Fuel compounds that cells can use for energy. Includes glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Also includes ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol and alcohol.
 ATPA high energy compound that captures energy from catabolic reactionsThe energy in the bonds between phosphates is higher than it is for other chemical bondsWhen energy is needed, hydrolysis reactions split the high-energy bonds releasing energyATP is one of the bodys quick-energy molecules.
 Enzymes and CoenzymesAlmost always needed to facilitate metabolic reactionsSpeed up reactions without being changed themselvesEnzymes are proteins. Many coenzymes have a B vitamin component
 Protein, carbs, and fats all eventually get broken down intoacetyl CoA
 The digestion of carbohydrates yields __glucose
 TCA cycle (Krebs Cycle)a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl coA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms. - Carbohydrate metabolism
 Electron Transport Chainfinal pathway of energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Carbohydrate Metabolism
 Effects of Feasting Surplus protein- Surplus carbohydrate It takes 25 calories to store protein or carbs as fat.Surplus fat It takes 5 calories to store fat as fat
 Alcohol metabolized... Stomach breaks down alcohol with alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (women have less of this enzyme compared to men so more alcohol reaches womens small intestine)Rapidly absorbed in the small intestine Alcohol receives VIP status; it gets absorbed and metabolized before other nutrients
 A drink is any alcoholic beverage that delivers____ of pure ____ 1/2 oz. ....ethanol
 What are the 3 types of lipids Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols
 what is a fatty acidan organic compound composed of a carbon chain with hydrogen attached and an acid group at one end
 Cholesterol levels Blood Lipids and CVD RiskTotal blood cholesterol (mg/dl) <200 desirable 200-239 borderline high>240 highLDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)< 100 desirable 130-159 borderline-high risk LDL> 160 high risk
 Storing Fat We have an unlimited ability to store fat!Adipose tissue cells able to readily take up and absorb fat due to lipoprotein lipase (an enzyme on the surface of adipose cells that captures circulating triglycerides)
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