a large change in the electrical potential of a neuron’s cell membrane, resulting in the rapid spread of an electrical signal along the cell membrane

(1) neuron that brings information into the central nervous system (2)

neuron that transmits information toward a structure

movement of proteins and neurotransmitters from the soma to

the axon

macroglia that play a critical role in nutritive and cleanup functions within the central nervous system

a process that extends from the cell body of a neuron. Most axons conduct signals away from the cell body. The only axons that conduct information toward the cell body are the distal axons of primary afferent neurons, which conduct signals to the dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion.

(1) multiple inputs from a variety of different cells terminating on a single

neuron (2) movement that directs the eyes toward the midline

process that extends from the cell body of a neuron. Dendrites conduct

information toward the cell body.

the electrical state of a neuron’s cell membrane when the membrane

potential becomes less negative than the resting potential

the branching of a single neuronal axon to synapse with a multitude of

neurons

(1) neuron that relays commands from the central nervous system to the

smooth and skeletal muscles and glands of the body (2) neuron that transmits information away from a structure

the electrical membrane potential at which any diffusible ion is

electrically and chemically distributed equally on the two sides of the membrane

the support cells of the nervous system, including oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, and microglia

acute, autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy characterized

by progressive paralysis, burning and/or tingling sensations, and pain

the electrical state of a neuron’s cell membrane when the membrane

potential becomes more negative than its resting potentia

neurons that either process information locally or convey information short

distances from one site in the nervous system to another

neuronal membrane ion channels that open in response to the

binding of a chemical neurotransmitter

a small change in the electrical potential of a neuron’s cell membrane that

is graded in both amplitude and duration

the large support cells of the nervous system, including oligodendrocytes,

Schwann cells, and astrocytes

membrane ion channels, specific to sensory neurons, that open

in response to mechanical forces (i.e., stretch, touch, pressure) or thermal or chemical

changes

the small support cells of the nervous system

long-lasting changes in the electrical potential of a neuron’s cell membrane

that alters the flow of ions across the cell membrane

a disease characterized by random, multifocal demyelination limited

to the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include numbness, paresthesias, Lhermitte’s sign, asymmetrical weakness, and/or ataxia.

neurons having multiple dendrites arising from many regions of the cell

body and possessing a single axon

the sheath of proteins and fats formed by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to envelop the axons of nerve cells. Provide physical support and insulation for conduction of electrical signals by neurons.

the electrically excitable nerve cell of the nervous system

interruptions in the myelin sheath that leave small patches of axon

unmyelinated. These unmyelinated patches contain a high density of voltage-gated Na+

channels that contribute to the generation of action potentials.

macroglia that form myelin sheaths, enveloping several axons from

several neurons. Found within the central nervous system

the end projection of an axon, specialized for releasing

neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

neurons that have one projection from the cell body that later

divides into two axonal roots. A pseudounipolar cell has no true dendrites.

the time period during an action potential when no stimulus, no matter

how strong, will elicit another action potential

the difference in electrical potential across the cell

membrane of a neuron when the neuron is neither receiving nor transmitting

information (i.e., the electrical state of a neuron’s cell membrane when the cell is at

rest [neither electrically excited nor inhibited])

movement of some substances from the axon back to the soma for

recycling

rapid propagation of an action potential by jumping from one node

of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon

macroglia that form myelin sheaths enveloping only a single neuron’s

axon or partially surrounding several axons. Found in the peripheral nervous system.

cell body, the metabolic center of a cell

the cumulative effect of receptor or synaptic potentials occurring

simultaneously in different regions of the neuron

local potentials generated at a postsynaptic membrane

the cumulative effect of a series of either receptor potentials or

synaptic potentials that occur within milliseconds of each other

membrane ion channels that open in response to changes in

electrical potential across a neuron’s cell membrane