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Universities » University of South Florida (USF.. » PCB - Process Biology » 3023 - Cell Biology » Flash Cards

Exam 1 - Flashcards

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Class:PCB 3023 - Cell Biology
Subject:Process Biology
University:University of South Florida
Term:Spring 2011
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Bacteria incredibly diverse. can utilize any type of organic molecule for food
All cells... same basic building blocks, chemical reactions, and protein structures to survive and replicate
metabolic pathways In biochemistry, metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. and are the same for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
biomembranes phospholipid bilayer, semipermeable, hydrophobic core
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Primary function of the nucleus house genetic material, also houses proteins and nucleotides, direct synthesis of RNA from DNA, and transcription
mitochondria matrix In the mitochondrion, the matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic molecules.
mitochondria metabolic workhorse, allows cellular respiration, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis of ATP. Double lipid bilayer and contains their own DNA
compartmentalization In biology, compartmentalization mainly refers to the formation of cellular compartments.
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endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells.
Rough ER synthesis of nearly all secreted proteins, ribosome attach to mRNA. lots of secretory cells. involved in processing of proteins targeted to lysosomes and peroxisomes
Smooth ER synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids
golgi protein sorting and direction to cellular locations and produce secretory vesicles
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cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm and is made out of protein.
cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding organelles, except for the nucleus. consist of proteins, salts, ribosomes, structural components
cytosol The cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic matrix) is the liquid found inside cells.
covalent bond A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds.
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hydrogen bond A hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, that comes from another molecule or chemical group.
hydrophilic A hydrophile, from the Greek (hydros) "water" and (philia) "love," is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to, and tends to be dissolved by water.
hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is repelled from a mass of water.
building blocks of the cell sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide
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larger units of the cell polysaccharides, fats/lipids/membranes, proteins, nucleic acids
condensation reaction A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
hydrolysis Hydrolysis () is a chemical reaction during which molecules of water (H2O) are split into hydrogen cations (H+, conventionally referred to as protons) and hydroxide anions (OH) in the process of a chemical mechanism.
ionic bond An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a nonmetal ion (or polyatomic ions such as ammonium) through electrostatic attraction.
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function of sugars production and storage of energy, cell walls (cellulose), extracellular matrix DNA/RNA, linked to proteins
fatty acids In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated.
lipids Lipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
triacylglycerols A triglyceride (triacylglycerol, TAG or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
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glycerol Glycerol (or glycerin, glycerine) is a simple polyol compound.
phospholipids Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. two fatty acid chains linked gycerol/PO4/head group
function of fats production and storage of energy (6x more energy than sugars by weight), cell membranes, cell signaling
amino acids Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids.
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function of amino acids generation of proteins, energy source
nucleotide Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. nitrogen ring(S), sugar, 1-3 phosphate groups
purines A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. (adenine, guanine)
pyrimidines Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. (thymine,uracil, cytosine)
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function of nucleotides DNA-A,G,C,T and RNA-A,G,C,U. carriers of chemical energy, signaling molecules, coenzymes
number of possible sequences that can be generated from the 20 amino acids 20^n possible sequences
noncovalent bond A noncovalent bond is a type of chemical bond, typically between macromolecules, that does not involve the sharing of pairs of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions. they specify the shape of a molecule. vander walls, hydrogen, hydrophobic, electrostatic/ionic
van der waals forces at very short distances any two atoms show a weak bonding interaction due to fluctuations in charges
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second law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the tendency that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential equilibrate in an isolated physical system. (the degree of disorder (entropy) will increase over time)
how are cells ordered there is a constant input of energy into the system and cells release heat to theri surroundings to increase entropy in the environment
metabolism Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life.
catabolism Catabolism (Greek kata = downward + ballein = to throw) is the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
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anabolism Anabolism (Greek "mound" from ana = upward + ballein = "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.
substrate In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
equilibrium Equilibrium is the condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced. IT DOES NOT MEAN THAT THERE IS THE SAME NUMBER OF MOLECULES OF A AND B.
the change in free energy Delta G is independent of the pathway of the reaction and delta G tells us NOTHING ABOUT THE RATE. SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS DO NOT NECESSARILY OCCUR FASTER THAN NON-SPONTANEOUS
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Delta G can predict.. 1) the direction a reaction goes 2) how much energy will be liberated
enzymes Enzymes () are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase or decrease the rates of) chemical reactions. DECREASE THE ACTIVATION ENERGY
catalyst Catalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst.
Coupling all reactions have a delta G and a reaction that produces a high level of free energy can be used to drive a reaction that is unfavorable
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electron acceptors NAD+, FADH, NADP
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or TPN in older notation (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a coenzyme used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
FADH2 and NADH transfer electrons to the oxidative phosphorylation enzymes in the mitochondria. the energy in the electrons are used to produce a H+ gradient so ATP can be synthesized
oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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adenosine triphosphate Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. UNIVERSAL CURRENCY OF FREE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF PHOSPHORYL TRANSFER POTENTIAL
phosphorylation Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. ACTIVATE SUBSTRATES, FACILITATE EXCHANGE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY, CONTROL SIGNALING
coenzyme A Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. UNIVERSAL CARRIER OF ACETYL GROUPS. CARRIES 2-24 CARBON UNITS
Coenzyme small molecules which bring unique chemical functionality to certain enzyme reactions. and help reaction to go forward.
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 Bacteriaincredibly diverse. can utilize any type of organic molecule for food
 All cells...same basic building blocks, chemical reactions, and protein structures to survive and replicate
 metabolic pathwaysIn biochemistry, metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. and are the same for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
 biomembranesphospholipid bilayer, semipermeable, hydrophobic core
 Primary function of the nucleushouse genetic material, also houses proteins and nucleotides, direct synthesis of RNA from DNA, and transcription
 mitochondria matrixIn the mitochondrion, the matrix contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic molecules.
 mitochondriametabolic workhorse, allows cellular respiration, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis of ATP. Double lipid bilayer and contains their own DNA
 compartmentalizationIn biology, compartmentalization mainly refers to the formation of cellular compartments.
 endoplasmic reticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells.
 Rough ERsynthesis of nearly all secreted proteins, ribosome attach to mRNA.
lots of secretory cells. involved in processing of proteins targeted to lysosomes and peroxisomes
 Smooth ERsynthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids
 golgi protein sorting and direction to cellular locations and produce secretory vesicles
 cytoskeletonThe cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm and is made out of protein.
 cytoplasmThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding organelles, except for the nucleus.
consist of proteins, salts, ribosomes, structural components
 cytosolThe cytosol or intracellular fluid (or cytoplasmic matrix) is the liquid found inside cells.
 covalent bondA covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds.
 hydrogen bondA hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, that comes from another molecule or chemical group.
 hydrophilicA hydrophile, from the Greek (hydros) "water" and (philia) "love," is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to, and tends to be dissolved by water.
 hydrophobicIn chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is repelled from a mass of water.
 building blocks of the cellsugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotide
 larger units of the cellpolysaccharides, fats/lipids/membranes, proteins, nucleic acids
 condensation reactionA condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
 hydrolysisHydrolysis () is a chemical reaction during which molecules of water (H2O) are split into hydrogen cations (H+, conventionally referred to as protons) and hydroxide anions (OH) in the process of a chemical mechanism.
 ionic bondAn ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves a metal and a nonmetal ion (or polyatomic ions such as ammonium) through electrostatic attraction.
 function of sugarsproduction and storage of energy, cell walls (cellulose), extracellular matrix DNA/RNA, linked to proteins
 fatty acidsIn chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated.
 lipidsLipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
 triacylglycerolsA triglyceride (triacylglycerol, TAG or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
 glycerolGlycerol (or glycerin, glycerine) is a simple polyol compound.
 phospholipidsPhospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. two fatty acid chains linked gycerol/PO4/head group
 function of fatsproduction and storage of energy (6x more energy than sugars by weight), cell membranes, cell signaling
 amino acidsAmino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side chain that varies between different amino acids.
 function of amino acidsgeneration of proteins, energy source
 nucleotideNucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. nitrogen ring(S), sugar, 1-3 phosphate groups
 purinesA purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. (adenine, guanine)
 pyrimidinesPyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. (thymine,uracil, cytosine)
 function of nucleotidesDNA-A,G,C,T and RNA-A,G,C,U. carriers of chemical energy, signaling molecules, coenzymes
 number of possible sequences that can be generated from the 20 amino acids20^n possible sequences
 noncovalent bondA noncovalent bond is a type of chemical bond, typically between macromolecules, that does not involve the sharing of pairs of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions. they specify the shape of a molecule. vander walls, hydrogen, hydrophobic, electrostatic/ionic
 van der waals forcesat very short distances any two atoms show a weak bonding interaction due to fluctuations in charges
 second law of thermodynamicsThe second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the tendency that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential equilibrate in an isolated physical system.
(the degree of disorder (entropy) will increase over time)
 how are cells orderedthere is a constant input of energy into the system and cells release heat to theri surroundings to increase entropy in the environment
 metabolismMetabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life.
 catabolismCatabolism (Greek kata = downward + ballein = to throw) is the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
 anabolismAnabolism (Greek "mound" from ana = upward + ballein = "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.
 substrateIn biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
 equilibriumEquilibrium is the condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced. IT DOES NOT MEAN THAT THERE IS THE SAME NUMBER OF MOLECULES OF A AND B.
 the change in free energyDelta G is independent of the pathway of the reaction and delta G tells us NOTHING ABOUT THE RATE. SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS DO NOT NECESSARILY OCCUR FASTER THAN NON-SPONTANEOUS
 Delta G can predict..1) the direction a reaction goes 2) how much energy will be liberated
 enzymesEnzymes () are proteins that catalyze (i.e., increase or decrease the rates of) chemical reactions.
DECREASE THE ACTIVATION ENERGY
 catalystCatalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance called a catalyst.
 Couplingall reactions have a delta G and a reaction that produces a high level of free energy can be used to drive a reaction that is unfavorable
 electron acceptorsNAD+, FADH, NADP
 NADPHNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or TPN in older notation (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a coenzyme used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
 FADH2 and NADHtransfer electrons to the oxidative phosphorylation enzymes in the mitochondria. the energy in the electrons are used to produce a H+ gradient so ATP can be synthesized
 oxidative phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
 adenosine triphosphateAdenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. UNIVERSAL CURRENCY OF FREE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF PHOSPHORYL TRANSFER POTENTIAL
 phosphorylationPhosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. ACTIVATE SUBSTRATES, FACILITATE EXCHANGE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY, CONTROL SIGNALING
 coenzyme ACoenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
UNIVERSAL CARRIER OF ACETYL GROUPS. CARRIES 2-24 CARBON UNITS
 Coenzymesmall molecules which bring unique chemical functionality to certain enzyme reactions. and help reaction to go forward.
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