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Logic

Logic: the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. It attempts to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning.

It asks questions like "What is correct reasoning?" "What distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?" "How can we detect a fallacy in reasoning?"

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Epistemology

Epistemology: the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief. It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims.

Epistemology asks questions like: "What is knowledge?" "How is knowledge acquired?" "What do people know?" "What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge?" "What is its structure, and what are its limits?" "What makes justified beliefs justified?" "How we are to understand the concept of justification?" "Is justification internal or external to one's own mind?"

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Metaphysics

Metaphysics: the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being and the world. Arguably, metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy: Aristotle calls it "first philosophy" (or sometimes just "wisdom"), and says it is the subject that deals with "first causes and the principles of things".

It asks questions like: "What is the nature of reality?" "How does the world exist, and what is its origin or source of creation?" "Does the world exist outside the mind?" "How can the incorporeal mind affect the physical body?" "If things exist, what is their objective nature?" "Is there a God (or many gods, or no god at all)?"

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Ethics

Ethics (or Moral Philosophy) is concerned with questions of how people ought to act, and the search for a definition of right conduct (identified as the one causing the greatest good) and the good life (in the sense of a life worth living or a life that is satisfying or happy).

It asks questions like "How should people act?" (Normative or Prescriptive Ethics), "What do people think is right?" (Descriptive Ethics), "How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?" (Applied Ethics), and "What does 'right' even mean?" (Meta-Ethics). See below for more discussion of these categories.

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Logic	Logic: the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. It attempts to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning. It asks questions like "What is correct reasoning?" "What distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?" "How can we detect a fallacy in reasoning?"
Epistemology	Epistemology: the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief. It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. Epistemology asks questions like: "What is knowledge?" "How is knowledge acquired?" "What do people know?" "What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge?" "What is its structure, and what are its limits?" "What makes justified beliefs justified?" "How we are to understand the concept of justification?" "Is justification internal or external to one's own mind?"
Metaphysics	Metaphysics: the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being and the world. Arguably, metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy: Aristotle calls it "first philosophy" (or sometimes just "wisdom"), and says it is the subject that deals with "first causes and the principles of things". It asks questions like: "What is the nature of reality?" "How does the world exist, and what is its origin or source of creation?" "Does the world exist outside the mind?" "How can the incorporeal mind affect the physical body?" "If things exist, what is their objective nature?" "Is there a God (or many gods, or no god at all)?"
Ethics	Ethics (or Moral Philosophy) is concerned with questions of how people ought to act, and the search for a definition of right conduct (identified as the one causing the greatest good) and the good life (in the sense of a life worth living or a life that is satisfying or happy). It asks questions like "How should people act?" (Normative or Prescriptive Ethics), "What do people think is right?" (Descriptive Ethics), "How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?" (Applied Ethics), and "What does 'right' even mean?" (Meta-Ethics). See below for more discussion of these categories.

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