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Judaism - Flashcards

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Class:PHL 104 - World Religions
Subject:Philosophy
University:Sauk Valley Community College
Term:Fall 2011
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Aggadah

the stories of the Tanak and the Talmud that communicate spiritual truths.
Amoriam the generation of sages that created the Gemara (oral Torah).
Bar/bat mitzvah the rite of passage for boys whereby they become full members of the religion of Judaism who are able to read and interpret Torah; in modern times, a parallel rite for girls has been established in some forms of Judaism.
Circumcision the cutting of the foreskin of the penis as a sign of the covenant of Abraham.
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Covenant the agreement between God and the people Israel whereby they are chosen to be God’s people; God agrees to guide and protect them; the people agree to follow God’s commandments (halakhah).
Diaspora the dispersion of religious people outside their geographic homeland, where they must live as a minority among others.
Dual Torah the scriptures of Rabbinic Judaism, composed of the written Torah (Tanak) and the oral Torah (Talmud).
Gemara commentary on the oral Torah (Mishnah).
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Gentile anyone not Jewish.
Halakhah the commandments of God revealed in the Tanak and commented on in the Talmud; the word means “to walk in the way of God by obeying his commands or laws”.
Haredim Jewish ultra-Orthodox movements that reject all modernist forms of Judaism
Hasidism a form of Judaism emerging in the eighteenth century, focused on piety and joy, with strong roots in Jewish mysticism
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Israel

either Jews as a religious people, or the land and state of Israel.
Kabbalah Jewish mysticism; sought to explain the mystery of good and evil in the universe precisely at a time of intensifying persecution and pogroms. The most important Kabbalistic work is the Zohar; for Kabbalists, God is the En Sof, the limitless or infinite, who manifests himself in the world through his Shekinah, or “divine presence” in all things; the reunion of all with the infinite through mystical contemplation will bring about nothing less than the messianic kingdom.
Kosher what is suitable or fit, used especially in reference to foods permitted by Jewish dietary laws.
Marranos the Jews of Spain who were forced to convert to Christianity during the Inquisition but secretly continued to practice their Jewish faith.
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Mishnah

recording of the written Torah.
Mitzvot the commandments of God requiring deeds of loving kindness.
Rabbinic form of Judaism in which a rabbi is a teacher; provided the normative framework for Jewish life; the name came to designate the Judaism of the dual Torah created by the Pharisees, which came to be normative in the premodern period.
Sephardic Jews Jews whose traditions originated in Spain and Portugal.
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Shema the essential declaration of monotheistic faith as found in Judaism: “Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One”.
Synagogue a community centered on the study of Torah and prayer to God; the buildings used to house these activities also came to be known as synagogues.
Talmud the oral Torah, recorded in the Mishnah, and the commentary on the Mishnah called the Gemara. There are two Talmuds: the Bavli (Talmud of Babylonia) and the Yerushalmi (the Jerusalem Talmud); the former is considered the more comprehensive and authoritative.
Tanak the written Torah, or Hebrew Bible, made up of Torah (the first five books of the Old Testament from Genesis to Deuteronomy), Neviim (the prophets and historical writings such as Jeremiah and I and II Kings), and Ketuvim (the wisdom writings, such as Proverbs, Job, etc).
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Tannaim

the generation of sages, beginning with Hillel and Shammai, that created the Mishnah.
Temple a place to worship God or the gods in diverse religions; in Judaism, only one temple was allowed for the worship of God in Jerusalem, whereas each Jewish community would have a synagogue for study and prayers.
Tisha B'Av a day of mourning to commemorate tragedies affecting the Jewish people, particularly the fall of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem.
Tzaddik in the Hasidic religion, a “righteous man”, as powerful as the rabbi in a traditional Talmudic community, but revered for mystical piety and devotion, not Talmudic scholarship. For the Hasidim, the Tzaddik was especially chosen by God as a direct link between heaven and earth, whose holiness was so powerful that, like Moses, he could intervene on behalf of the faithful and change the mind of God.
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Zionism the desire to return to the land of Israel as a homeland; in modern times, the secular movement started by Theodor Herzl that led to the formation of the state of Israel.
Zohar the most important book of Jewish Kabbalism; The Book of Splendor.
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 Aggadah

the stories of the Tanak and the Talmud that communicate spiritual truths.

 Amoriamthe generation of sages that created the Gemara (oral Torah).
 Bar/bat mitzvahthe rite of passage for boys whereby they become full members of the religion of Judaism who are able to read and interpret Torah; in modern times, a parallel rite for girls has been established in some forms of Judaism.
 Circumcisionthe cutting of the foreskin of the penis as a sign of the covenant of Abraham.
 Covenantthe agreement between God and the people Israel whereby they are chosen to be God’s people; God agrees to guide and protect them; the people agree to follow God’s commandments (halakhah).
 Diasporathe dispersion of religious people outside their geographic homeland, where they must live as a minority among others.
 Dual Torahthe scriptures of Rabbinic Judaism, composed of the written Torah (Tanak) and the oral Torah (Talmud).
 Gemaracommentary on the oral Torah (Mishnah).
 Gentileanyone not Jewish.
 Halakhahthe commandments of God revealed in the Tanak and commented on in the Talmud; the word means “to walk in the way of God by obeying his commands or laws”.
 HaredimJewish ultra-Orthodox movements that reject all modernist forms of Judaism
 Hasidisma form of Judaism emerging in the eighteenth century, focused on piety and joy, with strong roots in Jewish mysticism
 Israel

either Jews as a religious people, or the land and state of Israel.

 KabbalahJewish mysticism; sought to explain the mystery of good and evil in the universe precisely at a time of intensifying persecution and pogroms. The most important Kabbalistic work is the Zohar; for Kabbalists, God is the En Sof, the limitless or infinite, who manifests himself in the world through his Shekinah, or “divine presence” in all things; the reunion of all with the infinite through mystical contemplation will bring about nothing less than the messianic kingdom.
 Kosherwhat is suitable or fit, used especially in reference to foods permitted by Jewish dietary laws.
 Marranosthe Jews of Spain who were forced to convert to Christianity during the Inquisition but secretly continued to practice their Jewish faith.
 Mishnah

recording of the written Torah.

 Mitzvotthe commandments of God requiring deeds of loving kindness.
 Rabbinicform of Judaism in which a rabbi is a teacher; provided the normative framework for Jewish life; the name came to designate the Judaism of the dual Torah created by the Pharisees, which came to be normative in the premodern period.
 Sephardic JewsJews whose traditions originated in Spain and Portugal.
 Shemathe essential declaration of monotheistic faith as found in Judaism: “Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One”.
 Synagoguea community centered on the study of Torah and prayer to God; the buildings used to house these activities also came to be known as synagogues.
 Talmudthe oral Torah, recorded in the Mishnah, and the commentary on the Mishnah called the Gemara. There are two Talmuds: the Bavli (Talmud of Babylonia) and the Yerushalmi (the Jerusalem Talmud); the former is considered the more comprehensive and authoritative.
 Tanakthe written Torah, or Hebrew Bible, made up of Torah (the first five books of the Old Testament from Genesis to Deuteronomy), Neviim (the prophets and historical writings such as Jeremiah and I and II Kings), and Ketuvim (the wisdom writings, such as Proverbs, Job, etc).
 Tannaim

the generation of sages, beginning with Hillel and Shammai, that created the Mishnah.

 Templea place to worship God or the gods in diverse religions; in Judaism, only one temple was allowed for the worship of God in Jerusalem, whereas each Jewish community would have a synagogue for study and prayers.
 Tisha B'Ava day of mourning to commemorate tragedies affecting the Jewish people, particularly the fall of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem.
 Tzaddikin the Hasidic religion, a “righteous man”, as powerful as the rabbi in a traditional Talmudic community, but revered for mystical piety and devotion, not Talmudic scholarship. For the Hasidim, the Tzaddik was especially chosen by God as a direct link between heaven and earth, whose holiness was so powerful that, like Moses, he could intervene on behalf of the faithful and change the mind of God.
 Zionismthe desire to return to the land of Israel as a homeland; in modern times, the secular movement started by Theodor Herzl that led to the formation of the state of Israel.
 Zoharthe most important book of Jewish Kabbalism; The Book of Splendor.
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