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Universities » Ramapo College of New Jersey (RC.. » POLI - Political Science » 211 - RUSSIAN POLITICAL HISTORY » Flash Cards

Exam 1 - Flashcards

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Class:POLI 211 - RUSSIAN POLITICAL HISTORY
Subject:Political Science
University:Ramapo College of New Jersey
Term:Fall 2010
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Russian populism as ideology, was socially more radical and utopian than Ukrainian populism. Idealizing peasant traditions, especially communal farming, Russian populist thinkers came to believe that the obshchina (peasant commune) could serve as the foundation of a future socialist Russia. By modernizing and building on the commune, Russia could bypass capitalist development and move directly to the next, higher stage, socialism.
Narodnaya Volya, English People’s Will, or People’s Freedom 19th-century Russian revolutionary organization that regarded terrorist activities as the best means of forcing political reform and overthrowing the tsarist autocracy.
Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the Social-Democratic movement in Russia. Plekhanov contributed many ideas to Marxism in the area of philosophy and the roles of art and religion in society.
Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party Marxist revolutionary party ancestral to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Founded in 1898 in Minsk, the Social-Democratic Party held that Russia could achieve socialism only after developing a bourgeois society with an urban proletariat. It rejected the populist idea that the peasant commune, or mir, could be the basis of a socialist society that could bypass the capitalist stage.
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
Lev Davidovich Bronstein Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico
A l e k s a n d r F y o d o r o v i c h K e r e n s k i i w a s a R u s s i a n p o l i t i c i a n . K e r e n s k y s e r v e d a s t h e s e c o n d P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f t h e R u s s i a n P r o v i s i o n a l G o v e r n m e n t u n t i l V l a d i m i r L e n i n w a s e l e c t e d b y t h e A l l - R u s s i a n C o n g r e s s o f S o v i e t s f o l l o w i n g t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n . H e d i e d i n e x i l e .
Menshevik (Russian: One of the Minority: )plural Mensheviks, or Mensheviki, member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which evolved into a separate organization.
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Bolshevik (Russian: “One of the Majority”), plural Bolsheviks, or Bolsheviki, member of a wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) and became the dominant political power.
Th e P a r t y o f S o c i a l i s t s - R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w a s a m a j o r p o l i t i c a l p a r t y i n e a r l y 2 0 t h c e n t u r y R u s s i a a n d a k e y p l a y e r i n t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n .
Kadet , a Russian political party advocating a radical change in Russian government toward a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s.
Bloody Sunday massacre in St. Petersburg, Russia, of peaceful demonstrators marking the beginning of the violent phase of the Russian Revolution of 1905.
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T h e O c t o b e r M a n i f e s t o w a s i s s u e d o n O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1 9 0 5 ( O c t o b e r 3 0 i n t h e G r e g o r i a n c a l e n d a r ) b y T s a r N i c h o l a s I I o f R u s s i a u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f C o u n t S e r g e i W i t t e a s a r e s p o n s e t o t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n o f 1 9 0 5 . T h e m a n i f e s t o a d d r e s s e d t h e u n r e s t i n R u s s i a a n d p l e d g e d t o g r a n t c i v i l l i b e r t i e s t o t h e p e o p l e :
O T M A w a s a n a c r o n y m s o m e t i m e s u s e d b y t h e f o u r d a u g h t e r s o f R u s s i a n e m p e r o r N i c h o l a s I I a n d A l e x a n d r a F e o d o r o v n a a s a g r o u p n i c k n a m e f o r t h e m s e l v e s , b u i l t f r o m t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f e a c h g i r l ' s n a m e i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e i r b i r t h s
Tsarskoe Selo near Saint Petersburg, is one of Russia's most famous visitor attractions, the summer residence of the Romanov Tsars.
L i v a d i a P a l a c e w a s a s u m m e r r e t r e a t o f t h e l a s t R u s s i a n t s a r , N i c h o l a s I I , a n d h i s f a m i l y i n L i v a d i y a , C r i m e a i n s o u t h e r n U k r a i n e .
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Alexander III reigned as Tsar (Emperor) of Russia from March 14, 1881 until his death in 1894. Alexander III reversed the constitutional reforms that his father, Alexander II, had enacted to further the modernization and democratization of Russia. By stopping and reversing these reforms, Alexander III sought to correct what he considered to be the too liberal tendencies of the previous reign.
A l i x o f H e s s e w a s E m p r e s s c o n s o r t o f R u s s i a a s s p o u s e o f N i c h o l a s I I , t h e l a s t E m p e r o r o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e .
Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin Siberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favourite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra.
Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte Russian minister of finance (1892–1903) and first constitutional prime minister of the Russian Empire (1905–06), who sought to wed firm authoritarian rule to modernization along Western lines.
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P e t r A r k a d y e v i c h S t o l y p i n s e r v e d a s N i c h o l a s I I ' s C h a i r m a n o f t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s ( P r i m e M i n i s t e r ) f r o m 1 9 0 6 t o 1 9 1 1 . H e b e c a m e k n o w n f o r h i s h e a v y - h a n d e d a t t e m p t s t o b a t t l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s a n d f o r i n s t i t u t i n g t h e a g r a r i a n r e f o r m .
A s t a r e t s is a n e l d e r o f a R u s s i a n O r t h o d o x m o n a s t e r y w h o f u n c t i o n s a s v e n e r a t e d a d v i s e r a n d t e a c h e r .
A D u m a i s a n y o f v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s s e m b l i e s i n m o d e r n R u s s i a a n d R u s s i a n h i s t o r y .
Soviet an elected governmental council in a Communist country
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Tobolsk city, Tyumen oblast (region), west-central Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Irtysh and Tobol rivers. Founded in 1587, it was one of the chief centres of early Russian colonization in Siberia because it lay along an important river route to the east, but it declined when bypassed by the Trans-Siberian Railroad in the 1890s
Kievan Rus First eastern Slavic state. It was founded by the Viking Oleg, ruler of Novgorod from c. 879, who seized Smolensk and Kiev (882), which became the capital of Kievan Rus.
T h e V a r a n g i a n s o r V a r y a g s w h o w e n t e a s t w a r d s a n d s o u t h w a r d s t h r o u g h w h a t i s n o w R u s s i a , B e l a r u s a n d U k r a i n e m a i n l y i n t h e 9 t h a n d 1 0 t h c e n t u r i e s
The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between the Mongolian generals Subutai and Jebe's reconnaissance unit and the combined force of several Rus' princes.
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Rurik the semilegendary founder of the Rurik dynasty of Kievan Rus. Rurik was a Viking, or Varangian, prince
Autocracy g o v e r n m e n t i n w h i c h o n e p e r s o n p o s s e s s e s u n l i m i t e d p o w e r
Ivan III subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes, rewon parts of Ukraine from Poland–Lithuania, and repudiated the old subservience to the Mongol-derived Tatars. He also laid the administrative foundations of a centralized Russian state.
Ivan IV first proclaimed tsar of Moscow. His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states.
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Peter the Great ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V. He carried out a policy of modernization
Catherine the Great reigned as Empress of Russia from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death (17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796). Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines.
serfdom , condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord
Westernizer, Russian Zapadnik, in 19th-century Russia, especially in the 1840s and ’50s, one of the intellectuals who emphasized Russia’s common historic destiny with the West, as opposed to Slavophiles, who believed Russia’s traditions and destiny to be unique.
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Crimean War, (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support, from January 1855, by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.
Alexander II 1818-81, czar of Russia (1855-81), son and successor of Nicholas I . He ascended the throne during the Crimean War (1853-56) and immediately set about negotiating a peace
M i r w a s a S o v i e t a n d l a t e r R u s s i a n s p a c e s t a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l i n l o w E a r t h o r b i t f r o m 1 9 8 6 t o 2 0 0 1 .
zemstvo, organ of rural self-government in the Russian Empire and Ukraine; established in 1864 to provide social and economic services, it became a significant liberal influence within imperial Russia.
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Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism A Popular Outline (1916) is a classic Marxist theoretical treatise by Lenin.[1] Building on and modifying the theories of Karl Marx, formulated in Das Capital (1867), Lenin states that imperialism is the highest and final stage of capitalism.[2]
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878[2] – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and head of state who served as the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. After the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Stalin rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union, which he ruled as a dictator.
Hohenzollern dynasty prominent in European history, chiefly as the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia
Leon Trotsky communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russia’s October Revolution in 1917, and later commissar of foreign affairs and of war in the Soviet Union (1917–24).
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Nicholas, Russian in full Nikolay Nikolayevich Russian grand duke and army officer who served as commander in chief against the Germans and Austro-Hungarians in the first year of World War I and was subsequently (until March 1917) Emperor Nicholas II’s viceroy in the Caucasus and commander in chief against the Turks.
Dual Alliance, also called Franco-Russian Alliance , a political and military pact that developed between France and Russia from friendly contacts in 1891 to a secret treaty in 1894; it became one of the basic European alignments of the pre-World War I era. Germany, assuming that ideological differences and lack of common interest would keep republican France and tsarist Russia apart, allowed its Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse in 1890. In the event of war, France wanted support against Germany; and Russia, against Austria-Hungary.
Stavka w a s t h e t e r m u s e d t o r e f e r t o c o m m a n d e l e m e n t o f a r m e d f o r c e s f r o m t h e t i m e o f t h e K i e v a n R u s 2 , m o r e f o r m a l l y d u r i n g t h e h i s t o r y o f I m p e r i a l R u s s i a a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f a n d G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s d u r i n g l a t e 1 9 t h C e n t u r y I m p e r i a l R u s s i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h o s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n .
Feliks Iusupov was best known for participating in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, the faith healer who was said to have influenced decisions of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna.
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Tsarevich a Slavic term for the Tsar's son. Under the Pauline house law, the term was discontinued. The tsar's eldest son (and Heir Apparent), came to be called Tsesarevich. His younger brothers were called Grand Dukes.
Provisional Government w a s t h e s h o r t - l i v e d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o d y w h i c h s o u g h t t o g o v e r n R u s s i a i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e a b d i c a t i o n o f T s a r N i c h o l a s I I i n M a r c h 1 9 1 7 ( N i c h o l a s ' m a n i f e s t o f a b d i c a t i o n
Dual power a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power," (dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution in which two powers, the workers councils (or Soviets, particularly the Petrograd Soviet) and the official state apparatus of the Provisional Government coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy
Franz Ferdinand was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[1] His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I.
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 Russian populismas ideology, was socially more radical and utopian than Ukrainian populism. Idealizing peasant traditions, especially communal farming, Russian populist thinkers came to believe that the obshchina (peasant commune) could serve as the foundation of a future socialist Russia. By modernizing and building on the commune, Russia could bypass capitalist development and move directly to the next, higher stage, socialism.
 Narodnaya Volya, English People’s Will, or People’s Freedom19th-century Russian revolutionary organization that regarded terrorist activities as the best means of forcing political reform and overthrowing the tsarist autocracy.
 Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the Social-Democratic movement in Russia. Plekhanov contributed many ideas to Marxism in the area of philosophy and the roles of art and religion in society.
 Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ PartyMarxist revolutionary party ancestral to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Founded in 1898 in Minsk, the Social-Democratic Party held that Russia could achieve socialism only after developing a bourgeois society with an urban proletariat. It rejected the populist idea that the peasant commune, or mir, could be the basis of a socialist society that could bypass the capitalist stage.
 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.

 Lev Davidovich Bronstein Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army; he was ousted from the Communist Party by Stalin and eventually assassinated in Mexico
  A l e k s a n d r F y o d o r o v i c h K e r e n s k i i w a s a R u s s i a n p o l i t i c i a n . K e r e n s k y s e r v e d a s t h e s e c o n d P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f t h e R u s s i a n P r o v i s i o n a l G o v e r n m e n t u n t i l V l a d i m i r L e n i n w a s e l e c t e d b y t h e A l l - R u s s i a n C o n g r e s s o f S o v i e t s f o l l o w i n g t h e O c t o b e r R e v o l u t i o n . H e d i e d i n e x i l e .
 Menshevik (Russian: One of the Minority: )plural Mensheviks, or Mensheviki, member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which evolved into a separate organization.
 Bolshevik(Russian: “One of the Majority”), plural Bolsheviks, or Bolsheviki, member of a wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) and became the dominant political power.
 Th e P a r t y o f S o c i a l i s t s - R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s w a s a m a j o r p o l i t i c a l p a r t y i n e a r l y 2 0 t h c e n t u r y R u s s i a a n d a k e y p l a y e r i n t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n .
 Kadet, a Russian political party advocating a radical change in Russian government toward a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s.
 Bloody Sunday massacre in St. Petersburg, Russia, of peaceful demonstrators marking the beginning of the violent phase of the Russian Revolution of 1905.
 T h e O c t o b e r M a n i f e s t o w a s i s s u e d o n O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1 9 0 5 ( O c t o b e r 3 0 i n t h e G r e g o r i a n c a l e n d a r ) b y T s a r N i c h o l a s I I o f R u s s i a u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f C o u n t S e r g e i W i t t e a s a r e s p o n s e t o t h e R u s s i a n R e v o l u t i o n o f 1 9 0 5 . T h e m a n i f e s t o a d d r e s s e d t h e u n r e s t i n R u s s i a a n d p l e d g e d t o g r a n t c i v i l l i b e r t i e s t o t h e p e o p l e :
 O T M Aw a s a n a c r o n y m s o m e t i m e s u s e d b y t h e f o u r d a u g h t e r s o f R u s s i a n e m p e r o r N i c h o l a s I I a n d A l e x a n d r a F e o d o r o v n a a s a g r o u p n i c k n a m e f o r t h e m s e l v e s , b u i l t f r o m t h e f i r s t l e t t e r o f e a c h g i r l ' s n a m e i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e i r b i r t h s
 Tsarskoe Selonear Saint Petersburg, is one of Russia's most famous visitor attractions, the summer residence of the Romanov Tsars.
 L i v a d i a P a l a c ew a s a s u m m e r r e t r e a t o f t h e l a s t R u s s i a n t s a r , N i c h o l a s I I , a n d h i s f a m i l y i n L i v a d i y a , C r i m e a i n s o u t h e r n U k r a i n e .
 Alexander III reigned as Tsar (Emperor) of Russia from March 14, 1881 until his death in 1894. Alexander III reversed the constitutional reforms that his father, Alexander II, had enacted to further the modernization and democratization of Russia. By stopping and reversing these reforms, Alexander III sought to correct what he considered to be the too liberal tendencies of the previous reign.
 A l i x o f H e s s e w a s E m p r e s s c o n s o r t o f R u s s i a a s s p o u s e o f N i c h o l a s I I , t h e l a s t E m p e r o r o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e .
 Grigory Yefimovich RasputinSiberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favourite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra.
 Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte Russian minister of finance (1892–1903) and first constitutional prime minister of the Russian Empire (1905–06), who sought to wed firm authoritarian rule to modernization along Western lines.
 P e t r A r k a d y e v i c h S t o l y p i ns e r v e d a s N i c h o l a s I I ' s C h a i r m a n o f t h e C o u n c i l o f M i n i s t e r s ( P r i m e M i n i s t e r ) f r o m 1 9 0 6 t o 1 9 1 1 . H e b e c a m e k n o w n f o r h i s h e a v y - h a n d e d a t t e m p t s t o b a t t l e r e v o l u t i o n a r y g r o u p s a n d f o r i n s t i t u t i n g t h e a g r a r i a n r e f o r m .
 A s t a r e t sis a n e l d e r o f a R u s s i a n O r t h o d o x m o n a s t e r y w h o f u n c t i o n s a s v e n e r a t e d a d v i s e r a n d t e a c h e r .
  A D u m a i s a n y o f v a r i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a s s e m b l i e s i n m o d e r n R u s s i a a n d R u s s i a n h i s t o r y .
 Soviet an elected governmental council in a Communist country
 Tobolskcity, Tyumen oblast (region), west-central Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Irtysh and Tobol rivers. Founded in 1587, it was one of the chief centres of early Russian colonization in Siberia because it lay along an important river route to the east, but it declined when bypassed by the Trans-Siberian Railroad in the 1890s
 Kievan RusFirst eastern Slavic state. It was founded by the Viking Oleg, ruler of Novgorod from c. 879, who seized Smolensk and Kiev (882), which became the capital of Kievan Rus.
 T h e V a r a n g i a n s o r V a r y a g s w h o w e n t e a s t w a r d s a n d s o u t h w a r d s t h r o u g h w h a t i s n o w R u s s i a , B e l a r u s a n d U k r a i n e m a i n l y i n t h e 9 t h a n d 1 0 t h c e n t u r i e s
 The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between the Mongolian generals Subutai and Jebe's reconnaissance unit and the combined force of several Rus' princes.
 Rurikthe semilegendary founder of the Rurik dynasty of Kievan Rus. Rurik was a Viking, or Varangian, prince
 Autocracyg o v e r n m e n t i n w h i c h o n e p e r s o n p o s s e s s e s u n l i m i t e d p o w e r
 Ivan IIIsubdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes, rewon parts of Ukraine from Poland–Lithuania, and repudiated the old subservience to the Mongol-derived Tatars. He also laid the administrative foundations of a centralized Russian state.
 Ivan IVfirst proclaimed tsar of Moscow. His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states.
 Peter the Great ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V.
He carried out a policy of modernization
 Catherine the Great reigned as Empress of Russia from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death (17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796). Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines.
 serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord
 Westernizer, Russian Zapadnik, in 19th-century Russia, especially in the 1840s and ’50s, one of the intellectuals who emphasized Russia’s common historic destiny with the West, as opposed to Slavophiles, who believed Russia’s traditions and destiny to be unique.
 Crimean War, (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support, from January 1855, by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more directly caused by Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.
 Alexander II 1818-81, czar of Russia (1855-81), son and successor of Nicholas I . He ascended the throne during the Crimean War (1853-56) and immediately set about negotiating a peace
 M i rw a s a S o v i e t a n d l a t e r R u s s i a n s p a c e s t a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l i n l o w E a r t h o r b i t f r o m 1 9 8 6 t o 2 0 0 1 .
 zemstvo, organ of rural self-government in the Russian Empire and Ukraine; established in 1864 to provide social and economic services, it became a significant liberal influence within imperial Russia.
 Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism A Popular Outline (1916) is a classic Marxist theoretical treatise by Lenin.[1] Building on and modifying the theories of Karl Marx, formulated in Das Capital (1867), Lenin states that imperialism is the highest and final stage of capitalism.[2]
 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878[2] – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and head of state who served as the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. After the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Stalin rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union, which he ruled as a dictator.
 Hohenzollerndynasty prominent in European history, chiefly as the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia
 Leon Trotskycommunist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russia’s October Revolution in 1917, and later commissar of foreign affairs and of war in the Soviet Union (1917–24).
 Nicholas, Russian in full Nikolay Nikolayevich Russian grand duke and army officer who served as commander in chief against the Germans and Austro-Hungarians in the first year of World War I and was subsequently (until March 1917) Emperor Nicholas II’s viceroy in the Caucasus and commander in chief against the Turks.
  Dual Alliance, also called Franco-Russian Alliance, a political and military pact that developed between France and Russia from friendly contacts in 1891 to a secret treaty in 1894; it became one of the basic European alignments of the pre-World War I era. Germany, assuming that ideological differences and lack of common interest would keep republican France and tsarist Russia apart, allowed its Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse in 1890. In the event of war, France wanted support against Germany; and Russia, against Austria-Hungary.
 Stavka w a s t h e t e r m u s e d t o r e f e r t o c o m m a n d e l e m e n t o f a r m e d f o r c e s f r o m t h e t i m e o f t h e K i e v a n R u s 2 , m o r e f o r m a l l y d u r i n g t h e h i s t o r y o f I m p e r i a l R u s s i a a s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a f f a n d G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s d u r i n g l a t e 1 9 t h C e n t u r y I m p e r i a l R u s s i a n a r m e d f o r c e s a n d t h o s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n .
 Feliks Iusupov was best known for participating in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, the faith healer who was said to have influenced decisions of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna.
 Tsarevicha Slavic term for the Tsar's son. Under the Pauline house law, the term was discontinued. The tsar's eldest son (and Heir Apparent), came to be called Tsesarevich. His younger brothers were called Grand Dukes.
 Provisional Government w a s t h e s h o r t - l i v e d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o d y w h i c h s o u g h t t o g o v e r n R u s s i a i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e a b d i c a t i o n o f T s a r N i c h o l a s I I i n M a r c h 1 9 1 7 ( N i c h o l a s ' m a n i f e s t o f a b d i c a t i o n
 Dual power a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power," (dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution in which two powers, the workers councils (or Soviets, particularly the Petrograd Soviet) and the official state apparatus of the Provisional Government coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy
 Franz Ferdinand was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[1] His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I.
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