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Universities » Duquesne University (DUQ) » POSC - Political Science » 105 - Amer National Govt » Flash Cards

exam 1 - Flashcards

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Class:POSC 105 - Amer National Govt
Subject:Political Science
University:Duquesne University
Term:Spring 2011
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globalization the increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world
government the legitimate use of force to control human behavior; also, the organization or agency authorized to exercise final authority over its affairs
national sovereignty a political entity's recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs
order Establishes ways of social behavior. Maintaining order is the oldest purpose of government
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liberalism the belief that states should leave individuals free to follow their individual pursuits. Note that this differs from the definition of liberal later this chapter
communism a political system in which, in theory, ownership of all land and productive facilities is in the hands of the people,and all goods are equally shared. the productive and distribution of good are controlled by an authoritarian government.
public goods benefits and services, such as parks and sanitation, that benefit all citizens but are not likely to be produced voluntarily by individuals
freedom of an absence of constraints on behaviors, as in freedom of speech or freedom of religion
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freedom from immunity, as in freedom from want and fear
police power the authority of a government to maintain order and safeguard citizens' heath, morals, safety and welfare
political quality equality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally
social equality equality in wealth, education, and status
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equality of opportunity the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
equality of outcome the concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved
rights the benefits of government to which every citizen is entitled
political ideology a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government
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totalitarianism a political philosophy that advocated unlimited power for the government to enable it to control all sectors of society
socialism a form of rule in which the central government plays a strong role in regulating existing private industry and directing the economy, although it does allow some private ownership of productive capacity
democratic socialism a socialist form of government that guarantees civil liberties such as freedom of speech and religion. citizens determine the extent of government activity through free elections and competitive political parties
capitalism the system of government that favors free enterprise (privately owned businesses operating without government regulation)
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libertarianism a political ideology that is opposed to all government action except as necessary to protect life and property
libertarians those who are opposed to using government to promote either order or equality
laissez faire an economic doctrine that opposed any form of government intervention in business
anarchism a political philosophy that opposes government in any form
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conservatives those who are willing to use government to promote order but not equality
liberals those who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order
communitarians those who are willing to use government to promote both order and equality
autocracy a system of government in which the power to govern is concentrated in the hands of one individual
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oligarchy a system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a few people
democracy a system of government in which, in theory, the people rule, either directly or indirectly
procedural democratic theory a view of democracy as being embodied in a decision-making process that involves universal participation, political equality, majority rule and responsiveness
universal participation the concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making
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political equality equality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally
majority rule the principle--basic to procedural democratic theory--that the decision of a group must reflect the preference of more than half of those participating; a simple majority
participatory democracy a system of government where rank-and-file citizens rules themselves rather than electing representative to govern on their behalf
representative democracy a system of government where citizens elect a public officials to govern on their behalf
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responsiveness a decision-making principle, necessitated by representatives governments, that implies that elected representatives should do what the majority of the people want
substantive democratic theory the view that democracy is embodied in the substance of government policies rather than in the policy making procedure
minority rights the benefits of governments that cannot be denied to any citizen by majority decisions
majoritiarian model of democracy the classical theory of democracy in which government by the people is interpreted as government by the majority of the people
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interest group an organized group of individuals that seeks to influence public policy; also called a loby
pluarlist model of democracy an interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups
elite theory the view that a small group of people actually makes most the important government decisions
democratization a process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one
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declaration of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain
social contract theory the belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and this have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes
republic a government without a monarch; a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercised by elected representatives responsible to the governed
confederation a loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters
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articles of confederation the compact among the thirteen original states that establishes the first government of the US
Virginia Plan a set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the constitutional convention of 1787; included separation of the government into three branches, division of the legislature into two house, and proportional representation in the legislature
legislative branch the law-making branch of the government
executive branch the law-enforcing branch of the government
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judicial branch the law-interpreting branch of the government
New Jersey Plan Submitted by the head of New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a set of nine resolutions that would have, in effect, preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them.
Great Compromise Submitted bu the Connecticut delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and thus also known as the Connecticut Compromise, a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the Senate.
electoral college a body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president
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extraordinary majority a majority greater than the minimum of 50% plus one
republicanism a form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives
federalism the division of power between a central government and regional governments
separation of powers the assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government
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checks and balances a government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches
enumerated powers the powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution
necessary and proper clause the last clause in Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, which gives Congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basis for Congress's implied power. Also called elastic clause.
implied power those powers that Congress needs to execute its enumerated powers
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judicial review the power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the Constitution
supremacy clause the clause in Article VI of the Constitution that asserts that national laws take precedence over state and local laws when they conflict
Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the Constitution. They prevent the national government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties, and emphasize the limited character of national power.
Thomas Hobbs believed preserving life was most important for government. Without government life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short"
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state of nature developed by Thomas Hobbs we are all animals: we seek pleasure and avoid pain
John Locke believed that government should protect oder by preserving private property. Influenced the Declaration of Independence. also believed in state of nature but he believed that humans are more benevolent than hobbs thought we were and we had a sense of right and wrong. believed in natural rights for humans: life, liberty and private property.
social contract establishes a government, state and authority. an agreement between people for mutual benefit of protection
civil society we need to divide the labor to produce more goods so we can live better.
Generated by Koofers.com
sovereignty the quality of being supreme in power or authority
federal system tow or more governments exercising power and authoirty over the same people and territory
dual federalism national government rules by enumerated powers only, the national government has a limited set of constitutional purposes
states rights the idea that all rights not specifically conferred on the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the states
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cooperative federalism power sharing, fragmentation, messy, tends to benefit federal government, and leans on the necessary and proper clause
1819 McCulloch v Maryland over state banks.
John C Calhoun argues that states should have the power to nullify acts of congress that take their power away
the doctrine of succession to separate from the union all together
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1857 Dred Scott Missouri Compromise: anything below the 20 30 is a slave state and anything above it is a free state. Dred Scott travelled with his owner to a free state and he realized that he now had rights and was free, but the Supreme nullified because all the states would start running away.
13th Amendment ended slavery
14th amendment defines citizenship by any person born or narturalized in the US is a citizen of the US and of the state he or she resides in. no states is allowed to deny them  due process  equal protection under the law  askdf things that no government can do to citizens either
o 15th amendment gave all African American men the right to vote
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social rights edu, marriage, public accommodations, the right to a job
political rights vote, hold office, sit on juries
civil rights contracts, property, witness, protection by the states
Adam Smith the wealth of nations → the revolution part of the larger convo throughout the world the theory of moral sentiments was written before the wealth of nations. Smith was a moral philosopher…through competition what we will do is we create a world where more and more people will have access to more things that will make their life better market opens → competition for consumers → need more production → competition for laborers → more money & benefits & better work ours → more time, need more things • what does the gov need to do? Nothing!  we need to make it safe and regulate it
Generated by Koofers.com
Kid vs Pearson 1888 • alcohol → dry state producing alcohol but sold it across the boarders o interstate commerce, regulated by congress o state argues with police power saying to protect well being of their citizens • manufacturing is a local activity = that states have the power to regulate whatever that happens in their boarders
Sherman anti trust act (1890) designed originally to prevent monopolies from happening
E.C. Knight (1895) a company going to consume a bunch of little companies so its going to control 98% of the manufacturing, the prices are going to rise • the court strikes it down and says that it doesn’t count because it is an instate activity • governmnet conflicting
1918 Hammer vs Dangenhert • child labor case • congress decides to regulate child labor • company lawyer said that production is an local activity o people believed in social Darwinism • the supreme court kept denying any rights of the people • Labor Unions are unconstitutional by the supreme court
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US vs Darby changes its mind and declare the 10th amendment is a truism • changes their mind
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List View: Terms & Definitions

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 globalizationthe increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world
 governmentthe legitimate use of force to control human behavior; also, the organization or agency authorized to exercise final authority over its affairs
 national sovereigntya political entity's recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs
 orderEstablishes ways of social behavior. Maintaining order is the oldest purpose of government
 liberalismthe belief that states should leave individuals free to follow their individual pursuits. Note that this differs from the definition of liberal later this chapter
 communisma political system in which, in theory, ownership of all land and productive facilities is in the hands of the people,and all goods are equally shared. the productive and distribution of good are controlled by an authoritarian government.
 public goodsbenefits and services, such as parks and sanitation, that benefit all citizens but are not likely to be produced voluntarily by individuals
 freedom ofan absence of constraints on behaviors, as in freedom of speech or freedom of religion
 freedom fromimmunity, as in freedom from want and fear
 police powerthe authority of a government to maintain order and safeguard citizens' heath, morals, safety and welfare
 political qualityequality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally
 social equalityequality in wealth, education, and status
 equality of opportunitythe idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
 equality of outcomethe concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved
 rightsthe benefits of government to which every citizen is entitled
 political ideologya consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government
 totalitarianisma political philosophy that advocated unlimited power for the government to enable it to control all sectors of society
 socialisma form of rule in which the central government plays a strong role in regulating existing private industry and directing the economy, although it does allow some private ownership of productive capacity
 democratic socialisma socialist form of government that guarantees civil liberties such as freedom of speech and religion. citizens determine the extent of government activity through free elections and competitive political parties
 capitalismthe system of government that favors free enterprise (privately owned businesses operating without government regulation)
 libertarianisma political ideology that is opposed to all government action except as necessary to protect life and property
 libertariansthose who are opposed to using government to promote either order or equality
 laissez fairean economic doctrine that opposed any form of government intervention in business
 anarchisma political philosophy that opposes government in any form
 conservativesthose who are willing to use government to promote order but not equality
 liberalsthose who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order
 communitariansthose who are willing to use government to promote both order and equality
 autocracya system of government in which the power to govern is concentrated in the hands of one individual
 oligarchya system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a few people
 democracy a system of government in which, in theory, the people rule, either directly or indirectly
 procedural democratic theorya view of democracy as being embodied in a decision-making process that involves universal participation, political equality, majority rule and responsiveness
 universal participationthe concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making
 political equalityequality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally
 majority rulethe principle--basic to procedural democratic theory--that the decision of a group must reflect the preference of more than half of those participating; a simple majority
 participatory democracya system of government where rank-and-file citizens rules themselves rather than electing representative to govern on their behalf
 representative democracya system of government where citizens elect a public officials to govern on their behalf
 responsivenessa decision-making principle, necessitated by representatives governments, that implies that elected representatives should do what the majority of the people want
 substantive democratic theorythe view that democracy is embodied in the substance of government policies rather than in the policy making procedure
 minority rightsthe benefits of governments that cannot be denied to any citizen by majority decisions
 majoritiarian model of democracythe classical theory of democracy in which government by the people is interpreted as government by the majority of the people
 interest groupan organized group of individuals that seeks to influence public policy; also called a loby
 pluarlist model of democracyan interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups
 elite theorythe view that a small group of people actually makes most the important government decisions
 democratizationa process of transition as a country attempts to move from an authoritarian form of government to a democratic one
 declaration of independencedrafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain
 social contract theorythe belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and this have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes
 republica government without a monarch; a government rooted in the consent of the governed, whose power is exercised by elected representatives responsible to the governed
 confederationa loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters
 articles of confederationthe compact among the thirteen original states that establishes the first government of the US
 Virginia Plana set of proposals for a new government, submitted to the constitutional convention of 1787; included separation of the government into three branches, division of the legislature into two house, and proportional representation in the legislature
 legislative branchthe law-making branch of the government
 executive branchthe law-enforcing branch of the government
 judicial branchthe law-interpreting branch of the government
 New Jersey PlanSubmitted by the head of New Jersey delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a set of nine resolutions that would have, in effect, preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them.
 Great CompromiseSubmitted bu the Connecticut delegation to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and thus also known as the Connecticut Compromise, a plan calling for a bicameral legislature in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the Senate.
 electoral collegea body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president
 extraordinary majoritya majority greater than the minimum of 50% plus one
 republicanisma form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives
 federalismthe division of power between a central government and regional governments
 separation of powersthe assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government
 checks and balancesa government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches
 enumerated powersthe powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution
 necessary and proper clausethe last clause in Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, which gives Congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basis for Congress's implied power. Also called elastic clause.
 implied powerthose powers that Congress needs to execute its enumerated powers
 judicial reviewthe power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the Constitution
 supremacy clausethe clause in Article VI of the Constitution that asserts that national laws take precedence over state and local laws when they conflict
 Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the Constitution. They prevent the national government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties, and emphasize the limited character of national power.
 Thomas Hobbsbelieved preserving life was most important for government. Without government life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short"
 state of naturedeveloped by Thomas Hobbs we are all animals: we seek pleasure and avoid pain
 John Lockebelieved that government should protect oder by preserving private property. Influenced the Declaration of Independence. also believed in state of nature but he believed that humans are more benevolent than hobbs thought we were and we had a sense of right and wrong. believed in natural rights for humans: life, liberty and private property.
 social contractestablishes a government, state and authority. an agreement between people for mutual benefit of protection
 civil societywe need to divide the labor to produce more goods so we can live better.
 sovereigntythe quality of being supreme in power or authority
 federal systemtow or more governments exercising power and authoirty over the same people and territory
 dual federalismnational government rules by enumerated powers only, the national government has a limited set of constitutional purposes
 states rightsthe idea that all rights not specifically conferred on the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the states
 cooperative federalismpower sharing, fragmentation, messy, tends to benefit federal government, and leans on the necessary and proper clause
 1819 McCulloch v Marylandover state banks.
 John C Calhounargues that states should have the power to nullify acts of congress that take their power away
 the doctrine of successionto separate from the union all together
 1857 Dred ScottMissouri Compromise: anything below the 20 30 is a slave state and anything above it is a free state. Dred Scott travelled with his owner to a free state and he realized that he now had rights and was free, but the Supreme nullified because all the states would start running away.
 13th Amendmentended slavery
 14th amendmentdefines citizenship by any person born or narturalized in the US is a citizen of the US and of the state he or she resides in. no states is allowed to deny them
 due process
 equal protection under the law
 askdf
things that no government can do to citizens either
 o 15th amendment gave all African American men the right to vote
 social rights edu, marriage, public accommodations, the right to a job
 political rights vote, hold office, sit on juries
 civil rights contracts, property, witness, protection by the states
 Adam Smiththe wealth of nations → the revolution part of the larger convo
throughout the world
the theory of moral sentiments was written before the wealth of nations. Smith was a moral philosopher…through competition what we will do is we create a world where more and more people will have access to more things that will make their life better
market opens → competition for consumers → need more production → competition for laborers → more money & benefits & better work ours → more time, need more things
• what does the gov need to do? Nothing!
 we need to make it safe and regulate it
 Kid vs Pearson 1888• alcohol → dry state producing alcohol but sold it across the boarders
o interstate commerce, regulated by congress
o state argues with police power saying to protect well being of their citizens
• manufacturing is a local activity = that states have the power to regulate whatever that happens in their boarders
 Sherman anti trust act (1890)designed originally to prevent monopolies from happening
 E.C. Knight (1895)a company going to consume a bunch of little companies so its going to control 98% of the manufacturing, the prices are going to rise
• the court strikes it down and says that it doesn’t count because it is an instate activity
• governmnet conflicting
 1918 Hammer vs Dangenhert • child labor case
• congress decides to regulate child labor
• company lawyer said that production is an local activity
o people believed in social Darwinism
• the supreme court kept denying any rights of the people
• Labor Unions are unconstitutional by the supreme court
 US vs Darbychanges its mind and declare the 10th amendment is a truism
• changes their mind
+0
Karma