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| Class: | PSC 001 - Intro to Comparative Politics |
| Subject: | Political Science |
| University: | George Washington University |
| Term: | Spring 2010 |
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Institution
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organization or pattern of activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake embodies norms or values considered central to ppl's lives vary from country to country ex.: army, taxation, elections, the state |
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freedom
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ability of an indiv. to act independently, w/o fear of restriction or punishment by the state, other indiv., or groups |
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equality
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shared material standard |
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state
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org. that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory originated with the Roman Empire |
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sovereignty
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ability to carry out actions or policies w/in a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals |
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regime
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fundamental rules and norms of politics embodies long0term goals regarding freedom and equality can be changed by dramatic social events (revolution) - intermediate institutionalization at the most basic level - democratic or authoritarian |
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government
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leadership or elite in charge of running the state weakly institutionalized in democracy - elected officials in authoritarian regime - unelected |
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legitimacy
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the extent to which someone or something is recognized and generally accepted as right and proper three types: traditional, ex.: Monarch (based on history-strongly insitutionalized); charismatic, ex.: revolutionary hero (based on a leader's ideas and personality-weakly institutionalized); and rational-legal, ex.: elected official (built on rules and procedures, strongly institutionalized) |
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federalism
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power is devolved to regional bodies (states, provinces) that control specific territory in a country helps check growth of central power |
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unitary states
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political power at the national level territorial divisions less important |
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devolution
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decentralization of power can increase state legitimacy (power closer to the people) |
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strong state
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able to fulfill basic tasks like defending territory and taxation |
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failed state
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structures of the state break down to a large extent |
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capacity
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ability of the state to wield power in order to carry out basic tasks like providing security and reconciling freedom and equality |
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autonomy
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ability of state to wield power independently of public or international actors |
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society
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a collection of ppl bound by shared institutions that defin how human relations should be conducted |
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ethnic identity/ethnicity
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refers to a person's relationship to other members of society institutions that bind ppl through a common culture based on customs, language, religion, etc. ascriptive - generally assigned at birth not inherently political |
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national identity
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set of institutions that bind people together through common political aspirations, esp. self-govt. and sovereignty often derived from ethnic identity basis for nationalism (pride in one's ppl and the belief that they have their own sovereign political destiny that is separate from those of others) |
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citizenship
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individual's relationship to the state; indiv. swears allegiance to the state, state provides benefits/rights purely political, easily changed |
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patriotism
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pride in one's state often arises from citizenship |
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nation-state
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sovereign state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent |
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top-down view
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one view of ethnic and national conflict conflict is generated by elites and should be stopped by controlling political leaders responsible. |
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bottom-up view
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one view of ethnic and national conflict. conflict is generated by long-standing friction btwn groups animosity must burn itself out use of outside force will be ineffective. |
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political attitudes
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concerned with speed & methods of political change classified as radical, liberal, conservative, or reactionary particularistic: relative to the specific context of a given country |
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radical
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dramatic, often revolutionary change of existing polit. social or econ. order entire political structure must be transformed |
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liberal (attitudes)
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change must happen through evolutionary change |
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conservatives
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question whether change is necessary existing structures provide order and continuity |
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reactionaries
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seek to restore the old order and go back to an often imagined past ideals |
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political ideologies
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sets of political values regarding the fundamental goals of politics classified as liberalism, communism, social democracy, fascism and anarchism |
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liberalism (ideology)
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limited state role in society and economic activity emphasizes high degree of personal freedom over social equality US political attitude equivalent- conservative |
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communism
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state-owned property and production, elimination of mkt forces social equality over individual freedom US political attitude equivalent- radical |
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social democracy
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private property and mkt forces state plays strong role in regulating economy and providing social benefits to balance freedom and equality US political attitude equivalent- liberal |
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fascism
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low degree of personal freedom and quality to achieve powerful state US political attitude equivalent- reactionary |
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anarchism
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elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve freedom and equality US political attitude equivalent- radical |
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fundamentalism
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ideology that seeks to link religion with the state and make faith the sovereign authority ex.: the velayat e-faqih in Iran |
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political culture
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basic norms for political activity in a society determining factor in what ideologies will dominate a country's political regime unique to a given country or group distinct from political attitudes and ideologies |
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markets
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interactions between the forces of supply and demand allocate resources through that interaction not easily controlled by the state, emerge spontaneously |
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property
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ownership of goods and services that are exchanged through markets |
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public goods
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provided by state to ensure that economic development is not limited by monopolies over society's basic needs, such as roads |
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social expenditures
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the state's provision of public benefits such as education |
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liberalism (economic)
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Adam Smith economic development requires limited govt. interference |
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mercantilism
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Friedrich List states must play strong role in protecting and developing the national economy against foreign competitors ex.: Japan |
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communism (economic)
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Karl Marx human history is driven by econ. relations and inequality and revolution will eventually replace capitalism w/a system of total equality ex.: China |
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social democracy (economic)
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Edward Bernstein revolution is not necessary or inevitable economic equality can be achieved through democratic participation ex.: France, UK |
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liberal democracy
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political system that promotes participation, competition, liberty origin: Greece |
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civil society
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network of associations independent from the state, which act in the public sphere and are bound by law constrains govt. power, encourages political participation, enhances legitimacy and trust in govt. types: economic, cultural/social, religious |
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civil society I
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(Foley & Edwards; Putnam) emphasizes civility and mutual benefit no political agenda, geared more toward interests and hobbies |
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civil society II
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(Foley & Edwards) emphasizes opposition to state undermines authoritarian regimes destabilizes democratic governments more likely to generate active citizenry than civil society II |
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Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
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--based on mercantilism -state plays strong role in economy -tariff barriers are used to restrict imports -creates state-owned businesses in developing countries -industries become reliant on the state b/c they're unable to compete in global mkt. ex.: Brazil and Argentina |
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Export-Oriented Industrialization
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-based on mercantilism -state plays strong role in economy -tariff barriers are used to protect domestic industries -production focuses on industries that have comparative -advantage in int'l. mkt. -has led to higher growth than ISI ex.: S. Korea, Thailand |
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globalization
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process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, economies and individuals political implications: breaking down of distinctions between domestic and international politics emergence of non-state and supra-state actors (NGOs like Greenpeace, IGOs like the World Bank, MNCs like Microsoft) |
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economic globalization
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rapid growth in: >trade >FDI >MNCs >electronic commerce |
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proportional representation
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votes cast for parties seats divided among parties on basis of share of vote result: more smaller parties |
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head of state
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role that symbolizes and represents the people more symbolic than functional articulates goals of regime |
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head of government
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in charge of everyday tasks of running the state |
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bicameral legislature
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two houses accounts for most liberal democracies ex.: England |
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unicameral legislature
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one house more likely in small countries |
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parliamentary system
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majority of democracies two basic elements: PM & cabinet comes out of legislature; legislature elects and removes PM from office. Indirectly elected PM holds executive power as head of govt. and directs cabinet, formulates legislation & domestic and international policies. Serves for unfixed term, may be removed by vote of no confidence. head of state is ceremonial |
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presidential system
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minority of democratic systems president is directly elected by public for fixed term and has control over the cabinet and legislative process no vote of no confidence |
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semipresidential system
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power is divided between head of state and head of government presidents have fixed terms, PMs don't |
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single-member districts
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votes cast for individuals candidate with the largest share wins seat or majority fewer larger parties "wasted" votes ex.: Japan, US, England |
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mixed system
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votes cast for one party and one candidate some seats filled by individual races, some by party outcome result: mixed outcome |
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civil rights
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promotion of equality |
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civil liberties
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promotion of freedom |
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global freedom
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measured by Freedom House, based on: -political rights (electoral process, political pluralism and participation, functioning of govt.) -civil liberties (freedom of expression & belief; association of organizational rights; rule of law; personal autonomy) categories: free (electoral and liberal democracy); partly free (some electoral democracies that are not liberal; electoral/liberal democracies that fall short); not free (lack of electoral/liberal democracy) |
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Three Waves of Democratization
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Samuel Huntington 1828-1926 1943-1962 1974-1990s |
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structural adjustment
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based on liberalism opening up of economy and reduction of state involvement FDI is encouraged often follows ISI criticized as tool of neocolonialism and for failure in many cases to bring substantial econ. development |
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imperialism
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system in which a state extends its power beyond its borders to control other territories and peoples propagated by European powers from the 16th-21st centuries driven by economic, strategic, religious motives often led to colonialism |
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neocolonialism
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indirect form of imperialism in which powerful countries overly influence the economies of less-developed countries ex.: Washington Consensus |
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modernization theory
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social and cultural change brought on by economic development industrialization, urbanization, rising levels of education and value change all contribute to democratization |
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Iron Triangle
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The link between Japanese bureaucrats (not elected, recruited based on merit), conservative politicians, and businessmen policies are determined by administrative guidance |
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zaibatsu
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industrial conglomerates in Japan |
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the Diet
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Japan's legislature, made up of two houses: 1. House of Representatives - lower house; 480 ppl; 4 yr. term; can be dissolved; has vote of no confidence 2. House of Councilors - upper house; 242 ppl; 6 yr. term; cannot be dissolved; more power than British House of Lords; passed vote of no confidence when DPJ won in 2007 |
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House of Lords
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UK has virtually no power; judicial authority; provides legal basis for govt. legislation |
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House of Commons
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646 members; individual districts of UK are represented can remove the PM w/vote of no confidence debates issues and votes on legislation |
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abertura
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gradual opening of Brazilian politics by the military during the 1970s, which eventually led to democratization |
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Cardoso
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Brazilian president responsible for significant economic and political reform, 1995-2002 |
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National Congress
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Brazil's legislature, made up of Chamber of Deputies (lower house) and Federal Senate (upper house) |
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Landless Workers Movement (MST)
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large Brazilian social movement that has fought for land reform |
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liberation theology
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the church should act to improve social and political power of the poor |
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MERCOSUR
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free-trade organization that Brazil and its neighbors are part of |
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open-list proportional representation
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Brazil's electoral system for legislative elections, in which voters may select individual candidates instead of a party list |
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robust federalism
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Brazil's current constitution established a federal system in which the states have a lot of power. |
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state corporatism
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political system in which citizens are encouraged to participate in state-controlled interest groups |
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Workers' Party (PT)
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Brazil's most important leftist party |
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African National Congress
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South Africa's major anti-apartheid liberation movement, and the governing party since the return of democracy in 1994 |
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African Union
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organization of African nations pursuing greater polit and econ integration across the continent |
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Afrikaners
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White South Africans who speak Afrikaans and are descendants of the Dutch, French, and German colonists |
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apartheid
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the Afrikaner-dominated racist authoritarian regime in South African that was in power from 1948 to 1994 |
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Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)
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South Africa's affirmative action program that aims to create a new class of black owners and management through a series of quotas and targets |
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Congress of the People (COPE)
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a new South African polit party formed by defectors from the ANC |
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Congress of South AFrican Trade Unions (COSATU)
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most important trade union confederation, closely linked to ANC |
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FW de Klerk
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last president of the apartheid regime in South Africa; negotiated transition to democracy |
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Democratic Alliance
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South Africa's main opposition party |
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Growth Empowerment and Redistribution Program (GEAR)
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1996 liberal macroeconomic structural adjustment plan that moved the ANC toward more market-friendly political policy |
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Thabo Mbeki
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South Africa's former president who was forced to resign in 2008 when he failed to win the election as the ANC leader |
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National Assembly
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South Africa's lower house of parliament proportional representation |
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New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)
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The African Union program that attempts to tie foreign development aid to a commitment to democracy and the rule of law |
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission
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Post-apartheid body established to document apartheid-era human rights abuses and give reparations to victims and amnesty to perpetrators who confessed to crimes |
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Archbishop Desmond Tutu
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anti-apartheid activist and leader of south africa's anglican church who chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission |
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United Democratic Front (udf)
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unified anti-apartheid coalition created in 1983 from major black and white opposition groups |
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national council of provinces
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upper house of South Africa's parliament |
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