Exam 1 - Flashcards

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INCORRECT CORRECT

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gerontology

the study that examines aging. muturity to old age

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the risk of getting cancer

increases markedly with age

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tertiary prevention

avoiding additional medical problems
efforts to avoid the development of complications or secondary chronic conditions, manage the pain associated witht he primary chronic condition and sustain life through medical intervention

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quaternary prevention

efforts specifically aimed at improving the functional capacities of people who have chronic conditions

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rheumatoid arthritis

a destructiove form of arthritis involving more swelling and more joints

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increasing

relative to european americans the number of older ethnic americas is

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Muliphasic environmental assessment prodcedure

assesses social climate, staff characterisitcs, stagg programs

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quality of life

the degree to which an indiviual values and is attached to his or her presnt life

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risk factors for placement in a nursing home

low social support
white
severe impairments

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normative history graded event

happens to all happens at a certain time and place

war, 9/11, sexual revolution

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normative age graded influences

happen to everyone associated with certain age

puberty, going to school

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non normative influences

doesnt happen to everyone but are important to a person

divorce, certain serious illnesses

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most patients with dementia are cared for

at home by family

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the best conclusion to draw from biological theories of aging is

no exisitng theories completley explain normative aging

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lower

compared to younger adults the rate of clinical depression in older adults is

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50%

people over the age of 65 take this much of all prescribed and over the counter

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universal-context-specific

the question of whether we all develop the same way or if there are mutliple pathways to development refers to which controversy?

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basic premise of the life span perspective is

aging is a life long process that begins at conception and ends at death

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adaptation level

the point where environmental press is in balance for a given level of competence is called

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primary appraisal

deciding whether a particular event is irrelevant benign postiive or stressful is what occurs during

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free radicals

highly unstable molecules which are byproducts of natural processes and cause cellular damage

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presbyopia

health condition where the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age.

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infantalization

talking to an elder like a child

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active life expectancy

ends when one loses independence or must rely on others for activies of daily living

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women

more likely to develop schizophrenia at an old age

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not true

pain is a normal part of aging

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alzheimers disease

sudden impaired awareness of self and surroundings attention deficits disorientation and rapid change in symptoms and their severity are characteristics of

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Paul Baltes key features

mulidirectionality- always gaining and losing
plasticity- room for improvement/ ability is not set
historical context- place in time born in
multiple causation- biopsychsocial

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life span perspective

divides life by two phases
1. early- childhood and adolescence
2. later- younger adulthood to old age

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forces of development

1. biological- genetic and health related factors
2. psychological forces- internal perceptual cognitive emotional and personality factors
3. sociocultural forces- interpersonal, societal, cultural, ethnic factors.
4. life cycle forces- reflect difference in how the same event or combination of biological psychological and sociocultural forces affects people at different points in their lives

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normative age graded influences

happen to everyone associated with certain age
ex: puberty, going to school

Click Card to flip

normative history graded influences

happens to all at a certain time and place
example: war, free love movement

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non normative influences

doesnt happen to everyone but are important to a person
example: divorce, serious illness

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primary aging

innate, inevitable, disease free, ahppens toe veryone. if you get old enough you will experience no matter wat- amount and rate vary.

example: hair loss, wrinkles, menopause, decline in raction time and loss of family and friends

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secondary aging

developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle and other environmentally induced changes tat are not inevitable
example: pollution loss of intellectual loss from alzheimers

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tertiary aging

rapid losses that occur shortly before death. terminal drop. intellectual abilities show a marked decline in the last few years before death

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chronological age

age in years since birthday

cheap and easy to use to define age
doesnt give any info

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perceived age

how old a person feels.
general idea of someones health
maybe problems people arent aware of

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biological age

functional age of body systems and organs
most accurate but hard to measure- machines takes time, estimates longivity.

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psychological age

functional age of mind
accurate and harder to define and measure

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socioculture age

age based on roles in society
good for family work studies encourages stereotypes

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controversies in development

1. nature vs nurture
2. stability vs change- remain the same over time
3. continuity vs discontinuity
4. universal vs context specific

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issues in studying older adults

not okay to study peopel with dementia . bigger font, no computers. trasporation. sampling, most elders are white women with high incomes and are highly educateed.

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age effects/ change

changes caused solely by aging

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age differences

caused by something other than age itself

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cohort

group of people born at same time place who went through same events

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cohort effect

a difference caused by differences between cohorts

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time of measurement effects

something happening at time of study affects results

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confounding

two or more effects are interwined. hard to tell which effect is the cause

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cross sectional design

compares two age groups at one point in time
immediate response, cheap quick

age and cohort

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longitudinal study

study one cohort over time. no individual differencts vs a lot of time, costly, committment only one cohort. elminates cohort effects

age and time of measurement

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sequential study

mutliple cross sectional or longitudinal study
reduce confounding takes away time of measure effects
expensive and same issues as longitudinal

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average lonevity

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average longevity

the age that half of the people born in the same year will die at

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maximum longevity

the oldest age a person will live from a species

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wear and tear theory

the idea that our bodies are like machines and that the more we use them the quicker it will wear out. this is contradicted because fitness and exercise actually helps you to live longer

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why hiv is increasing in elderly

lack of education and lack of resources/ services because people dont think about older adults ability to contract aids hiv

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activities of daily living

basic self care tasks. eating bathing dressing

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instrumental activities of daily living

actions that entail competence and planning (shopping, paying billys)

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acute illness

less severe illness such as common cold. can be treated

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chronic illness

severe illness lasting longer than 3 months, never curable , can be treated to decrease symptoms. goes upw ith age

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mri vs. fmri

1. mri- focuses on the structure of the brain. snapshots of the specific brain structures
2. fmri- function of the brain. monitors activites in the brain that are lime locked to behavioral performance.

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neuropsychological approach

compares brian functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders in the brain.

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correlational approach

attempts to link measures of cogintive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning

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activation imaging approach

attempts to directly link functional brain activity with coginitive behavioral data.

Click Card to flip

changes in the brain with age

thinning and shrinkage in volume and density of hippocampus and the cerebuellum and sensory cortices. declining health of the white matter of the brain or white matter hyperinsities

Click Card to flip

dopaminergic system

associated with high level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention and planning. effective funtioning of the system declines in normal aging. related to episodic memor and speed tasks declines.

Click Card to flip

STAC model

model suggests taht the reason older adults perform at high levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding or the recruitment of additional circuitry to bolster functional decline. however this model further sates that compensation is the brains response to challenge in general

Click Card to flip

Rate of living theories

organisms have a limited amount of energy to expend in a lifetime.
1. metabolic theory- the more energy you use while at rest the shorter your life span
2. caloric intake- useful with animal models. consuming frewer calories increases life span.

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cellular theories

root of aging lays within cells.
1. haylick limit- cells can only divide a certain number of time. telomers shorten
2. free radicals- chemicals produced during normal bodily functions harm cells; ties into caloric function theory. antioxidants are suppose to combat free radical. popular righ tnow
3. programmed cell death- programmed to die. matter of resources.

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osteoporosis

brittle bones, spine collaspes after a period of time untreated. rick: women, small too much caffeine. can be treated with vitamins best if prevented.

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joints

primary aging: common process

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osteoarthritis

bones rub together, swelling. AGE RELATED

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rheumatoid arthritis

bones attacking itself

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presbycosis

lose hearing high pitch men worse

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kinethesis

trouble with passive movement, body position

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balance

more dizzy spells, more vertigo results to falls

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post fall syndrome

over cautious and rarely move on their own because they are scared they will fall again. increases risk of falling again

Click Card to flip

cardiovascular changes

heart and artery walls stiffen. fat builds up takes longer to pump blood

Click Card to flip

emphysema

repiratory changes. damaged air sacks- holes in the lungs caused by smoking, genetics and polllution

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LONGEVITY

number of years that a person lives, steady and able to predict.

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active life expectancy

number of healthy non disabled years

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dependent life expectancy

number of disabled years

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men have have longer active life expectancy

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stress and coping paradigm

perception and no the event that matters
appraisal:
1. primary- is it stressful or not
2. secondary- what can you do options
coping:
1. problem focused- deal with it
2. emotion focused- try to learn to cope

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competence

upper capacity of functioning physically, mental, senses

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INCONTINENCE

the loss of the ability to control the elimination of urine and feces on an occasional or consistent basis

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environmental press

level of demand placed on a person by the enviornment to produce behavior

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adaption level

where comptence and enviornmental press are in balance

Click Card to flip

the congruence model

people seek out environment that meet their needs

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assisted living

lower level of care, state regulated, personal control digntiy independence. less expensive

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nursing homes

very high level of care. highly regulated. focus is on staying on schedule. bigger, important for research. 5% of older adults are in faviliteis. 30-50% will be at one time

Click Card to flip

patornizing speech

assumption that they are slow- raise volume, slow and repeat yourself simple vocab and grammer

Click Card to flip

patient self determination act

enter the facility guide to making advance directives. benefits: decision type and making
bad: bad timing and not always honored.

Click Card to flip

the eden alternative

protecting dignity. skilled care environments are habitats not facilities

Click Card to flip

Definition

      Mode:   CARDS LIST       ? pages   PRINT EXIT

gerontology	the study that examines aging. muturity to old age
the risk of getting cancer	increases markedly with age
tertiary prevention	avoiding additional medical problems efforts to avoid the development of complications or secondary chronic conditions, manage the pain associated witht he primary chronic condition and sustain life through medical intervention
quaternary prevention	efforts specifically aimed at improving the functional capacities of people who have chronic conditions

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rheumatoid arthritis	a destructiove form of arthritis involving more swelling and more joints
increasing	relative to european americans the number of older ethnic americas is
Muliphasic environmental assessment prodcedure	assesses social climate, staff characterisitcs, stagg programs
quality of life	the degree to which an indiviual values and is attached to his or her presnt life

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risk factors for placement in a nursing home	low social support white severe impairments
normative history graded event	happens to all happens at a certain time and place war, 9/11, sexual revolution
normative age graded influences	happen to everyone associated with certain age puberty, going to school
non normative influences	doesnt happen to everyone but are important to a person divorce, certain serious illnesses

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most patients with dementia are cared for	at home by family
the best conclusion to draw from biological theories of aging is	no exisitng theories completley explain normative aging
lower	compared to younger adults the rate of clinical depression in older adults is
50%	people over the age of 65 take this much of all prescribed and over the counter

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universal-context-specific	the question of whether we all develop the same way or if there are mutliple pathways to development refers to which controversy?
basic premise of the life span perspective is	aging is a life long process that begins at conception and ends at death
adaptation level	the point where environmental press is in balance for a given level of competence is called
primary appraisal	deciding whether a particular event is irrelevant benign postiive or stressful is what occurs during

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free radicals	highly unstable molecules which are byproducts of natural processes and cause cellular damage
presbyopia	health condition where the eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects with age.
infantalization	talking to an elder like a child
active life expectancy	ends when one loses independence or must rely on others for activies of daily living

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women	more likely to develop schizophrenia at an old age
not true	pain is a normal part of aging
alzheimers disease	sudden impaired awareness of self and surroundings attention deficits disorientation and rapid change in symptoms and their severity are characteristics of
Paul Baltes key features	mulidirectionality- always gaining and losing plasticity- room for improvement/ ability is not set historical context- place in time born in multiple causation- biopsychsocial

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life span perspective	divides life by two phases 1. early- childhood and adolescence 2. later- younger adulthood to old age
forces of development	1. biological- genetic and health related factors 2. psychological forces- internal perceptual cognitive emotional and personality factors 3. sociocultural forces- interpersonal, societal, cultural, ethnic factors. 4. life cycle forces- reflect difference in how the same event or combination of biological psychological and sociocultural forces affects people at different points in their lives
normative age graded influences	happen to everyone associated with certain age ex: puberty, going to school
normative history graded influences	happens to all at a certain time and place example: war, free love movement

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non normative influences	doesnt happen to everyone but are important to a person example: divorce, serious illness
primary aging	innate, inevitable, disease free, ahppens toe veryone. if you get old enough you will experience no matter wat- amount and rate vary. example: hair loss, wrinkles, menopause, decline in raction time and loss of family and friends
secondary aging	developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle and other environmentally induced changes tat are not inevitable example: pollution loss of intellectual loss from alzheimers
tertiary aging	rapid losses that occur shortly before death. terminal drop. intellectual abilities show a marked decline in the last few years before death

Generated by Koofers.com

chronological age	age in years since birthday cheap and easy to use to define age doesnt give any info
perceived age	how old a person feels. general idea of someones health maybe problems people arent aware of
biological age	functional age of body systems and organs most accurate but hard to measure- machines takes time, estimates longivity.
psychological age	functional age of mind accurate and harder to define and measure

Generated by Koofers.com

socioculture age	age based on roles in society good for family work studies encourages stereotypes
controversies in development	1. nature vs nurture 2. stability vs change- remain the same over time 3. continuity vs discontinuity 4. universal vs context specific
issues in studying older adults	not okay to study peopel with dementia . bigger font, no computers. trasporation. sampling, most elders are white women with high incomes and are highly educateed.
age effects/ change	changes caused solely by aging

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age differences	caused by something other than age itself
cohort	group of people born at same time place who went through same events
cohort effect	a difference caused by differences between cohorts
time of measurement effects	something happening at time of study affects results

Generated by Koofers.com

confounding	two or more effects are interwined. hard to tell which effect is the cause
cross sectional design	compares two age groups at one point in time immediate response, cheap quick age and cohort
longitudinal study	study one cohort over time. no individual differencts vs a lot of time, costly, committment only one cohort. elminates cohort effects age and time of measurement
sequential study	mutliple cross sectional or longitudinal study reduce confounding takes away time of measure effects expensive and same issues as longitudinal

Generated by Koofers.com

average lonevity
average longevity	the age that half of the people born in the same year will die at
maximum longevity	the oldest age a person will live from a species
wear and tear theory	the idea that our bodies are like machines and that the more we use them the quicker it will wear out. this is contradicted because fitness and exercise actually helps you to live longer

Generated by Koofers.com

why hiv is increasing in elderly	lack of education and lack of resources/ services because people dont think about older adults ability to contract aids hiv
activities of daily living	basic self care tasks. eating bathing dressing
instrumental activities of daily living	actions that entail competence and planning (shopping, paying billys)
acute illness	less severe illness such as common cold. can be treated

Generated by Koofers.com

chronic illness	severe illness lasting longer than 3 months, never curable , can be treated to decrease symptoms. goes upw ith age
mri vs. fmri	1. mri- focuses on the structure of the brain. snapshots of the specific brain structures 2. fmri- function of the brain. monitors activites in the brain that are lime locked to behavioral performance.
neuropsychological approach	compares brian functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders in the brain.
correlational approach	attempts to link measures of cogintive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning

Generated by Koofers.com

activation imaging approach	attempts to directly link functional brain activity with coginitive behavioral data.
changes in the brain with age	thinning and shrinkage in volume and density of hippocampus and the cerebuellum and sensory cortices. declining health of the white matter of the brain or white matter hyperinsities
dopaminergic system	associated with high level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention and planning. effective funtioning of the system declines in normal aging. related to episodic memor and speed tasks declines.
STAC model	model suggests taht the reason older adults perform at high levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding or the recruitment of additional circuitry to bolster functional decline. however this model further sates that compensation is the brains response to challenge in general

Generated by Koofers.com

Rate of living theories	organisms have a limited amount of energy to expend in a lifetime. 1. metabolic theory- the more energy you use while at rest the shorter your life span 2. caloric intake- useful with animal models. consuming frewer calories increases life span.
cellular theories	root of aging lays within cells. 1. haylick limit- cells can only divide a certain number of time. telomers shorten 2. free radicals- chemicals produced during normal bodily functions harm cells; ties into caloric function theory. antioxidants are suppose to combat free radical. popular righ tnow 3. programmed cell death- programmed to die. matter of resources.
osteoporosis	brittle bones, spine collaspes after a period of time untreated. rick: women, small too much caffeine. can be treated with vitamins best if prevented.
joints	primary aging: common process

Generated by Koofers.com

osteoarthritis	bones rub together, swelling. AGE RELATED
rheumatoid arthritis	bones attacking itself
presbycosis	lose hearing high pitch men worse
kinethesis	trouble with passive movement, body position

Generated by Koofers.com

balance	more dizzy spells, more vertigo results to falls
post fall syndrome	over cautious and rarely move on their own because they are scared they will fall again. increases risk of falling again
cardiovascular changes	heart and artery walls stiffen. fat builds up takes longer to pump blood
emphysema	repiratory changes. damaged air sacks- holes in the lungs caused by smoking, genetics and polllution

Generated by Koofers.com

LONGEVITY	number of years that a person lives, steady and able to predict.
active life expectancy	number of healthy non disabled years
dependent life expectancy	number of disabled years
men have have longer active life expectancy

Generated by Koofers.com

stress and coping paradigm	perception and no the event that matters appraisal: 1. primary- is it stressful or not 2. secondary- what can you do options coping: 1. problem focused- deal with it 2. emotion focused- try to learn to cope
competence	upper capacity of functioning physically, mental, senses
INCONTINENCE	the loss of the ability to control the elimination of urine and feces on an occasional or consistent basis
environmental press	level of demand placed on a person by the enviornment to produce behavior

Generated by Koofers.com

adaption level	where comptence and enviornmental press are in balance
the congruence model	people seek out environment that meet their needs
assisted living	lower level of care, state regulated, personal control digntiy independence. less expensive
nursing homes	very high level of care. highly regulated. focus is on staying on schedule. bigger, important for research. 5% of older adults are in faviliteis. 30-50% will be at one time

Generated by Koofers.com

patornizing speech	assumption that they are slow- raise volume, slow and repeat yourself simple vocab and grammer
patient self determination act	enter the facility guide to making advance directives. benefits: decision type and making bad: bad timing and not always honored.
the eden alternative	protecting dignity. skilled care environments are habitats not facilities
	Definition

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