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Universities » Wofford College (WOFF) » PSY - Psychology » 500 - Honors Course » Flash Cards

GRE psychology subject test - Flashcards

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Class:PSY 500 - Honors Course
Subject:Psychology
University:Wofford College
Term:Spring 2010
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E. Aronson and D. Linder proposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant
S. Asch studied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines
D. Bem developed the self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
K. Clark and M. Clark performed study on doll preferences in African American children; the results were used in the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case
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J. Darley and B. Latane proposed that there were two factors than could lead to non-helping; social influence and diffusion of responsibility
A. Eagly Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles
L. Festinger developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed the social comparison theory
E. Hall studied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
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F. Heider developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
C. Hovland studied attitude change
I. Janis developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry
M. Lerner proposed concept of belief in a just world
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K. Lewin Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
W. McGuire studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
S. Milgram studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory explain differences between city and country dweller
T. Newcomb studied political norms
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R. Petty and J. Cacioppo developed elaboration likelihood model or persuasion (central and peripheral routs to persuasion)
S. Schachter studied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
M. Sherif using autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation
R. Zajonc studied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of non-dominant responses
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P. Zimbardo performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
M. Ainsworth devised the "strange situation" to study attachment
D. Baumrind studied the relationship between parental style and aggression
J. Bowlby studied attachment in human children
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N. Chomsky linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language aquisition
E. Erikson outlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan ego psychologist who psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan
S. Freud outlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality developed psychoanalysis
A. Gesell believed that development was due primarily to maturation
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C. Gilligan suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
G. Hall the founder of developmental psychology
H. Harlow used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort and bond formation
L. Kohlberg studied moral development using moral dilemmas
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J. Locke British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience
K. Lorenz studied imprinting in birds
J. Piaget outlined four stages of cognitive development
J. Rousseau French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
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L .Terman performed longitudinal study on gifted children
R. Tyron studied the genetic basis of maze-running abilities in rats
L. Vygotsky studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
A. Adler psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex
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G. Allport trait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
A. Bandura behaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag ("Bobo" doll)
S. Bem suggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked to the concept of androgyny
R. Cattell trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
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J. Dollard and N. Miller behaviorist theorist who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts
J. Eysench Trait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
A. Freud founder of ego psychology
K. Horney psychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from
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C. Jung psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of the libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, which archetypes being the collective unconscious
G. Kelly based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientists"
O. Kernberg object-relations theorist
M. Klein object-relations theorist
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K. Lewin phenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
M. Mahler object-relations theorist
A. Manslow phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization
D. McClelland studied need for achievement (nAch)
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W. Mischel critic of trait theories of personality
C. Rogers phenomenological personality theorist developed client-centered therapies
J. Rotter studied locus of control
W. Sheldon attempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type
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B. F. Skinner behaviorist
D. W. Winnicott object-relations theorist
H. Witkin studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test
A. Beck cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression
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E. Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia
D. Dix 19th century American advocate of asylum reform
A. Ellis cognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)
E. Kraepelin developed system in 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered a descendent of this system
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P. Pinel reformed French asylums in the late 18th century
D. Rosenhan investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
M. Seligman formulated the learned helplessness theory of depression
T. Szasz suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote The Myth of Mental Illness
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P. Broca French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language (i.e. Broca's area)
W. Cannon physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
E. Kandel demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (Aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission
W. James and C. Lange proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions
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H. Kluver and P. Bucy studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions
A. Luria Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions
B. Milner studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy
J. Olds and P. Milner demonstrated the existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats
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W. Penfield Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery
S. Schachter and J. Singer proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
C. Sherrington English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synapse
R. Sperry and M. Gazzaniga investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split-brain" studies
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C. Wernicke German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language (i.e., Wernicke's area)
G. Bekesy empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least primarily, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory
G. Berkeley developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth
D. Broadbent proposed the filter theory of attention
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G. Fechner developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation
E. Gibson and R. Walk developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception
J. Gibson studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth
H. Helmholtz developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch
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E. Herring developed opponent process theory of color vision
D. Hubel and T. Wiesel studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells
W. Kohler developed theory isomorphism
R. Melzack and P. Wall proposed the gate theory of pain
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S. S. Stevens developed Steven's law as an alternative to Fechner's law
John A. Swets refined ROC curved in signal detection theory
E. Wever and C. Bray proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
R. Yerkes and J. Dodson developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
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 E. Aronson and D. Linderproposed the gain-loss principle (an evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant
 S. Aschstudied conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines
 D. Bemdeveloped the self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory
 K. Clark and M. Clarkperformed study on doll preferences in African American children; the results were used in the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education Supreme Court case
 J. Darley and B. Lataneproposed that there were two factors than could lead to non-helping; social influence and diffusion of responsibility
 A. EaglySuggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles
 L. Festingerdeveloped cognitive dissonance theory; also developed the social comparison theory
 E. Hallstudied norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions
 F. Heiderdeveloped balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also developed attribution theory and divided attributions into two categories: dispositional and situational
 C. Hovlandstudied attitude change
 I. Janisdeveloped the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry
 M. Lernerproposed concept of belief in a just world
 K. LewinDivided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
 W. McGuirestudied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuasion
 S. Milgram studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory explain differences between city and country dweller
 T. Newcombstudied political norms
 R. Petty and J. Cacioppodeveloped elaboration likelihood model or persuasion (central and peripheral routs to persuasion)
 S. Schachterstudied relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation
 M. Sherifusing autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation
 R. Zajoncstudied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of non-dominant responses
 P. Zimbardoperformed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results
 M. Ainsworth devised the "strange situation" to study attachment
 D. Baumrindstudied the relationship between parental style and aggression
 J. Bowlbystudied attachment in human children
 N. Chomskylinguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language aquisition
 E. Eriksonoutlined eight stages of psychosocial development covering the entire lifespan

ego psychologist who psychosocial stages of development encompass entire lifespan
 S. Freudoutlined five stages of psychosexual development; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development

originator of the psychodynamic approach to personality

developed psychoanalysis
 A. Gesellbelieved that development was due primarily to maturation
 C. Gilligansuggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality
 G. Hallthe founder of developmental psychology
 H. Harlowused monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort and bond formation
 L. Kohlbergstudied moral development using moral dilemmas
 J. LockeBritish philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience
 K. Lorenzstudied imprinting in birds
 J. Piagetoutlined four stages of cognitive development
 J. RousseauFrench philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society
 L .Termanperformed longitudinal study on gifted children
 R. Tyronstudied the genetic basis of maze-running abilities in rats
 L. Vygotskystudied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development
 A. Adlerpsychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of the inferiority complex
 G. Allporttrait theorist known for the concept of functional autonomy; also distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality
 A. Bandurabehaviorist theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag ("Bobo" doll)
 S. Bemsuggested that masculinity and femininity were two separate dimensions; also linked to the concept of androgyny
 R. Cattelltrait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality
 J. Dollard and N. Millerbehaviorist theorist who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts
 J. EysenchTrait theorist who proposed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism
 A. Freudfounder of ego psychology
 K. Horneypsychodynamic theorist who suggested there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away from
 C. Jungpsychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of the libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, which archetypes being the collective unconscious
 G. Kellybased personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientists"
 O. Kernbergobject-relations theorist
 M. Kleinobject-relations theorist
 K. Lewinphenomenological personality theorist who developed field theory
 M. Mahlerobject-relations theorist
 A. Manslowphenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization
 D. McClellandstudied need for achievement (nAch)
 W. Mischelcritic of trait theories of personality
 C. Rogersphenomenological personality theorist

developed client-centered therapies
 J. Rotterstudied locus of control
 W. Sheldonattempted to relate somatotype (body type) to personality type
 B. F. Skinnerbehaviorist
 D. W. Winnicottobject-relations theorist
 H. Witkinstudied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test
 A. Beckcognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression
 E. Bleulercoined the term schizophrenia
 D. Dix19th century American advocate of asylum reform
 A. Elliscognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)
 E. Kraepelindeveloped system in 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered a descendent of this system
 P. Pinelreformed French asylums in the late 18th century
 D. Rosenhaninvestigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having pseudopatients admitted into mental hospitals
 M. Seligmanformulated the learned helplessness theory of depression
 T. Szaszsuggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote The Myth of Mental Illness
 P. BrocaFrench anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language (i.e. Broca's area)
 W. Cannonphysiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
 E. Kandeldemonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (Aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission
 W. James and C. Langeproposed the James-Lange theory of emotions
 H. Kluver and P. Bucystudied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions
 A. LuriaRussian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions
 B. Milnerstudied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy
 J. Olds and P. Milnerdemonstrated the existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats
 W. PenfieldCanadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery
 S. Schachter and J. Singerproposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
 C. SherringtonEnglish physiologist who first inferred the existence of synapse
 R. Sperry and M. Gazzanigainvestigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split-brain" studies
 C. WernickeGerman neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language (i.e., Wernicke's area)
 G. Bekesyempirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least primarily, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory
 G. Berkeleydeveloped a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth
 D. Broadbentproposed the filter theory of attention
 G. Fechnerdeveloped Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation
 E. Gibson and R. Walkdeveloped the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception
 J. Gibsonstudied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth
 H. Helmholtzdeveloped Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch
 E. Herringdeveloped opponent process theory of color vision
 D. Hubel and T. Wieselstudied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells
 W. Kohlerdeveloped theory isomorphism
 R. Melzack and P. Wallproposed the gate theory of pain
 S. S. Stevensdeveloped Steven's law as an alternative to Fechner's law
 John A. Swetsrefined ROC curved in signal detection theory
 E. Wever and C. Brayproposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception
 R. Yerkes and J. Dodsondeveloped Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal
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